Annonaceae

Annonaceae
Cinnamon apple ( Annona squamosa )
Systematics
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta) Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina) Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Magnoliids Order : Magnolia-like (Magnoliales) Family : Annonaceae
Scientific name
Annonaceae
Yuss.

The Annon , bottle tree , cream apple or scale apple plants (Annonaceae) are a family of plants in the order of the magnolia-like (Magnoliales). Especially in the genus Annona there are some species that produce fruit .

Description and ecology

Illustration of Monodora myristica

Subfamily Ambavioideae: branch with stalked simple leaves and flowers of ylang-ylang ( Cananga odorata )

Tribus Annoneae: flower of Asimina pulchella

Seeds of Asimina triloba

Tribus Bocageeae: cracked fruit of Cardiopetalum calophyllum

Tribe Xylopieae: deciduous leaves and collective crop of Artabotrys hexapetalus

Tribe Xylopieae: fruits of Xylopia aromatica

Tribe Xylopieae: flowers of Xylopia sericea

Tribus Annoneae: Cherimoya ( Annona cherimola )

Tribus Annoneae: Annona glabra

Tribus Annoneae: Annona mucosa

Tribus annoneae: prickly annone ( Annona muricata )

Tribus Annoneae: Annona senegalensis

Tribus Annoneae: Cinnamon Apple ( Annona squamosa )

Tribus Annoneae: leaves and fruit of Asimina triloba

Tribus Monodoreae: flowers of Monodora tenuifolia

Tribus Uvarieae: flower of Uvaria chamae

Tribus Uvarieae: Collective fruit of Uvaria chamae

Tribus Miliuseae: deciduous leaves and flowers of Polyalthia fragrans

Tribe Miliuseae: branch with leaves and inflorescences of Polyalthia longifolia

Appearance and leaves

All types of the Annonaceae are woody plants: trees , bushes or lianas . They can be evergreen or deciduous. The bark , leaves and flowers smell aromatic.

The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blades are simple and have entire margins. Stipules are absent.

blossoms

The flowers stand together individually or in small bunches. The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic, rarely unisexual. The flowers are usually greenish at first, while the stamen ripe they then turn yellowish or pink ( anthesis ). Although the Annonaceae belong to the Magnoliidae, the flower is often trimer (three-part). Cup-shaped and pendent flowers are found quite often. In each flower there are 10 to 20 to very many stamens , which are arranged in a spiral. The gynoeceum is mostly apocarp - the one to many upper carpels are free or, less often, fused together, synkarp. The pollination is usually by beetles ( Cantharophilie ).

Fruits and seeds

The annone plants form aggregate fruits , which usually contain one to eight, rarely up to twelve berries . Each berry contains one to many seeds. The seeds have an aril and contain oily endosperm .

Systematics

The Annonaceae family includes about 122 to 129 genera with 2220 to 2300 species . The genera of the two families Hornschuchiaceae J.Agardh and the Monodoraceae J.Agardh , which were previously regarded as independent, are now assigned to the Annonaceae.

The Annonaceae are divided into four subfamilies. The two large subfamilies Annonoideae and Malmeoideae are each divided into several tribes.

• Subfamily Anaxagoreoideae Chatrou, Pirie, Erkens & Couvreur : It contains only one genus:
  • Anaxagorea A.St.-Hil. : The approximately 30 species are distributed in the Neotropic and from Sri Lanka to the western part of the Malay Archipelago .
• Subfamily Ambavioideae Chatrou, Pirie, Erkens & Couvreur : It contains about nine genera with about 50 species with areas throughout the tropical belt:
  • Ambavia Le Thomas : There are about two species in Madagascar .
  • Cananga (DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson : The roughly two species distributed from tropical Asia to Australia , including:
    • Ylang-Ylang ( Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thoms. )
  • Cleistopholis Pierre ex Engl .: The three to four species are common in tropical Africa .
  • Cyathocalyx Champ. ex Hook.f. & Thomson : The seven or so species are common in Indomalesia .
  • Drepananthus Maingay ex Hook.f. : The approximately 26 species are common in Southeast Asia.
  • Lettowianthus Diels : It contains only one species:
    • Lettowianthus stellatus Diels : It iswidespreadin tropical East Africa.
  • Meiocarpidium Engl. & Diels : It contains only one species:
    • Meiocarpidium lepidotum Engl. & Diels : It is common in tropical West Africa.
  • Mezzettia Becc. : The three or so species are common in western Malesia .
  • Tetrameranthus R.E.Fr. : The six or so species are common in tropical South America .
• Subfamily Annonoideae: It contains about 51 genera with about 1515 species:
  • Tribe Bocageeae: It contains seven genera and around 60 species in the Neotropic and a monotypical genus in East Africa:
    • Bocagea A.St.-Hil. : The roughly two types are common in the Neotropics.
    • Cardiopetalum Schltdl. : The three or so species are common in tropical South America .
    • Cymbopetalum Benth. : The approximately 27 species are distributed from Mexico to tropical South America.
    • Froesiodendron R.E.Fr. : The three or so species are common in tropical South America.
    • Hornschuchia Nees : The ten or so species are common in Brazil .
    • Mkilua Verdc. : It contains only one type:
      • Mkilua fragrans Verdc. : It is common in tropical East Africa.
    • Porcelia Ruiz & Pav .: The seven or so species are common in the Neotropic.
      • Porcelia macrocarpa R.E.Fr. : From eastern to southeastern Brazil
    • Trigynaea Schltdl. : The approximately twelve species are common in northern South America.
  • Tribe Xylopieae: It contains two pantropical genera with about 260 species:
    • Artabotrys R.Br. (Syn .: Ropalopetalum handle. ): The approximately 100 species are distributed in the tropics of Africa and Asia.
    • Xylopia L .: The approximately 160 species thrive in the tropics of Africa, the New World and Southeast Asia .
  • Tribus Duguetieae Chatrou & RMKSaunders : The five genera with around 100 species are in the Neotropics and in tropical Africa:
    • Duckeanthus R.E.Fr. : It contains only one type:
      • Duckeanthus grandiflorus R.E. Q : It is common in tropical South America.
    • Duguetia A.St.-Hil. : The 90 or so species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Fusaea (Baill.) Saff. : The roughly two species are common in tropical South America.
    • Letestudoxa Pellegr. : The three or so species are common in western tropical Africa.
    • Pseudartabotrys Pellegr. : It contains only one type:
      • Pseudartabotrys letestui Pellegr. : It is common in western tropical Africa.
  • Tribus Guatterieae:
    • Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. (Including Guatteriella R.E.Fr. , Guatteriopsis R.E.Fr. , Heteropetalum Benth. ), With more than 250 species in tropical America
  • Tribus Annoneae: It contains eight genera and about 330 species:
    • Annona L. (including Guanabanus Mill. , Raimondia Saff. , Rollinia A. St.-Hil. , Rolliniopsis Saff. ): It contains 162 to 175 species.
    • Anonidium Engl. & Diels : The four or so species are common in tropical Africa.
    • Papau ( Asimina Adans. , Including Deeringothamnus Small , Orchidocarpum Michx. , Pityothamnus Small ): The eight or so species are common in North America.
    • Boutiquea Le Thomas : It contains only one type:
      • Boutiquea platypetala (Engl. & Diels) Le Thomas : It is common in West Africa.
    • Diclinanona Diels : The roughly three species common to Peru and Brazil.
    • Disepalum Hook. f. : The nine or so species are common in western Malesia .
    • Goniothalamus (flower) Hook.f. & Thomson (including Richella A.Gray ): The approximately 134 species are common in Indomalesia.
    • Neostenanthera Exell : The four or so species are common in tropical Africa.
  • Tribus Monodoreae: It contains about eleven genera with about 90 species in tropical Africa:
    • Asteranthe Engl. & Diels : The three or so species are common in tropical East Africa.
    • Hexalobus A.DC. : The five or so species are common in Africa and Madagascar .
    • Isolona Engl .: The approximately 20 species are common in Africa and Madagascar.
    • Mischogyne Exell : The roughly two types are common in tropical Africa.
    • Monocyclanthus Keay : It contains only one species:
      • Monocyclanthus vignei Keay : It is common in tropical West Africa.
    • Monodora Dunal : The 16 or so species are common in tropical Africa.
    • Ophrypetalum Diels : It contains only one species:
      • Ophrypetalum odoratum Diels : It is widespread in tropical East Africa.
    • Sanrafaelia Verdc. : It contains only one type:
      • Sanrafaelia ruffonammari Verdc. : It occurs in Tanzania .
    • Uvariastrum Engl .: The eight or so species are common in tropical Africa.
    • Uvariodendron (Engl. & Diels) REFr. : The 15 or so species are common in tropical Africa.
    • Uvariopsis Engl .: The 16 or so species are common in tropical Africa.
  • Tribus Uvarieae: It contains around 17 genera with around 425 species in the tropics of the ancient world:
    • Afroguatteria Boutique : There are roughly two species found in tropical Africa.
    • Cleistochlamys Olive. : It contains only one type:
      • Cleistochlamys kirkii (Benth.) Oliv. : It is common in tropical East Africa.
    • Dasymaschalon (Hook.f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms : The approximately 21 species are from China to Indomalesia
    • Desmos Lour. : The approximately 26 species are distributed from Indomalesia to the west Pacific islands.
    • Dielsiothamnus R.E.Fr. : It contains only one type:
      • Dielsiothamnus divaricatus (Diels) REFr. : It is common in tropical East Africa.
    • Exellia Boutique : It contains only one type:
      • Exellia scamnopetala (Exell) Boutique : It is common in tropical Africa.
    • Fissistigma handle. : The approximately 50 species are common in the Paleotropic .
    • Friesodielsia Steenis : The approximately 50 species are distributed in tropical West Africa and Indomalesia .
    • Gilbertiella Boutique : It contains only one type:
      • Gilbertiella congolana Boutique : It is common in tropical Africa.
    • Melodorum Lour. : The ten or so species are common in Africa, Southeast Asia and Australia.
      • Melodorum leichhardtii (F.Muell.) Benth. : Northern to northeastern and eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea.
    • Mitrella Miq. : The eight or so species are distributed in tropical Asia to Australia.
    • Monanthotaxis Baill. : The approximately 56 species are distributed in tropical Africa and Madagascar.
    • Pyramidanthe Miq. : Up to two species are common in Malesia.
    • Schefferomitra Diels : It contains only one type:
      • Schefferomitra subaequalis (Scheff.) Diels : It occurs in New Guinea.
    • Sphaerocoryne (Boerl.) Ridl. : The three or so species are common in Southeast Asia.
    • Toussaintia Boutique : The four or so species are common in tropical Africa.
    • Uvaria L. (including Anomianthus Zoll. , Balonga Le Thomas , Cyathostemma Griff. , Dasoclema J.Sinclair , Ellipeia Hook.f. & Thomson , Ellipeiopsis R.E.Fr. , Rauwenhoffia Scheff. ): The approximately 190 species are in the tropics of Africa and Widespread in Asia.

• Subfamily Malmeoideae: It contains about 46 genera with about 750 species:
  • Tribus Piptostigmateae Chatrou & RMKSaunders : It contains about five genera with about 33 species in tropical Africa:
    • Annickia Setten & Maas : The eight or so species are common in tropical Africa.
    • Greenwayodendron Verdc. : The roughly two species are common in tropical Africa.
    • Mwasumbia Couvreur & DM Johnson : It contains only one species:
      • Mwasumbia alba Coucreur & DMJohnson : It occurs in Tanzania.
    • Piptostigma olive. : The approximately 14 species are common in tropical Africa.
    • Polyceratocarpus Engl. & Diels : The eight or so species are common in tropical Africa.
  • Tribus Malmeeae Chatrou & RMKSaunders : It contains about 13 genera with about 180 species in the Neotropic:
    • Bocageopsis R.E.Fr. : The four or so species are common in the Neotropics.
    • Cremastosperma R.E.Fr. : The approximately 29 species are distributed in tropical South America.
    • Ephedranthus S.Moore : The six or so species are common in tropical South America.
    • Klarobelia Chatrou : The twelve or so species are common in Central and South America.
    • Malmea R.E.Fr. : The six or so species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Mosannona Chatrou : The approximately 14 species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Onychopetalum R.E.Fr. : The roughly two types are common in Brazil.
    • Oxandra A.Rich. : The approximately 28 species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Pseudephedranthus Aristeg. : It contains only one type:
      • Pseudephedranthus fragrans (REFr.) Aristeg. : It is common in Brazil and Venezuela.
    • Pseudomalmea Chatrou : The four or so species are common in Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia.
    • Pseudoxandra R.E.Fr. : The approximately 23 species are common in tropical South America.
    • Ruizodendron R.E.Fr. : It contains only one type:
      • Ruizodendron oval (Ruiz & Pav.) REFr. : It is common in Bolivia and Peru.
    • Unonopsis R.E.Fr. : The approximately 48 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Tribus Maasieae Chatrou & RMKSaunders :
    • Maasia Mols et al. : Whichspreadsup to six species from Malesia to New Guinea .
  • Tribe Fenerivieae Chatrou & RMKSaunders :
    • Fenerivia Diels : The ten or so species occur only in Madagascar.
  • Tribe Dendrokingstonieae Chatrou & RMKSaunders :
    • Dendrokingstonia Rauschert : The three or so species are common in western Malesia.
  • Tribus Monocarpieae Chatrou & RMKSaunders :
    • Monocarpia Miq. : The fouror sospecies are common in Thailand and Malesia.
  • Tribus Miliuseae: It contains about 24 pantropical genera with about 520 species:
    • Alphonsea Hook. f. & Thomson : The 25 or so species are common in China and Indomalesia.
    • Desmopsis Saff. : The approximately 14 species are distributed from Mexico to Cuba .
    • Fitzalania F. Muell. : The roughly two species are common in tropical Australia.
    • Hubera Chaowasku : The approximately 27 species are distributed in East Africa, Madagascar, in tropical Asia and on the West Pacific islands.
    • Marsypopetalum Scheff. : The six or so species are common in Malesia.
    • Meiogyne Miq. : The approximately 15 species are distributed in Indomalesien to New Guinea and New Caledonia.
    • Miliusa Lesch. ex A.DC. : The approximately 50 species are distributed from Indomalesia to Australia.
    • Mitrephora (Flower) Hook. f. & Thomson : The approximately 47 species are distributed in Southeast Asia and Malesia.
    • Monoon Miq. (Syn .: Cleistopetalum H.Okada , Enicosanthum Becc. , Woodiellantha Rauschert ): The approximately 60 species are distributed from tropical Asia to Australia.
    • Neo-uvaria Airy Shaw : The five or so species are common in western Malesia.
    • Oncodostigma Diels : One or two species are common in Malesia.
    • Orophea flower : The approximately 50 species are common in Indomalesia.
    • Phaeanthus Hook. f. & Thomson : The nine or so species are common in Indomalesia.
    • Phoenicanthus Alston : The approximately two species occur only in Sri Lanka .
    • Platymitra Boerl. : The roughly two species are distributed from Southeast Asia to Java and the Philippines.
    • Polyalthia flower (Syn .: Haplostichanthus F.Muell. , Papualthia Diels ): Diet about 80 kinds are common in the tropics of Africa and Asia.
    • Popowia Endl. : The approximately 26 species are distributed from tropical Asia to Australia.
    • Pseuduvaria Miq. (Including Craibella R.MKSaunders et al. , Oreomitra Diels ): The approximately 57 species are distributed in Southeast Asia, Malesia and New Guinea.
    • Sageraea Dalzell : The nine or so species are common in Indomalesia.
    • Sapranthus Seem. : The six or so species are common in Central America.
    • Stelechocarpus Hook. f. & Thomson : The three or so species are common in Southeast Asia and Malesia.
    • Stenanona Standl. : The approximately 14 species are distributed from Mexico to Central America.
    • Tridimeris Baill. : There are about two species in Mexico.
    • Trivalvaria (Miq.) Miq. : The fouror sospecies are distributed from Assam to western Malesia.
    • Wuodendron Xue , Tan & Chaowasku : A species ( W. praecox ) from India, China and Southeast Asia,

use

The cinnamon apple ( Annona squamosa ) is very tasty . Above all, the genus Annona includes some commercially important fruits such as the cherimoya ( Annona cherimola ) and prickly annone ( Graviola , Guanabana , Annona muricata ). Dangers related to consumption (also of other plant components): see Annona . The three-lobed papau ( Asimina triloba ) is being tested in the USA and Europe .

swell

• The Annonaceae family on the AP website . (Sections Description and Systematics)
• Robert Kral: Annonaceae in the Flora of North America , Volume 3, 1997: Online. (Section description)
• The Annonaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
• Siddharthan Surveswaran, Rui Jiang Wang, Yvonne CF Su, Richard MK Saunders: Generic delimitation and historical biogeography in the early-divergent 'ambavioid' lineage of Annonaceae: Cananga, Cyathocalyx and Drepananthus. In: Taxon , Volume 59, 2010, pp. 1721-1734.
• Herbert Huber (1985) Annonaceae, pp. 1-75. In: MD Dassanayake, FR Fosberg (eds.): A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon , 5th Amerind. Publishing Co., New Delhi, 476 pages.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Annonaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u} LW Chatrou, MD Pirie, RHJ Erkens, TLP Couvreur, KM Neubig, JR Abbott, JB Mols, PJM Maas, RMK Saunders, Mark W. Chase: A new subfamilial and tribal classification of the pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae informed by molecular phylogenetics. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 169, 2012, pp. 4-50. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2012.01235.x
3. ^ RHJ Erkens, PJM Maas: The Guatteria group disentangled: sinking Guatteriopsis, Guatteriella, and Heteropetalum into Guatteria. In: Rodriguésia , Volume 59, 2008, pp. 401–406. PDF.
4. ↑ ^{a b c} TLP Couvreur, PJM Maas, S. Meinke, DM Johnson, PJA Keßler: Keys to the genera of Annonaceae. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 169, 2012, pp. 74-83. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2012.01230.x
5. ↑ ^{a b} LinlinZhou, YCF Su, P. Chalermglin, RMK Saunders: Molecular phylogenetics of Uvaria (Annonaceae): relationships with Balonga, Dasoclema and Australian species of Melodorum. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 163, 2010, pp. 33-43. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2010.01045.x
6. ↑ T. Chaowasku, PJA Keßler, RWJM Van der Ham: A taxonomic revision and pollen morphology of the genus Dendrokingstonia (Annonaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 168, 2012, pp. 76-90. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2011.01187.x
7. ↑ IMTurner: A new combination in Monocarpia (Annonaceae). In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany , Volume 69, 2012, pp. 95-98. doi : 10.1017 / S0960428611000424
8. ↑ T. Chaowasku, DM Johnson, RWJM Van der Ham, LW Chatrou: Characterization of Hubera (Annonaceae), a new genus segregated from Polyalthia and allied to Miliusa. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 69, 2012, pp. 33-56. PDF
9. ↑ ^{a b} Su Xue YCF Bine, DC Thomas, RMK Saunders: Pruning the polyphyletic genus Polyalthia (Annonaceae) and resurrecting the genus MoNooN. In: Taxon , Volume 61, 2012, pp. 1021-1039. Abstract.
10. ^ Bine Xue, Yun-Hong Tan, Daniel C. Thomas, Tanawat Chaowasku, Xue-Liang Hou and Richard MK Saunders. 2018. A New Annonaceae Genus, Wuodendron, Provides Support for A post-Boreotropical Origin of the Asian-Neotropical Disjunction in the tribe Miliuseae. Taxon. 67 (2); 250-266. DOI: 10.12705 / 672.2

Supplementary literature

• G. Gottsberger: Pollination and evolution in neotropical Annonaceae , In: Plant Species Biology , Volume 14, 2, 1999, pp. 143-152.

Web links

Commons : Annonaceae  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Annonaceae research projects ( Memento from November 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive )