Anholt (island)
| Anholt | ||
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| Waters | Kattegat | |
| Geographical location | 56 ° 42 '24 " N , 11 ° 34' 21" E | |
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| length | 9.5 km | |
| width | 4.6 km | |
| surface | 22.37 km² | |
| Highest elevation | Sonderbjerg 48 m |
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| Residents | 138 (January 1, 2020) 6.2 inhabitants / km² |
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| main place | Anholt | |
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Anholt [ ˈanhɔlʔd ] is a 22.37 km² Danish island in the Kattegat . 138 people live on it (January 1, 2020). Administratively it belongs to the Norddjurs municipality , region Midtjylland .
Geography, geology and vegetation
Anholt is 45 kilometers northeast of the Djursland peninsula . This makes the island the furthest away from the nearest coast in Denmark ( Bornholm is only 36 km off the Swedish coast).
The western part of the island forms a three square kilometer moraine landscape ; here is also the settlement of Anholt. The dunes of the island reach with the Sønderbjerg (German "south mountain") a height of 48 meters. The Nordbjerg is 39 meters high. On the west beach, the Vesterklit dune connects the two hills. From the west and south the island is exposed to the sea and strong winds; The result is steep coast formation. The east is a flat beach whale plain. The height difference between the two areas was due to the postglacial land elevation , which Anholt raised particularly strongly. On the beach walls you will find small, iron-containing stones, hollowed out by erosion , which are popularly known as "dwarf pots".
The island was overgrown with pine forest until the 17th century , which was lost through clearing. In its place a heathland spread out: Ørkenen , in English desert, extends over most of the island. What makes it special is that the soil has not been tilled since time immemorial, so it has retained its original ice age terrain profile. The area is sparsely covered, among other things with Heather , Black crowberry , Middle Corydalis and lichens . Anholt has the largest contiguous lichen heather in Europe. The stages of development from crusty to leaf lichen can be clearly observed here, cup , lung and reindeer lichen are the main representatives. Of the 2,237 hectares on the island, 2,067 hectares are protected .
The two youngest parts of Anholt are the eastern tip of Totten and the Flakket on the northwest side , a flat foreland with salt meadows. It was formed after the port was built because the moles changed the flow here. Seals like to visit Totten and is therefore also under protection. It is the only place in Denmark where seals can be seen with binoculars from land. To the east, the spit hook continues as a twelve-kilometer-long shoal (east reef).
On the southern edge of the island there is what is known as desert varnish : a varnish- like sheen on rocks caused by wind grinding.
history
There are individual archaeological finds from the last part of the Paleolithic . Further finds testify to inhabitants during the Neolithic Age ( dimpled ceramic culture ). There are no systematic studies of the past of Anholt. There are no finds from the Bronze Age , but there are individual finds from the Viking Age .
According to King Waldemar's earth book from 1231, the king owned a house or a hut on Sønderbjerg. So Anholt was crown property.
In 1441 the island came to the Kalø Crown Estate under its administrator Otte Nielsen Rosenkrantz (1395–1477).
In 1668 Anholt was sold to the customs administrator Peder Jensen Grove (1615–1673); his widow married Hans Rostgaard (1625–1684) from Krogerup in 1674, and the island has been owned by this family ever since.
During the Napoleonic Wars , Denmark was allied with France from 1807 to 1814. The continental blockade imposed on England led to smuggling and nocturnal breakthrough attempts. That is why the beacons were extinguished on the Danish coasts to hinder the British ships, who are unfamiliar with the location, on their way to Sweden and the Baltic Sea. After losses off Anholt, the English fleet launched an attack on the island and captured it on May 18, 1809. Danish relief plans were delayed. It was not until March 25, 1811 that the "Battle of Anholt" took place. After two days, the 450-strong English garrison (two dead, 30 wounded) won against the Danes (30 dead and 638 prisoners of war). The occupation of the island ended in 1814 as a result of the Peace of Kiel .
Anholt forms its own parish of Anholt Sogn . It belonged to the municipal reform in 1970 to Harde Djurs Nørre Herred in the former Randers Amt . Then she was beaten to Grenaa Commune in Aarhus Office . Since the municipal reform in 2007 , Grenaa and Anholt have been part of the Norddjurs municipality , Region Midtjylland .
beacon
The stormy Kattegat and the sandbanks off Anholt have always endangered shipping. Therefore King Friedrich II ordered in 1560 to set up a beacon . In the beginning, a simple fireblood was used: a wooden structure with an iron basket that was fired with wood. The Danish name for it is papegøjefyr (parrot fire) because the fire basket looked like a parrot cage . In 1623 a rocker fire with coal firing was built. In 1785 a 35 meter high lighthouse with a coal fire was built. This tower received a lantern in 1805. In 1881 today's stone tower "Anholt Fyr" was built and equipped with a Fresnel lens . The lighthouse is a listed building. On the Ostebakke in the center of the island, an open beacon used to be maintained when required.
place
There is only one single settlement on Anholt. All social and cultural activities take place here. Originally half-timbering was built using flotsam . Over time, many houses were given side extensions when new generations in the families required more living space. The church dates from 1819, the previous one being destroyed during the British occupation of the island. Remnants of the foundation testify to an even older previous building.
The island school, built in 1917 and expanded in 1956, is located in Ørkenvej 1. There is a kindergarten group, a community class for grades 0 to 5 and one for grades 6 to 9. The neighboring house Ørkenvej 2 serves as a community center ( Forsamlingshus ).
The old school from 1843 was built near the pastorate and is now used by the parish as a community center ( Menighedshus ).
port
After several years of political negotiations and a construction period from 1899 to 1902, Anholt got a fishing port that serves as a port of refuge for the Kattegat fishermen and as a home port for Anholt's fishing boats. The ferry from Grenaa also docks here.
A lifeboat is stationed in Anholter Hafen today. From 1878 to the 1930s, the sea rescue station was at the lighthouse.
The tourist information office has been located at the port since the end of 2014.
Airfield
Anholt has an airfield (ICAO: EKAT) with a 650 meter long runway (grass). Daily flights connect Anholt with Roskilde , Læsø and Varberg in Sweden in summer . There are weekly connections in winter.
economy
tourism
Anholt is a popular destination among sailors. The harbor is often overcrowded in summer. Anholt is also known for its wide, clean and fine sandy beach. In summer up to 6,000 people populate the island. Most of the tourists come from Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Germany. The ferry takes about three hours from Grenaa , with cars only being allowed for locals. The island has bike rental and an airfield near the village.
Offshore wind farm
About 15 kilometers southwest of Anholt, the Anholt offshore wind farm was built by September 2013 , with 111 turbines and 400 MW output the largest Danish offshore wind farm .
labour market
The job market on Anholt differs from the usual in that people often do multiple jobs in order to achieve full-time employment. The postman also runs the ice cream stall, for example. Apart from tourism, there are thirty different industries on the island.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b statistics banks -> Befolkning og valg -> BEF4: Folketal pr. January 1st demands på øer (Danish)
- ↑ Danmarks Statistics : Statistical Yearbook 2009 - Geography and climate, Table 3 Area and population. Regions and inhabited islands (English; PDF; 39 kB)
- ↑ Jens Vibaek: Politikens Danmarkshistorie , Vol. 10, P. 307 ff.
- ↑ Anholtskole
- ↑ Anholt offshore wind farm inaugurated . In: Schiff & Hafen , issue 10/2013, p. 57
