Annona
Annona | ||||||||||||
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![]() Prickly annone ( Annona muricata ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Annona | ||||||||||||
L. |
Annona (probably of Taíno annon and not from Latin Annona ) is a plant genus in the family of annonaceous (Annonaceae). About 175 species in the tropics and subtropics belong to it. Some of these species arecommercially significantas fruit-producing trees, such as the cherimoya , the prickly annone or the cinnamon apple .
description
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Berthe_Hoola_van_Nooten53.jpg/220px-Berthe_Hoola_van_Nooten53.jpg)
Appearance and leaves
Annona species grow as evergreen to deciduous trees or shrubs . Often tap roots are formed and some species produce as mature trees buttress roots . The stiff branches are slender and stem-round. The lenticels are raised. The alternate arranged on the branches leaves are stalked. The leathery or membranous, simple leaf blade is hairy or bald or downy. Stipules are missing.
blossoms
The flowers are single or in bundles on inflorescence shafts that have bracts. The hermaphroditic, mostly three, rarely four-fold flowers have an intense, fruity smell. The raised flower base (receptacle) is convex to more or less spherical or elongated. The mostly three, rarely four sepals fall off early and are smaller than the petals. There are two circles with usually three, rarely four, mostly fleshy petals each. The inner petals are usually reduced. There are many stamens and many upper pistils .
Fruits and seeds
The egg-shaped to almost spherical, fleshy collecting fruits (Synkarp) are made of berries and have a very variable surface with a solid hull that in some species with soft spikes consisting of the styluses is provided occur. The seeds are egg-shaped to ellipsoid, bean-shaped with a hard seed coat .
Chromosome number
The basic chromosome number is x = 7.
Systematics
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Starr_070308-5403_Annona_cherimola.jpg/220px-Starr_070308-5403_Annona_cherimola.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Annona_diversifolia.jpg/220px-Annona_diversifolia.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rollinia_mucosa_Rovin_Alba_Sahagun_Colombia.jpg/220px-Rollinia_mucosa_Rovin_Alba_Sahagun_Colombia.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Annona_muricata_Rio_Caura_Venezuela.jpg/220px-Annona_muricata_Rio_Caura_Venezuela.jpg)
The genus Annona was set up in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, pp. 536-537. In 1911, Annona muricata L. from J. Wash. Safford at Acad. Sci. , 1, p. 119. An important processing of the genus took place in 1914 by William Edwin Safford in Classification of the genus Annona, with descriptions of new and imperfectly known species , Contr. US Natl. Herb. , 18, I-IX, pp. 1-68. Synonyms for Annona L. are: Guanabanus Mill. , Raimondia Saff. , Rollinia A. St.-Hil. , Rolliniopsis Saff.
There are about 175 Annona - types :
- Annona acuminata Saff.
- Annona acutiflora Mart.
- Annona acutifolia Saff. ex REFr.
- Annona amazonica R.E.Fr.
- Annona ambotay Aubl. ; Home: South America
- Annona andicola (Maas & Westra) H.Rainer
- Annona angustifolia Huber
- Annona annonoides (REFr.) Maas & Westra
- Annona asplundiana R.E.Fr.
- Annona atabapensis Kunth
- Annona aurantiaca Barb. Rodr. ; Home: Brazil
- Annona bahiensis (Maas & Westra) H.Rainer
- Annona bicolor Urb.
- Annona billbergii R.E.Fr.
- Annona boliviana (REFr.) H.Rainer
- Annona bullata A.Rich. ; Home: Cuba
- Annona burchellii R.E.Fr.
- Annona cacans warm. (Syn .: Annona amambayensis Hassl. Ex REFr. ); Home: Brazil and Paraguay
- Annona calcarata (REFr.) H.Rainer
- Annona calophylla R.E.Fr. ; Home: Paraguay
- Annona campestris R.E.Fr. ; Home: Paraguay
- Annona cascarilloides Griseb.
- Annona centrantha (REFr.) H.Rainer
- Annona cercocarpa Saff.
- Cherimoya ( Annona cherimola Mill. ) (Syn .: Annona pubescens Salisb. , Annona tripetala Aiton ); Homeland: Ecuador, Peru, is cultivated worldwide
- Annona cordifolia (Szyszyl.) Poepp. ex Maas & Westra
- Annona Coriacea Mart. ; Home: Brazil, Paraguay
- Annona cornifolia A.St.-Hil. ; Home: Brazil, Bolivia
- Annona crassiflora Mart. ; Home: Brazil, Paraguay
- Annona crassivenia Saff.
- Annona cristalensis (Alain) Borhidi & Moncada
- Annona crotonifolia Mart. ; Home: Brazil, Paraguay
- Annona cubensis R.E.Fr.
- Annona cuspidata (Mart.) H.Rainer
- Annona danforthii (stand) H.Rainer
- Annona deceptrix (Westra) H.Rainer
- Annona deminuta R.E.Fr.
- Annona densicoma Mart. ; Home: Brazil
- Annona dioica A.St.-Hil. ; Home: Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay
- Annona dolabripetala Raddi (Syn .: Rollinia dolabripetala (Raddi) REFr. , Rollinia longifolia A.St.-Hil. ); Home: Brazil
- Annona dolichopetala (REFr.) H.Rainer
- Annona dolichophylla R.E.Fr.
- Annona domingensis R.E.Fr.
- Annona duckei Diels
- Annona dumetorum R.E.Fr.
- Annona echinata Dunal ; Homeland: French Guiana , Suriname
- Annona ecuadorensis R.E.Fr.
- Annona edulis (Triana & Planch.) H.Rainer
- Annona ekmanii R.E.Fr.
- Annona elliptica R.E.Fr.
- Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H.Rainer (Syn .: Rollinia emarginata Schltdl. , Rollinia glaucescens Sond. ); Home: South America
- Annona excellens R.E.Fr. ; Home: Bolivia, Peru, probably also Brazil
- Annona fendleri (REFr.) H.Rainer
- Annona ferruginea (REFr.) H.Rainer
- Annona foetida Mart.
- Annona fosteri (Maas & Westra) H.Rainer
- Annona frutescens R.E.Fr.
- Annona gardneri R.E.Fr.
- Annona gigantophylla (REFr.) REFr.
- Water apple ( Annona glabra L .; Syn .: Annona humboldtiana Kunth , Annona humboldtii Dunal , Annona palustris L. ); Homeland: South Florida, Tropical America and West Africa
- Annona glauca Schumach. & Thonn.
- Annona glaucophylla R.E.Fr. ; Home: Brazil, Paraguay
- Annona globiflora Schltdl.
- Annona glomerulifera (Maas & Westra) H.Rainer
- Annona gracilis R.E.Fr.
- Annona haematantha Miq. ; Home: northern South America
- Annona haitiensis R.E.Fr.
- Annona havanensis R.E.Fr.
- Annona hayesii Saff. ex Standl. ; Home: Panama
- Annona helosioides (Maas & Westra) H.Rainer
- Annona herzogii (REFr.) H.Rainer (Syn .: Rollinia herzogii R.E.Fr. ); Home: Bolivia, Peru
- Annona hispida (Maas & Westra) H.Rainer
- Annona holosericea Saff.
- Annona humilis Benth.
- Annona hypoglauca Mart. ; Home: South America
- Annona hystricoides A.H. Gentry
- Annona impressivenia Saff. ex REFr.
- Annona inconformis Pittier
- Annona insignis R.E.Fr.
- Annona ionophylla Triana & Planch.
- Annona iquitensis R.E.Fr.
- Annona jahnii Saff. ; Home: Venezuela, Colombia
- Annona jamaicensis Sprague
- Annona jucunda (Diels) H.Rainer
- Annona leptopetala (REFr.) H.Rainer (Syn .: Rollinia leptopetala R.E.Fr. , Rolliniopsis discreta Saff. ); Home: Brazil
- Annona liebmanniana Baill.v (Syn .: Annona scleroderma Saff. , Annona testudinea Saff. ); Home: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras
- Annona longiflora S. Watson ; Home: Mexico
- Annona longipes saff. ; Home: Mexico
- Annona macrocalyx R.E.Fr. ; Home: Peru and Brazil
- Ilama ( Annona macroprophyllata Donn.Sm. , Syn .: Annona diversifolia Saff. ); Home: Mexico, Central America
- Annona malmeana R.E.Fr. ; Home: Brazil
- Annona mammifera (Maas & Westra) H.Rainer
- Annona manabiensis Saff. ex REFr.
- Annona maritima (Záchia) H.Rainer
- Annona membranacea R.E.Fr.
- Annona micrantha Bertero ex Spreng.
- Annona moaensis León & Alain
- Slime apple ( Annona montana Macfad .; Syn .: Annona marcgravii Mart. ); Homeland: Central America, West Indies and South America
- Annona monticola Mart. ; Home: Brazil, Bolivia
- Annona mucosa Jacq. (Syn .: Rollinia deliciosa Saff. , Rollinia jimenezii Saff. , Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill. , Rollinia orthopetala A.DC. , Rollinia pulchrinervia A.DC. , Rollinia sieberi A.DC. ); Home: Mexico, Central and South America
- Soursop , Prickly custard apple or Sauersack ( Annona muricata L. , Syn .: Annona macrocarpa AUCt.); Homeland: Mexico, Central America, West Indies, tropical South America
- Annona nanofruticosa Duke
- Annona neglecta R.E.Fr.
- Annona neoamazonica H.Rainer
- Annona neochrysocarpa H.Rainer
- Annona neoecuadoarensis H.Rainer
- Annona neoelliptica H.Rainer & Maas
- Annona neoinsignis H.Rainer
- Annona neolaurifolia H.Rainer (Syn .: Rollinia laurifolia Schltdl. ); Home: Brazil
- Annona neosalicifolia H.Rainer
- Annona neosericea H.Rainer
- Annona neoulei H.Rainer
- Annona neovelutina H.Rainer
- Annona nipensis Alain
- Annona nitida Mart.
- Annona nutans (REFr.) REFr. (Syn .: Annona spinescens var. Nutans R.E.Fr. ); Home: Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay
- Annona oblongifolia R.E.Fr.
- Annona oligocarpa R.E.Fr.
- Annona pachyantha (Maas & Westra) H.Rainer
- Annona palmeri Saff.
- Annona paludosa Aubl. ; Home: Brazil and northern South America
- Annona papilionella (Diels) H.Rainer
- Annona paraensis R.E.Fr.
- Annona paraguayensis R.E.Fr. ; Home: Paraguay
- Annona parviflora (A.St.-Hil.) H.Rainer (Syn .: Rollinia parviflora A.St.-Hil. , Rolliniopsis parviflora (A.St.-Hil.) Saff. ); Home: Brazil
- Annona peduncularis Steud.
- Annona phaeoclados Mart.
- Annona pickelii (Diels) H.Rainer
- Annona pittieri Donn.Sm.
- Annona poeppigii (Mart.) Maas & Westra
- Annona praetermissa Rendle
- Annona prevostiae H.Rainer
- Annona primigenia Standl. & Steyerm. (Syn .: Annona reticulata var. Primigenia (Standl. & Steyerm.) Lundell ); Home: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala
- Annona pruinosa treasure
- Annona punicifolia Triana & Planch.
- Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal (Syn .: Annona involucrata Baill. ); Homeland: Southern Mexico, Central America, West Indies and Venezuela
- Annona rensoniana (stand) H.Rainer
- Annona reticulata , power apple or ox heart ( Annona reticulata L. , Syn .: Annona lutescens Saff. ); Homeland: Mexico and the West Indies
- Annona rigida R.E.Fr.
- Annona rosei saff.
- Annona Rufinervis (Triana & Planch.) H.Rainer
- Annona rugulosa (Schltdl.) H.Rainer
- Annona saffordiana R.E.Fr.
- Annona salicifolia Ekman & REFr.
- Annona salzmannii A.DC. ; Home: Brazil
- Annona sanctae-crucis S. Moore
- Annona scandens Diels ex Pilg.
- Annona schunkei (Maas & Westra) H.Rainer
- Annona scleroderma Saff.
- Annona sclerophylla Saff.
- Annona senegalensis Pers. ; Home: Africa, Madagascar and the Comoros
- Annona sericea Dunal ; Home: South America
- Annona spinescens Mart. ; Home: Brazil
- Annona spraguei Saff. ; Home: Panama, Colombia
- Cinnamon apple or sweet sack ( Annona squamosa L. , Syn .: Annona asiatica L. ); Homeland: Central America and West Indies
- Annona stenophylla Engl. & Diels
- Annona sylvatica A.St.-Hil. (Syn .: Rollinia sylvatica (A.St.-Hil.) Mart. ); Home: Brazil
- Annona symphyocarpa Sandwith
- Annona tenuiflora Mart.
- Annona tenuipes R.E.Fr.
- Annona tomentosa R.E.Fr. ; Home: Brazil
- Annona trinitensis Saff.
- Annona ubatubensis (Maas & Westra) H.Rainer
- Annona ulei R.E.Fr.
- Annona urbaniana R.E.Fr.
- Annona vepretorum Mart. ; Home: Brazil
- Annona volubilis Lundell ; Home: Guatemala
- Annona warmingiana Mello-Silva & Pirani
- Annona williamsii (Rusby ex REFr.) H.Rainer
Hybrids:
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Atemoya-8.jpg/220px-Atemoya-8.jpg)
- Atemoya ( Annona × atemoya Mabb. = Cherimoya ( Annona cherimola ) × cinnamon apple ( Annona squamosa ))
use
The fruits are eaten raw or made into drinks and ice cream. The kernels of the annona fruit are used in Sri Lanka by children for a game similar to English football .
Acetogenins can be isolated from all parts of the plant . This class of substances is characterized by its insecticidal and anti-tumoral effect.
Annona senegalensis leaves are used in West Africa to provide relief from insect bites.
toxicology
The nerve poison annonacin contained in guanábana (spiny annonacin) appears to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease that only occurs on the Caribbean island group of Guadeloupe and is probably related to the consumption of plants containing annonacin. It is a so-called tauopathy , which is associated with a pathological accumulation of the tau protein in the brain. Experimental results show for the first time that the plant neurotoxin annonacin is actually responsible for this accumulation.
swell
- Robert Kral: Annonaceae. In: Flora of North America. Volume 3, 1997: Annona. In: Flora of North America. efloras.org, accessed May 25, 2015 (Description section).
- Walter Erhardt u. a .: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Annona at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av Annona in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Pierre Champy, Günter U. Höglinger, Jean Féger, Christophe Gleye, Reynald Hocquemiller, Alain Laurens, Vincent Guérineau, Olivier Laprévote, Fadia Medja, Anne Lombès, Patrick P. Michel, Annie Lannuzel, Etienne C. Hirsch, Merle Ruberg: Annonacin , a lipophilic inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, induces nigral and striatal neurodegeneration in rats: possible relevance for atypical parkinsonism in Guadeloupe . In: Journal of Neurochemistry . tape 88 , no. 1 , 2004, ISSN 0022-3042 , p. 63-69 , PMID 14675150 .
- ↑ Myriam Escobar Khondiker (2007): Annonacin, a Natural Complex I Inhibitor of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain, causes Tau Pathology in Cultured Neurons