Anarchism in Turkey

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Turkey location (red)

The Anarchism in Turkey is relatively young compared to the Western European libertarian movement.

It had its predecessors with the magazine İştirak with the subtitle Journal Socialiste, which appeared around 1910 . Discussions on anarchism , Marxism , anarcho-syndicalism and socialism were published in it. The İzmir- born anarchist Baha Tevfik published the book Philosophy of the Individual in 1913 . Tevfik also published the satirical magazine Eşek ("The Donkey"), which was banned several times. In 1935 the book Ethics by the anarchist Pyotr Kropotkin was published. These were the first impulses of libertarian thought. Practice-oriented libertarian groups and anarchist press media did not emerge until the mid-1980s.

history

Anarchism in Turkey A Short History of Anarchism in Turkey , London, Karambol Publications, 1994.

The history of the Republic of Turkey began after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in October 1923. In the early 1920s the ideology of communism and Marxism was widespread, and in 1921 the communists were persecuted by the state. The libertarian approaches of Turkish intellectuals could not manifest themselves at that time due to the authoritarian state and social conditions. This slowly changed in the mid-1960s with the influence of the international youth revolt that spawned or propagated student protests, peace movements , demonstrations, yippies , hippies , feminism , conscientious objection, and other political movements. Conscientious objection and feminism are still topical in Turkey. Democratization, new elections, the influence of the military and the founding of parties took place in Turkey between 1960 and 1980. The women's rights in Turkey were a big topic of discussion in the 1960s and 1970s.

As in Germany and other countries, the influence of international protest and resistance movements had created a counterculture in Turkey with a large number of different left ideologies , which also included aspects of anarchism. In Turkey, too , libertarian newspapers and magazines, as a counter-public, were the appropriate means of spreading the opinions of the individual groups.

Print media

In 1960 the magazine Yeni Ufuklar ("New Horizons") appeared with articles on anarchism. A year later, What is the Property of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin's Statehood and Anarchy (no exact publication date given) was relocated. In the early 1970s, the magazine Yeni Olgu (“New Fact”) and the monthly magazine Akıntıya Karşı (“Against the Current”) appeared briefly with anti-authoritarian content.

In Germany the magazines İsyan (German: “Rebellion”) with a circulation of 1000 copies (1981), Anarko (1981–1983), İsyan Bayrağı (1985/1986. German: “Flag of Rebellion”), Anarşizm were published in Turkish bugün (1986/1987. German: “Anarchismus heute”) and Doğrudan Eylem (1988/1989. German: “Direct Action”).

In Istanbul, the magazine Kara ("Black") was published in 1984 with an average of 1000 copies and twelve issues , which spread anarchist ideas. Akıntıya Karşı was probably also published in 1984 with only two editions. The libertarian magazine Sokak (“Straße”), published in the 1990s with a circulation of 10,000 copies, had to cease publication after three confiscations. Ateş Hırsızı ("Fire Thief") was published in 1993 with an anti-militarist attitude .

The first issue of Amargi was published in December 1991 with the aim of creating a common magazine for all anarchists. The project failed after 14 issues. From earlier magazine initiatives, several anarchists joined forces in 2001 and founded Kara mecmuA ("Black Magazine"). It appeared with ten issues and was discontinued in 2004. There were also two libertarian literary magazines: Beyaz (1982) and göcebo (1995). In the mid-1990s, the libertarian publishing house Birey Yayınları published books on topics including pacifism and anti-militarism. Books by Emma Goldman , Buenaventura Durruti , Murray Bookchin and Paul Feyerabend have also been published by various other publishers. By George Woodcock , the book is Anarşizm ( "Anarchism") in several editions. In 1999 “Anarşizmin Bugünü” was published by the Istanbul publishing house Ayrıntı Yayınları. It was the translation of the book “Anarchism Today. Positions ”, which was published in 1991 by Hans Jürgen Degen in the publishing house Schwarzer Nachtschatten (Bösdorf).

Under the title otkökü ("grass roots") this magazine was published in 2001 with a circulation of 5500 copies as a German / Turkish supplement to the grass roots revolution in issues 257 and 260.

Groups and organizations

In 1998 the anarchist youth federation Anarşist Gençlik Federasyonu was founded with a focus on ecology, anti-capitalism , anti- sexism and anarchism. The group was in favor of direct action , organized demonstrations and protests. In 1999, anarchists organized a “cultural cooperative” in Ankara as a discussion platform for communist anarchism , anarcho-syndicalism , anarcha-feminism and panarchism . In the 1990s there were three organizations that worked closely with one another: Otonom A , Karakök Autonome and the Anarchist Collective Ankara (AKA), which still exists today , which deals with conscientious objection , antimilitarism and pacifism , among other things .

Turkish anarchists from Switzerland and southern Germany are members of the International of Anarchist Federations through the Forum of German-Speaking Anarchists .

In 2001 in Istanbul, libertarians founded the Initiative against Oppression and War - Istanbul ("TSK-I"). The art workshop Schwarzer Treffpunkt (“Kara Kalem Sanat Atölyesi”) organized an anti-militarist festival and a press conference in Ankara. In September 2000 the KAOS GL , a libertarian gay and lesbian group , opened the first homosexual center under the name Kaos Kültür Merkezi (“Chaos Culture Center”). Homosexuality in Turkey is not a criminal offense. In 1993 Lambda Istanbul was founded, an association for LGBT people , with a cultural center and a library.

Anarcho-syndicalism has so far not been able to develop organizationally in Turkey. In various groups, discussions were also held about post-anarchism , wrote the author Jürgen Mümken : “But there is also a discussion about post-anarchism in Brazil or Turkey, for example. The post-anarchist discourse is a reaction to the social transformation processes of the last decades ” .

See also

further reading

  • Bernd Drücke (Ed.): Yes! Anarchism. Lived utopia in the 21st century. Interviews and discussions . Otkökü - grass roots movement in Turkey. An interview with the conscientious objector Osman Murat Ülke. Karin Kramer Verlag , Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-87956-307-1 .
  • Manfred Horn: Merhaba Germany: bilingual, German and Turkish language print and radio media in the Federal Republic . Among other things, on the history of the magazine Otköku . Ibidem-Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-89821-362-5 .

Web links

In the database of German-speaking anarchism (DadA)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See on this: Grassroots Revolution No. 323, November 2007. Antimilitarism and Feminism in Turkey . An interview with the movement activist Ferda Ülker. Interview: Gisela Notz .
  2. ↑ See: Graswurzelrevolution No. 366, February 2012. Author: Rudi Friedrich, “Spagat with an open outcome. Conscientious objection in Turkey and the power struggle between the government and the army ”. Among other things via Osman Murat Ülke. Quote: “Turkey does not recognize the right to conscientious objection. Every Turkish man is obliged to do military service at the age of 20. Conscientious objectors who refuse to do military service will be charged with insubordination and will be called up again after they have served their sentence ” .
  3. ^ History of anarchism in Turkey . Retrieved February 9, 2012.
  4. ↑ See also for individual Turkish magazines and newspapers: Anarchistischer Taschenkalender , 1997. Issues: July / August, August / September and September / October 1997. Schwarzrotbuch Verlag, Berlin 1997.
  5. ↑ Interview by Bernd Drücke with Osman Murat Ülke . Quote: “Osman Murat Ülke: If I'm not mistaken, the magazine Akintiya Karsi (Against the Current) was published in 1984. That was a time when the social movements had hardly gathered after the coup. The real awakening didn't take place until 1987. Therefore, Akintiya Karsi is an important phenomenon for me. It was not specifically anarchist, but it was certainly libertarian. There were two editions ” .
  6. ↑ Cf. on this: Bernd Drücke, Die anarchistische Feuerdiebe. Libertarian counter-public in Turkey . In: Graswurzelrevolution No. 236, February 1999, p. 6.
  7. ^ Anarchism in Anatolia (Turkey) 2000 . Information on magazines, groups and publishers was taken from this article. Retrieved February 9, 2012
  8. ↑ See also the libertarian magazine Horror Vacaui , Berlin 1979/1980. Pp. 2, 3, 4 and 6.
  9. ↑ Anarsizmin-Bugunu ( Memento from September 4, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ). Retrieved September 4, 2012
  10. ↑ Otkökü as a bilingual print medium ( Memento from February 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). In: Graswurzelrevolution of October 14, 2002. Excerpt from the book “Merhaba” (Ibidem-Verlag). Retrieved February 9, 2012
  11. ↑ See: Bernd Drücke, Ot Kökü - Grass roots movement in Turkey . A conversation with the anarchist and conscientious objector Osman Murat Ülke . In: Graswurzelrevolution No. 253, November 2000, pp. 1, 6ff.
  12. ↑ Anarchist Feminism and Conscientious Objection to Military Service . Retrieved February 9, 2012.
  13. ↑ Interview with Turkish anarchists (PDF; 3.8 MB). In the journal Gǎi Dào, No. 2, 2012. Retrieved on October 11, 2012
  14. ^ History of anarchism in Turkey . Information on anarchist groups and organizations was taken from this article. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  15. ↑ Lesbian / gay group close to anarchism ( Memento of May 8, 2006 in the Internet Archive ). In Turkish and English. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  16. ↑ The A in the Crescent - Anarchism in Turkey . Information on anarchist organizations and groups was taken from this article. Retrieved February 9, 2012
  17. ↑ Interview by Bernd Drücke with Osman Murat Ülke . Quote: Osman Murat Ülke: “The gay and lesbian scene in Turkey has produced two larger and very stable groups, the KaosGL in Ankara and Lambda in Istanbul. Both groups are effectively going public and exploring new lines of discussion for Turkey ” . Retrieved February 9, 2012.
  18. ↑ Lambdaistanbul . In Turkish language. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
  19. ^ Author: Jürgen Mümken . On the subject of post-anarchism. Retrieved February 8, 2012.