Anarchism in the Netherlands

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Map of the political division of the Netherlands (2012)

The anarchism in the Netherlands had its origin in the second half of the 19th century. Its roots lay in the radical and revolutionary ideologies of the labor movement , in anti-authoritarian socialism , the free thinkers , in numerous associations and organizations striving for a free form of society. During the First World War , individuals and groups of syndicalists and anarchists from various currents worked together for conscientious objection and against government policies. The common resistance was directed against imperialism and militarism. The rejection and resistance to the war for Christian motives came mainly from the Bond van Christen-Socialisten ("Bund der Christian Sozialisten"; BCS).

To mention anarchism in the Netherlands without including the socialist labor movement is hardly possible. The best-known anarchist, FD Nieuwenhuis, came from social-democratic circles and had done much to turn the working class into a historical factor. As a social movement , anarchism in the Netherlands until the beginning of the Second World War had a greater influence on the social change in society in cultural, political and social terms. After the Second World War, anarchism only became active again in the 1960s through the Provo movement and became known to a wider public.

The Christian anarchism , anti-authoritarian socialism and Christian socialism were, like the anarcho-syndicalism , not to be underestimated in the Netherlands. Also cooperatives , communist organizations and various associations that campaigned for free expression , tolerance and human dignity in the 19th century . They had to fight against the arbitrariness of state and church. They stood at the beginning of modern liberalism , socialism, anti-militarism and anarchism.

According to the authors J. Bank and Mv Buuren, the leading figures of early socialism in the Netherlands were the early socialists Hendrik Gerhard (1829–1886), Jan Stoffel (1852–1921) and Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis (1846–1919). They believed that the "social misery" of workers was private property ( particulier grondbezit ) and sought a federation of social property.

The free thinker and anarchist Anton Levien Constandse (1899–1985) wrote in Het anarchisme in de Nederlanden (“Anarchism in the Netherlands”) that an anarchist movement developed in the north of the Netherlands for half a century, from 1890 to 1940, which was proportionally larger than in other European countries, with the exception of Spain.

history

Forerunners (selection)

Anarchism in the Netherlands was initially called communist-anarchime , then sociaal-anarchisme ( what is meant is communist anarchism ), revolutionair-socialisme ("revolutionary socialism") and anarcho-syndicalisme (anarchosyndicalism).

People of the Christian and Jewish faith of different directions who brought Christian and Judaism into connection with socialist and anarchist ideas, especially pastors and preachers , were generally given the name rode Dominee ("red pastor"). They preached "freedom of thought" and a " modern " theology . For example, in the province of Friesland around 1932 there were seventeen "socialist pastors", fourteen of whom were members of the Sociaal-Demokratie Arbeiderspartij (Social Democratic Workers' Party; SDAP). The “red pastors” did a lot to bridge the gap between Christian and Jewish faith, the labor movement and anarchism.

One of the pioneers of socialism and anarchism in the Netherlands was the Christian socialist Leendert de Baan (1880–1929), pastor and advocate of conscientious objection . Politically, he was a supporter of the Bond van Christian Socialist . - The religious socialist and pastor Henri Wilhelm Philippus Elize van den Bergh van Eysinga (1868–1920), active in the Socialist Association . He propagated a "revolutionary socialism" ( revolutionair-socialisme ) and communism. - Johannes Antonius Hendrikus van den Brink (1865–1933), priest and first socialist member of the Limburg parish council. Member of the SDAP and socialist since 1904. He was criticized as a "renegade priest" ( afvallige priester ). In lectures he made propaganda for socialism and saw church and worship as a danger to humanity and social progress. From 1910 he gave readings for the freethinkers association De Dageraad . - The spokesman for the “red pastors” in the Dutch province of Friesland, Jan Anthonie Bruins Jr. (1872–1947), came to socialism through FD Nieuwenhuis. He was the founder of the Christian socialist weekly De Blijde Wereld . Among other things, he was active in the “Arbeiter-Jugend” ( Arbeiders Jeugd ) and the Nederlandsche Vereeniging tot Afschaffing van Alcoholhoudende Dranken (“Dutch Association for the Abolition of Spirits ”). - The "red dominee" Frederik Willem Nicolaas Hugenholtz (1868–1924) expressed criticism of capitalism . He wanted to found an arbeiderskerk (literally: "workers' church"), but had difficulties with the population who wanted to dismiss him as pastor. In 1899 he became a propagandist for the Sociaal-Demokratische Arbeiderspartij (SDAP). - Jan Lambertus Faber (1875–1958), also a “red pastor”, second chamber member for the SDAP. As a pacifist and member of the Christian anti-militarist association Kerk en Vrede ("Church and Peace"), he had a large following among socialist workers.

Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, around 1875

- Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis , pastor and pioneer of socialism in the Netherlands. In 1889 he professed anarchism. - Hendrik Gerhard (1829–1886) was called de vader van het socialisme in Nederland (literally: “the father of socialism in the Netherlands”), a member of De Dageraad and a freethinker. His ideal was gelijkrecht voor allen (“equal rights for all”). He was active in the peace and labor movement and rejected violence to achieve a socialist society. - Johan Jacob Ledewijk (1871–1942), advocate of communist anarchism ( sociaal-anarchisme ), founder of the Federatie van Vrijheidlievende Communisten ("Federation of Freedom-Loving Communists"), editor of the magazine De Vrije Communist and De Toekomst of the Federatie van Revolutionaire Socialisten ("Federation of Revolutionary Socialists") and active in the Sociaal-Anarchist Verbond . - Abraham Mozes Reens (1870–1930), propagandist for revolutionary socialism and anarchism. Founder of the anti-burdeningvereniging (" anti-tax association") and the magazine Opstand ("uprising"). - Sjoerd Si (e) brens van Veen (1828–1897), one of the first Christian socialists. Supporter of FD Nieuwenhuis and especially active in the province of Friesland. 1888 founder of the Sociaal-Democratische Bond ("Social Democratic Federation") in the province of Friesland. He proclaimed the revolutionaire van de bijbelse boodschap ("the revolutionary from the biblical message"). Later Christian socialists declared that through the work of van Veen, Christian socialism was heard in Friesland. - Daniël van der Zee (1880–1969) is considered a pioneer of Christian socialism. 1907 co-founder of the Bond van Christen-Socialisten ("Bund von Christian Sozialisten", BCS). Editor of the Opwaarts magazine (about “Upward”) and board member of the Religieus-Socialistische Verbond (“religious socialist union”) and of the Instituut voor Arbeidersontwikkeling (literally: “Institute for Workers' Development”; IvAO).

Socialism and anarchism

19th century

In the second half of the 19th century, with a few exceptions, the similarities between anti-authoritarian socialism and anarchism were greater than the differences. The boundaries between the two worldviews were fluid. By 1870 the social and economic conditions in the Netherlands were in crisis: high unemployment, low wages, child labor, child mortality and alcohol consumption . Housing and food were insufficient. At this time the mood of the proletariat became more and more radical, which was also expressed in the magazine Recht voor Allen . The first social legislation banned child labor in 1874: children under the age of twelve were forbidden to work.

King Willem III ruled the Netherlands between 1849 and 1890 . (1817-1890). He contributed to the riot among the socialists and anarchists as well as the labor movement. William III. was known as a "brutal man" ( bruut ), who had a great preference for hunting, alcohol, women and public brothel visits. Known for his tantrums and unpredictability, the "half-mad" king became a symbol of oppression and decadence. He is said to have called his people stupid oxen, mob and trash . Then he got the name King Gorilla because of his appearance. He insulted even the most conservative ministers. Josef Alexander Cohen (1864–1961) called out in public with the gorilla and was sentenced to six months in prison for lese majesty. FD Nieuwenhuis was also sentenced to one year imprisonment on the basis of an article in April 1886 in the magazine Recht voor Allen , which was directed against the monarchy, for insult to majesty . It was unclear whether Nieuwenhuis was the author, but as the main editor he had taken on responsibility.

Logo of the De Jonge Socialist magazine (1892)

The north of the Netherlands was one of the economically poorest areas in the second half of the 19th century , especially the province of Friesland. The economic crisis was fertile ground for socialism. Labor strikes had often happened in Friesland. As far as is known, the first strike occurred as early as 1810, and about 76 more followed by 1887. The best-known champions ( voorvechters ) were Pieter Jelles Troelstra (1860–1930), head of the SDAP from 1894 to 1925, and Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis.

The socialists and anarchists were fought and in 1893 53 of them were in prison. Nieuwenhuis was a speaker especially in Friesland and won many workers for his socialist ideas. The Frisian village of Appelscha was founded in 1827 with the influx of thousands of workers who were urgently needed for peatland colonization (Dutch: Turfwinning or Vervening ). The strikes of 1888 were the beginning of organized workers' uprisings in the Netherlands and the place was considered a stronghold of radical socialism and anarchism. During a strike in 1888, the first small trade union was founded in Friesland, De Eendracht (about "The Unity"), which worked regionally and was chaired by Bruin Tjibbes Bruinsma (1860-1930). The striking workers had demonstrated with a red flag and the words gelijkheid, vrijheid en broederschap (equality, freedom and brotherhood). Subsequent labor strikes were coordinated, and the workers won a written agreement on their working conditions.

In 1855 the magazine De Dageraad appeared . In October 1856, the editorial team founded the freethinkers association De Dageraad . This association arose out of an interest in founding an organized freethinker movement and, from 1879 onwards, focused on issues such as emancipation , universal suffrage, anti-militarism, homosexuality and the separation of church and state. De Dageraad wanted to be autonomous in thinking and acting in scientific, ethical and political fields. She published the magazines De Vrijdenker (from 1945 to 1958) and Bevrijdend Denk (from 1959 to 1963). From 1957 the association continued to work under the name Vrijdenkersvereniging De Vrije Gedachte . The name came from Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (1809–1864). De Vrije Gedachte (“The Free Thought”) has been working with the Humanist Verbond since 1957 . Members of De Dageraad were mainly socialists, liberals and anarchists.

The cooperative Coöperatieve Broodbakkerij (bread bakers' cooperative ), known under the name Volharding (roughly equivalent to "perseverance", "full hold") was inspired by the first cooperatives in Ghent , the so-called volksbakkerijen (literally: folk bakeries), which during the great famine in Belgium ( from 1847 to 1852) and were founded by socialists. A main article in the magazine Recht voor Allen in January 1880, written by FD Nieuwenhuis, referred to the cooperative in Belgium. This led to the foundation of De Volharding in Groningen. Later this cooperative existed in The Hague , Amsterdam , Rotterdam and Heerlen, among others . Frans Drion and Bartholomeus van Ommeren worked in the bread baker's cooperative.

SDB poster (Amsterdam department)

The initially revolutionary-socialist party Sociaal-Democratische Bond (SDB) was founded in 1881 as an amalgamation of some regional associations and was mainly active in the province of Friesland. After 1890 the party also got supporters in the province of Groningen and in Amsterdam and Zaandam . In 1893 the SDP was banned and changed its name to Socialistenbond . At first the party was in favor of a Marxist-socialist society without private property. After 1893 the party introduced an extra-parliamentary and anarchist course under the direction of Ferdinand D. Nieuwenhuis.

In 1893 the first major trade union called the Nationaal Arbeids-Secretariat (NAS) was founded with its magazine De Arbeid . During the First World War, the libertarian movement in the Netherlands had grown significantly. The NAS reached a membership of 50,000. However, the leadership of the NAS was won over to Marxism , whereupon the anarcho-syndicalists left the union and founded their own union. The chairman of the NAS, Bernardus Lansink jr. (1884–1945), founded the Landelijke Federatie van Revolutionaire Socialisten ("Regional Federation of Revolutionary Socialists", FRS) together with communist anarchists in 1905 . The anarchists within the NAS took it to Lansink Jr. bad that he was a member of the Socialist Party (SP). From the 1924 founded Nederlandsch Syndicalistische Vakverbond ("Dutch Syndicalist Union", NSV) Lansink jr. Propagandist and editor of De Syndicalist magazine . After the NSV had joined the IAA , he formed the IAA's International Secretariat together with Rudolf Rocker and Augustin Souchy . Christiaan Cornelissen was temporarily a member of the board of the NAS. The magazine De Vrije Socialist, published by FD Nieuwenhuis, and the NAS were closely linked.

After the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP, predecessor of the PvdA ) was founded in 1896, there was a split within the Socialist Bond . Some of the members, under the leadership of FD Nieuwenhuis, were for an anarchist way, the other members joined the SDAP.

20th century

The black flag is a traditional anarchist symbol.

In the International Anti-Militarist Association (“International Antimilitarist Association”; IAMV) founded by FD Nieuwenhuis in 1904, anarchists were mainly represented.

In 1907 the International Anarchist Congress took place in Amsterdam .

In 1918 the Socialist Partij (SP) was founded, which was a radical socialist and republican party, it was closely associated with the NAS. Its program items included the introduction of a republic, free school tuition, the introduction of an eight-hour working day, the fight against alcohol abuse and a ban on child labor.

In March 1918 the socialist Arbeiders Jeugd Centrale (about: "Zentrale der Arbeiterjugend"; AJC) emerged, which was founded as a youth organization by the Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen ("Dutch Federation of Trade Unions") and the Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiders Partij ( SDAP) understood. During the Second World War, August 1940, the AJC was discontinued, but some activities continued underground. After the war, the AJC was re-established and since the youth had less interest in the traditional AJC style, it was discontinued again in February 1959.

In 1921 the International Antimilitarist Bureau (IAMB) was founded and in 1926 the International Antimilitarist Commission (IAK). The IAK should promote international cooperation, especially with the International Workers' Association in Berlin. Between 1929 and 1938 international congresses took place, among others in The Hague (1929), Frankfurt am Main (1929), Brussels (1932) and Montevideo (1933)

The Nederlands Syndicalistisch Verbond (NSI), from 1923 to 1940, should be according to Arthur Lening anti-parliamentarian and as a goal the destruction of state structures ( "vernietiging van de state structuren") have, namely, the anarcho-syndicalism. He introduced the term "anarcho-syndicalisme" in November 1926 together with Albert de Jong when he founded the "Gemengde Syndicalistische Vereeniging". From 1932 to 1935 the NSV published the anarcho-syndicalist magazine Grondslagen .

Near the Frisian town of Appelscha (municipality: Ooststellingwerf ), anarchist youths organized an event for the first time in 1924 on the Ter Vrijheidsbezinning site (literally: "To the consciousness of freedom") called Pinksterlanddagen . Since then, the village has had a reputation as a stronghold of socialism and anarchism, of which the Pinksterlanddagen still bear witness today.

Of the 32 anti-militarist and pacifist organizations, which had around 25,000 members and existed between 1919 and 1932, a large number united together with a number of political and humanitarian organizations in the Nooit Meer Oorlog Federatie (literally: "No more war federation"; NMOF) .

In 1937 Anton Levien Constandse founded the Federation of Anarchists ("Federatie van Anarchisten", FAN) together with fifteen groups to support the Spanish Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI).

First active anarchists in the 19th century (selection)

Christiaan Cornelissen

Christiaan Cornelissen (1864–1942), representative of communist anarchism , is considered the most important representative of syndicalism in the Netherlands. From 1905 to 1907 editor of the magazine De Vrije Communist (“The Free Communist”).
Frans Drion (1874–1948), editor, accountant, politician, teacher of economics and government. Drion was one of the first anarchists in The Hague in his youth. On April 1, 1890 he worked as a typist for the "Coöperatieve Broodbakkerij" and in 1896 as an accountant in the food department ("Afdeling kruidenierswaren"). During the Second World War he was the main editor of the illegal magazine De Toekomst (“The Future”) in The Hague (from 1943 to 1945)
Jan Poppes Hommes (1843–1916), individualistic anarchist and pioneer of socialism in the province of East Groningen. Radical and socialist speakers, including FD Nieuwenhuis, came to his hotel in Finsterwolde. The mayor called the hotel a broeinest der geheele socialist Bewegungs ("a hotbed of the whole socialist movement"). Hommes was a member of De Dageraad .
Hendrik Ebo Kaspers (1869–1953), editor, organizer, anti-militarist and anarchist. In 1892 Kaspers became the secretary of the department "General Suffrage" in Finsterwolde of the Sociaal Demokratische Bond ("Social Democratic League", SDB). Kaspers founded a federation of social anarchists in 1915 ("Federatie van Sociaal-Anarchisten"). After the Second World War he was active with the Nederlandse Bond van Vrije Socialisten ("Dutch Association for Free Socialists").
Chris Lebeau (1878–1945), artist, art teacher, theosophist and anarchist. He called himself a "religieuze anarcho-communist" (literally: "religious anarcho-communist"). Lebeau was seen as a versatile artist. Lebeau drew illustrations, caricatures and posters for the magazine De Wapens Neder from the Internationale Anti-Militaristische Vereeniging (IAMV) (“International Antimilitarist Association”). Also for the anarchist magazines De Maker and Bevrijding .
One of the first anarchists in the Netherlands is Johannes Methöfer (1863–1933), who made propaganda trips to Holland , the province of Friesland and Groningen around 1892 . He also had a greater influence on the labor movement in North Holland . Methöfer was very close to the socialist and anarchist convictions of Nieuwenhuis with the difference that he advocated the propaganda of the deed .
Lodewijk van Mierop (1876–1930), anti-militarist, magazine editor, activist, organizer, pacifist and Christian anarchist. In 1897 he founded the Algemeen Nederlandsche Geheel-Onthouder Bond ("General Dutch Abstinence Association", ANGOB). In October 1899 he founded the group Vereniging Internationale Broederschap (literally: "Association of the International Brotherhood", VIB; or IB for short) in Blaricum , which was to live according to the ideals of Christian anarchism. In 1920, Clara Gertrud Wichmann, van Mierop and others founded the Bond van religieuze Anarcho-Communisten ("Association of Religious Anarcho-Communists", BRAC). Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis (1846–1919), pastor and pioneer of socialism in the Netherlands. In 1889 he professed anarchism. Founder of the magazine De Vrije Socialist and editor of the magazine Recht voor Allen and initiator of Bond voor Algemeen Kies- en Stemrecht (“Bund für Allgemeine Wahlrecht”). 1904 founder of the International Anti-Militarist Association ("International Antimilitarist Association", IAMV). Bartholomeus van Ommeren (1859–1907), activist, editor and anarchist. He moved to The Hague, became a second accountant at Coöperatieve Broodbakkerij and worked for the consumer association De Volharding . Van Ommeren was secretary of the Nederlandsche Bond voor Algemeen Kies- en Stemrecht (“Dutch Confederation for General Suffrage”), Amsterdam Department. Van Ommeren, who appeared as a propagandist for anarchism, was one of the first socialists in the Netherlands to be prosecuted for his ideology. Felix Ortt (1866–1959), philosopher and influential theoretician of Christian anarchism. Together with Jacob van Rees, JK van der Leer and others he was involved in the publication of the magazine Vrede ("Friede"). Co-founder of the “Nederlandsche Vegetarianbond” (“Dutch Association for Vegetarians”). Around 1900 he founded the Vereniging Internationale Broederschap ("Association of the International Brotherhood", VIB) with other Christian anarchists for nonviolence and vegetarianism. In 1915 he became a member of the “Union of Free People” (“Het Vrije Menschen Verbond”, VMV), a continuation of the Dutch peace movement. Jacob van Rees (1854–1928), pacifist, organizer and Christian anarchist. Van Rees was also involved in founding the International Broederschap (IB). Felix Ortt, Lodewijk van Mierop, L. Bahler and van Rees founded a new peace movement in 1906, which in 1907 was incorporated into the Vrije Menschenverbond (meaning: "Union of free people") and this ultimately became the Bond van Christen-Socialisten ("Bund Christian Socialists ") ) integrated. He was a member of the Bond van religious anarcho-communists ("Association of religious anarcho-communists"). Charles Reyndorp (1870–1950), free thinker and anarchist. Editor of De Sociaal-Democraat , Het Volksblad and Anarchist . Member of the Bond van Religieuze Anarcho-Communists (BRAC) and the Socialistenbond . Spokesman for the Internationaal Anti-Militaristic Association (IAMV). Jan Sterringa (1870–1951), theosophist and anarchist. Editor of the Licht en Waarheid magazine and the Sterringa vijf-cents-brochures series of brochures (“Sterringa's five-cent brochures”).





Active anarchists in the 20th century (selection)

Lambertus Johannes Bot (1897–1988), anti-militarist, politician, chairman of various organizations and anarchist. From 1970 to 1983 he was secretary of the Freethinkers Association ("Vrijdenkersvereniging") De Vrije Gedachte . In 1917 he became a member and later chairman of the International Anti-Militarist Association ("International Antimilitarist Association", IAMV). In 1935 he was, under his pseudonym J. Lambo, chairman of the Dutch Syndicalist Union ("Nederlandsch Syndicalistische Vakverbond", NSV). 1946 chairman of the Dutch Association of Free Socialists ("Nederlandse Bond van Vrije Socialisten", NBVS).

Anton Levien Constandse

Anton Levien Constandse (1899–1985), free thinker and anarchist. In 1918 he came into contact with the Sociaal-Anarchist Jeugd Organizatie ("Social-Anarchist Youth Organization"; SAJO). This organization also included Johan de Haas and Pieter Adrianus Kooijman. In the SAJO he was on the side of the individualistic anarchists . Editor of the magazines Alarm and Opstand. Revolutioair Maandblad ("Uprising. Revolutionary Monthly Magazine").
Johan de Haas (1897-1945). In Amsterdam he was a member of the Sociaal Anarchist Jeugdorganisatie (literally: "Social-Anarchist Youth Organization", SAJO). At the end of 1921, together with Pieter Adrianus Kooijman, de Haas carried out a bomb attack on the apartment of Major Verspyck, a member of the war council, who was jointly responsible for the verdict against conscientious objector Herman Groenendaal. He published numerous articles in De Vrije Socialist (from 1919), De wapens neder (from 1923), De Vrijdenker (from 1924), De Arbeider (1934), among others . He broke taboos in the field of homosexuality.
Albert de Jong (1891–1970), editor, author, organizer, teacher and anarcho-syndicalist. De Jong supported conscientious objectors. He was charged for this in 1921 on the grounds that he had committed “a call to revolt”. De Jong was sentenced to 29 days in prison.
Année Rinzes de Jong (1883–1970), editor, pastor, anti-militarist, active in the peace movement and Christian anarchist. He became a member of the Bond van Christen-Socialisten (about: "Bund der Christian Sozialisten", later Bond van Anarcho-Socialisten ; BCS). De Jong became chairman and editor of the BRAC magazine De Vrije Communist ("The Free Communist"). In 1919 de Jong resigned from the church and began in 1923 with monthly religious lectures ("religieuse toespraken"), which he held for more than 30 years.
Pieter Adrianus Kooijman (1891–1975), author, political activist and anarchist. Kooijman first became a member of the Sociaal Democratischen Arbeiders Partij (SDAP). Together with Leen van der Linde, he formed the group of social anarchists in The Hague ("Sociaal-anarchists"). The cooperation with the regional federation of social anarchists was short-lived and he got in touch with the Sociaal Anarchistische Jeugdorganisatie (literally: "Social-Anarchist Youth Organization" (SAJO)).

Bart de Ligt

Bart de Ligt (1883–1938), anti-militarist and anarchist. Member of the Association of Christian Socialists (“Bond van Christen-Socialisten”, BCS) and editor of the BCS magazine Opwaarts (“Upward”). In 1921 he co-founded the International Anti-Militarist Bureau (IAMB) and was active in the International Anti-Militarist Association ("International Anti-Militarist Association", IAMV).
Clara Gertrud Wichmann (1885–1922), member of the Bond Christian Socialists (BCS) and anarcho-syndicalist . Together with Lodewijk van Mierop involved in the establishment of the Alliance of Religious Anarcho-Communists (BRAC). Wichmann had great influence in the anti-militarist and libertarian-socialist movements of their time. Active in the Comité Misdaad en Straf ("Committee for Crime and Punishment"), where Hendrik Ebo Kaspers also worked.

Second World War (1939 to 1945)

In the Second World War there was no coordinated resistance to National Socialism by the anarchists against the National Socialists. The anarchist resistance came from individual actions and activities. These were mainly aimed at falsifying documents, bringing German and Dutch anarchists in direct danger to safety, printing and distributing illegal newspapers and pamphlets, and helping the Jewish population. In a few exceptions, violence was used.
During the war Lambertus Johannes Bot had helped persecuted Jews to go into hiding. Two Jewish citizens were arrested at his home.
In 1933, Albert de Jong helped Gerhard Wartenberg flee to avoid persecution by the National Socialists. Together with the Dutch anarchist Herman Groenendaal, de Jong organized a solidarity rally for the Jews in Amsterdam. Groenendaal was arrested, de Jong managed to escape and had to go into hiding.
Chris Lebeau entered into a marriage of convenience with a Jewish woman who had fled the National Socialists. In November 1943 they were both arrested on the grounds that they had offered their help to Jewish Dutch people. Lebeau took all responsibility, which freed his wife. He himself could also be released from prison if he promised not to carry out any more illegal activities in the future, including forging documents. Lebeau refused and was taken to Kamp Vught in February 1944. In May 1944 he was sent to the Dachau concentration camp.
Felix Ortt had helped refugees in Soest who had to go into hiding.
Laura Carola Mazirel (1907–1974), lawyer and resistance fighter against National Socialism. She campaigned for homosexuals - and women's rights . Her legal office served in part as a cover for resistance activities; passing on information, contacting them and organizing accommodation for persecuted people. In 1943 Mazirel was one of the organizers of the attack on the Amsterdam population register in the Apollobuurt district in order to destroy personal information from politically persecuted people.

After the Second World War

After the war, new organizations and groups were founded. One of the first was the Vrije Socialisten Vereniging ("Free Socialist Association"; VSV). Founded in 1945. A continuation of the pre-war groups around De Vrije Socialist magazine .
One year later, the Nederlandse Bond van Vrije Socialisten (Dutch Association of Free Socialists; NBVS) was created, an initiative of the Rudolf Rocker Foundation (Rudolf Rocker Foundation). The aim of the NBVS was personal freedom and the abolition of economic inequality.
The VSV and NBVS merged together in September 1952. The new organization was named Federatie van Anarchisten in Nederland ("Federation of Anarchists in the Netherlands"; FAN). After some misgivings, the FAN was to be dissolved, but was continued under a new name in 1954 as Federatie van Vrije Socialisten in the Netherlands ("Federation of Free Socialists in the Netherlands"; FVS). After the founding of FAN, an opposition group emerged that had the magazine Vrijheid (Freedom) as its organ with the first edition of October 24, 1953. After 1956 the magazine was discontinued and the readers were to receive the magazine De Vrije Socialist .
In May 1965 the Provo movement was founded. Initiated by the anarchist philosopher Roel van Duijn , by the non-smoking activist Robert Jasper Grootveld , by Rob Stolk , Peter Bronkhorst and by the inventor Luud Schimmelpennink . The Dutch monarchy and the royal family, symbols of the establishment, were preferred targets of the Provos' satirical attacks, which was reflected in their magazine Provo . With their actions, the Provos gave anarchism new impetus and made it known to a wider public.

Logo of the Dutch Anti-Fascist Actie with black and red flag

The Antifaschistische Actie (AFA) was founded in 1992 and is a supra-regional network of various groups. Among other things, the activities consist of demonstrations, the distribution of leaflets and support for other organizations. The organization is mainly supported by anarchists, with collaboration with socialists, communists and autonomists . Cooperation with left-wing unions is rejected. The AFA publishes Alert! out.
The Eurodusnie collective was founded in 1997 to protest against the Treaty of Amsterdam and continues to exist (as of 2013).
The anarchist group ("Anarchist groep"; AG) originated in Amsterdam (around 2001). The AG is a collective without a hierarchy. Their starting point is anarchism, where they look for alternatives to problems that exist in society, for example in the workplace, in schools, the prison system and take initiatives for tenants and the squatter movement. The emphasis is on self-organization and direct action . In other cities there are also anarchist groups (AG).
In 2010 the Anarchist Collektief Utrecht (AK-Utrecht) was created. The collective organizes actions and supports other activities of anarchist groups in the Netherlands. You try to stimulate the anarchist movement. AK.Utrecht is affiliated with the vrije bond .
The vrije bond , an organization that strives for an anarchist society. With groups in Utrecht, Amsterdam and Nijmegen, among others.

Tot Vrijheidsbezinning , welcome to the Pinksterlanddagen

The Pinksterlanddagen , which has existed since 1924, is still being organized today (as of 2016).
1971: Founding of the Federatie van Vrije Sozialisten ("Federation of Free Socialists"), which was discontinued in 1979 and was replaced by the Anarchist Federatie ("Anarchist Federation").
Anarchist Black Cross in Amsterdam and Nijmegen (date of foundation unknown).
The Anarcho-Syndicalistische Bond (ASB) was formed in October 2010 from local groups in Utrecht, Twente, Amsterdam, Brabant, Rotterdam and The Hague. It sees itself as a workers' organization with the aim of abolishing capitalism and the state. He advocates free coexistence on the basis of workers' self-organization, solidarity, mutual aid and communist anarchism.

Magazines (as of 2013)

De Vrije , successor to De Vrije Socialist
De As , the magazine that has been published for around 40 years is published four times a year by the de AS Foundation in Moerkapelle.
Buiten de Orde , magazine from vrije bond
Ravage , a progressive, left-wing political magazine with an anarchist tendency.

See also

further reading

  • Thom Holterman: Anarchist staatsopvatting: een paradox? Uitgeverij Kluwer, 1980, ISBN 90-268-1174-8 .
  • B. Gasenbeek, JHC Blom, JWM Nabuurs: God still authoritarian, divorced from the Vrijdenkersbewegung in Nederland. Uitgeverij Boom, 2006, ISBN 90-8506-358-2 .
  • Thom Holtermann: Anarchisme: een other state opvatting . Uitgeverij Kluwer, 1975, ISBN 90-268-0834-8 .
  • H. Ariëns, L. Berentsen, F. Hermans: Religieus-Anarchisme in Nederland tussen 1918 en 1940. Zwolle 1984.
  • GJ Harmsen: Blauwe en rode jeugd: een bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van de Nederlandse jeugdbewegunging tussen 1853 en 1940. Dissertation, Universiteit van Amsterdam. Assen, 1961.

proof

literature

Books:

  • Jan Bank, Maarten van Buuren: 1900. Hoogtij van burgerlijke cultuur. Uitgevers Sdu, Den Haag 2000, pp. 350, 443.
  • Bert Altena: Een broeinest der anarchy: arbeiders, arbeidersbewegung en maatschappelijke ontwikkeling: Vlissingen 1875–1929 (1940). Volume 2, Thesis, 1989, ISBN 90-5170-008-3 .
  • Max Nettlau (Ed.): History of Anarchy . In cooperation with the IISG . Newly published by Heiner Becker. 1st edition. Library Thélème, Münster 1993. (Reprint of the Berlin edition, Verlag Der Syndikalist , 1927)
Volume 5 : Anarchists and Syndicalists . Chapter IX. “Anarchism in Belgium from 1885 to 1914. The Dutch socialist beginnings. Multatuli. International. Domela Nieuwenhuis. The communist anarchists. The Christian anarchists. Frederik van Eeden. Antimilitarism in Holland and France until 1914. "

Magazines :

  • Thom Holterman: Het Anarchisme en zijn Veerkracht. In: "Libertaire orde", February 3, 2012.
  • Anton Levien Constandse: Het anarchisme in de Nederlanden. In: the magazine Ons Erfdeel. Uitgeverij Stichtung Ons Erfdeel, Rekkern / Raamsdonksveer 1979. Volume 22, No. 3, pp. 361–373.
  • AL Constandse: 120 jaar vrijdenkersbeweging . Thought in the magazine De Vrije. 1976.

Archives

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See also: Arie Hazekamp: Oorsprong van het anarchisme in Nederland. ("Origin of anarchism in the Netherlands"). In: Ravage . No. 16, December 2002.
  2. ↑ Herman Noordegraaf: Scheiding der geesten: over revolutie en geweld in 1920 . Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.
  3. ↑ Author: Max Beer . De socialistische arbeidersbewegung in Nederland ("The socialist workers' movement in the Netherlands"). Dutch, accessed April 26, 2013.
  4. ↑ Interview with Michel (from the “Anarchist Groep Amsterdam”) about anarchism in the Netherlands . Interview from 2010. German, accessed June 7, 2013.
  5. ^ Christianarchy - Vrede and vrije mensen . Homepage of: Christian Anarchism - Peace and Free People . Dutch, accessed April 24, 2013.
  6. ↑ For the meaning of Tolstojanism as a Christian anarchist tendency in Dutch anarchism see Dennis de Lange: The revolution are you! Tolstojanism as a social movement in the Netherlands. Verlag Graswurzelrevolution, Heidelberg 2016.
  7. ↑ See on this: Jan Bank, Maarten van Buuren: 1900. Hoogtij van burgerlijke cultuur. P. 350.
  8. ↑ See on this: Jan Bank, Maarten van Buuren: 1900. Hoogtij van burgerlijke cultuur. P. 443.
  9. ↑ See also: AL Constandse: Het anarchisme in de Nederlanden. In: Ons Erfdeel. Pp. 361 and 363.
  10. ^ Authors: Paul Denekamp and Herman Noordegraaf . Title: De geschiedenis van 'rooie dominees' in Nederland ( The story of the 'red pastors' in the Netherlands ). In the magazine onvoltooid verleden , No. 16, 2002. Dutch, accessed 19 May 2013.
  11. ↑ JJKalma: Portret L. de Baan. In: Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbewegung in Nederland BWSA . With further links. Dutch, accessed April 24, 2013. Published in BWSA 4, 1990, pp. 11 and 12
  12. ↑ Herman Noordegraaf: Portret HWPh.E. van den Bergh van Eysinga. In BWSA 3, 1988, pp. 10-12.
  13. ^ Herman Noordegraaf: Portret Johannes Antonius Hendrikus van den Brink. In BWSA 5, 1992, pp. 29-32.
  14. ^ JJ Kalma: Portret JA Bruins. In BWSA 2, 1987, pp. 29-31.
  15. ↑ See on this: Jan Bank, Maarten van Buuren: 1900. Hoogtij van burgerlijke cultuur. P. 350.
  16. ^ Herman Noordegraaf: Portret Jan Lambertus Faber. In. BWSA 6, 1995, pp. 65-68.
  17. ↑ See this: Albert de Jong: Van Christians dead Anarchist en other work van F. Domela Nieuwenhuis. Uitgeverij AW Bruna & Zoon, Utrecht 1970, p. 232.
  18. ^ Dik Nas: Portrait of Hendrik Gerhard. In: BWSA 8, 2001, pp. 45-50.
  19. ^ HJ Scheffer: Portret JJ Lodewijk. In: BWSA 2, 1987, pp. 85-87.
  20. ^ Salvador Bloemgarten: Portret AM Renz. In: BWSA 3, 1988, pp. 173-175.
  21. ↑ JJ Kalma: Portert SS van Veen. In: BWSA 2, 1987, p. 161.
  22. ^ Herman Noordegraaf: Portret D. van der Zee. In: BWSA 2, 1987, pp. 189-191.
  23. ↑ Author: Folkert Anders . February 1, 2011. De sociale kwestie in Nederland (1870–1918) Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.
  24. ↑ Author Nienke Feis ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 7 February 2013. Koning Gorilla, over majesteitsschennis en de oranjefurie . From the three-part series “Ras breekt het uur der vrijheid aan”. VPRO radio archive. Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / weblogs.vpro.nl
  25. ^ Willem III der Nederlanden (1817-1890) . Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.
  26. ↑ See this: SERoorda van Eysinga: Uit het leven van Koning Gorilla ("From the life of King Gorilla"). In the magazine Recht voor Allen. No. 7, dated January 22, 1887.
  27. ↑ Koning Willem III `Koning Gorilla´ ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . From the Het National Historical Museum . Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.innl.nl
  28. ^ Author: Hans Schoots . In Historisch Nieuwsblad No. 6, 2011. Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.
  29. ↑ De opkomst van het socialisme. The period 1888–1890 . The rise of socialism in the period from 1888 to 1890 . Dutch, accessed April 7, 2013.
  30. ^ National Library of the Netherlands ( Memento of October 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). History of De Dageraad . Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.
  31. ^ Archives De Dageraad . In the IISG . Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.
  32. ^ Ger Harmsen: Portrait of Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn. In BWSA 7, 1998, pp. 102-105.
  33. ^ History of the De Dageraad Association . Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.
  34. ↑ History of the Coöperatieve Broodbakkerij De Volharding ( Memento of the original from September 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.devolhardinguitvaartzorg.nl
  35. ↑ De verbruikscoöperatie as derde weg naar het socialisme? ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Reading by Ton Oosterhuis at the Other Tijden working group on April 19, 2001. Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archieftonoosterhuis.nl
  36. ↑ Information about the Sociaal-Demokratie Bond ( Social Democratic Federation or Social Democratic Party ; SDB) . Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.
  37. ↑ Ger Hermsen: Portert FD Nieuwenhuis. In BWSA 6, 1995, pp. 157-163.
  38. ↑ See on this: AS de Levita: NAS en SDAP In: De Nieuwe Tijd. Sociaal-democratic mandate. September 1901, pp. 512-517.
  39. ^ Menno Eekman: Portret B. Lansink jr. In: BWSA 5, 1992, pp. 182-186.
  40. ↑ Brief information on the Socialist Partij (1918–1928) . On the Parliament & Politics page . Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.
  41. ↑ Author: Eric de Ruijter, July 2003 . Arbeiders Jeugd Centrale (AJC) , in: IISG
  42. ↑ Archief IAMV . Archives of the International Antimilitarist Association in the IISG . Dutch, accessed April 9, 201
  43. ↑ See: Jaarboek van de Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde. Section: Arthur Lehning - Utrecht 23 October 1899-Lys-St.-Georges 1 januari 2000. Leiden 2003, p. 137.
  44. ↑ See on this: Volkert Bultsma, Evert van der Tuin: Het Nederlandsch Syndicalistische Vakverbond 1923–1940. Anarchist Uitgaven, Amsterdam 1980, p. 59.
  45. ↑ Ferdinand D. Nieuwenhuis and the Pinksterlanddagen (PDF; 2.2 MB). See: Hoofdstuk 2. "The Pinksterlanddagen en het Terrein tot Vrijheidsbezinning."
  46. ↑ Author: Henk bij de Weg . De ontwikkeling van het antimilitarisme en pacifisme in Nederland voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog. (“The development of anti-militarism and pacifism in the Netherlands before the Second World War”). Dutch, accessed April 9, 2013.
  47. ^ AL Constandse: Het anarchisme in de Nederlanden. P. 372.
  48. ↑ See the magazine De As Nos. 151 and 158. Nederlandse anarchisten in de Tweede Wereldoorlog . Detailed articles on the resistance of individual anarchists against National Socialism: Johann de Haas, Anton Levien Constans, Albert de Jong, Henk Eikeboom, Chris Lebeau, Felix Ortt, Rinus te Slaa, Arthur Lening, Pieter Kooiman and Gerhard Rijnders
  49. ↑ Author: Andre de Raaij. In De As magazine , No. 158, 2007. Nederlandse anarchisten in de Tweede Wereldoorlog (Dutch Anarchists in World War II), p. 37.
  50. ↑ More information on VSV, NBVS and FAN . PDF, Dutch, accessed April 24, 2013.
  51. ^ Website of the Antifascist Actie .
  52. ↑ Brief information about Eurodusnie . Dutch, accessed April 24, 2013.
  53. ↑ Anarchist group Amsterdam . Dutch, accessed April 24, 2013.
  54. ^ Anarchist collective in Utrecht ( Memento from March 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). Dutch, accessed April 24, 2013.
  55. ↑ More information about de vrije bond . Dutch, accessed April 24, 2013.
  56. ↑ Pinksterlanddagen ( Memento of the original from February 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Dutch, accessed April 24, 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pinksterlanddagen.org
  57. ^ Ferdinand D. Nieuwenhuis and the Pinksterlanddagen . (PDF; 2.2 MB). See: Hoofdstuk 2: "De Pinksterlanddagen en het Terrein tot Vrijheidsbezinning."
  58. ↑ Among other things, information about the Federatie van Vrije Sozialisten . PDF, 917 kB. Dutch, accessed April 24, 2013.
  59. ^ Anarchist Black Cross Amsterdam . Dutch, accessed April 24, 2013.
  60. ↑ Anarchist Black Cross Nijmegen . Dutch, accessed April 27, 2013.
  61. ↑ Homepage of the Anarcho-Syndicalist Bond ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Dutch, accessed April 24, 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / anarcho-syndicalisme.nl
  62. ↑ Official website of De Vrije ( Memento of the original from June 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Dutch, accessed April 26, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.devrije.nl
  63. ↑ Information on Buiten de Orde from vrije bond . Dutch, accessed April 26, 2013.