Three-lobed Papau

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Three-lobed Papau
Three-lobed papau (Asimina triloba)

Three-lobed papau ( Asimina triloba )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Magnoliids
Order : Magnolia-like (Magnoliales)
Family : Annonaceous (Annonaceae)
Genre : Papau ( Asimina )
Type : Three-lobed Papau
Scientific name
Asimina triloba
( L. ) Dunal
illustration
leaves
Buds
blossom
fruit
Sliced ​​fruit
Seeds
Habit in autumn

The three-lobed Papau , with the scientific name Asimina triloba (L) Dunal, is also called Indian banana or Pawpaw . It is a plant species native to North America from the genus Papau ( Asimina ) in the family of the Annonaceae . The name "Pawpaw" comes from papaya ( Carica papaya ) and comes from the similarity of the fruits. This fact always leads to confusion, since in some English-speaking countries the papaya is also called pawpaw. It is called "Indian banana", among other things, because the natives of North America , the Indians, who already cultivated it. The fruits are edible, but in their home country they are still considered to be wild or rare fruit .

Systematics

The three-lobed Papau is one of nine species of the Annonaceae family. It is diploid with 2n = 2x = 18 chromosomes. Triploid hybrids are also mentioned in the literature. The scientific name of the three-lobed Papau has been changed repeatedly. Linnaeus first classified the plant as Annona triloba in 1753 . In 1763, Michel Adanson , a French naturalist, named the genus Asimina , which was derived from the native Algonquian word assimin / rassimin / racemin. In 1803 Michaux reclassified the Dreilappige Pappau to Orchidocarpum arietinum . In 1807 it became Porcelia triloba . In 1817, Dunal renamed the species Asimina triloba . Torrey and Gray later moved the species to the genus Uvaria , but it was eventually moved back to Asimina by Gray in 1886 . The currently accepted nomenclature is Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal .

The epithet "triloba" refers to the three-part chalice and the double three-lobed crown. The plant was introduced to Europe in 1736.

distribution

The three-lobed Papau is native to North America, where it is the most northerly of all species of the Asimina genus and also the most widespread. Their territory extends from northern Florida to southern Ontario (in Canada) and as far west as Nebraska . It comes in the US states of Indiana , Michigan , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , West Virginia , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska, Oklahoma , Alabama , Arkansas , Delaware , Florida, Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia and Texas .

description

The Dreilappige Papau is a deciduous tree or shrub about 4–13 meters high . It grows in deep, fertile soil in river bed areas, but does not like waterlogging. In their natural habitat or in the wild they usually form multi-stemmed bushes, root eruptions can create a downright thicket. In sunny places it grows with a pyramidal crown and straight trunk with a smooth to slightly furrowed, brownish to greyish bark .

The short stalked and alternate, papery leaves are obovate to lanceolate, almost glabrous and between 15–30 cm long and 10–15 cm wide. The short petiole is up to 1 cm long. They are entire and rounded to pointed or pointed to pointed. The leaf margin is sometimes slightly bent. Young leaves are hairy on the underside and on the upper side the leaves are sparsely hairy on the veins, they then almost completely bald. The autumn color is yellow. The leaves give off an unpleasant scent after grinding.

The flowers are formed before or during the appearance of the leaves on the ends of the branches, the previous year's shoots. The egg-shaped, hairy buds develop axially on the new shoot of a season and bloom in the following spring after wintering. The Dreilappige Pappau is hardy down to about −25 ° C.

The stalked and hermaphrodite flowers are protogynous , i.e. female, and appear singly and axially in front of the leaves (hysterantic), they are greenish to brownish-red and spread an unpleasant odor that is said to attract flies and other scavenging insects. The 2–2.5 centimeters long, often nodded and thick flower stalk is short, red-haired. There are three to four sepals and two circles with three to four petals each on the bloom . The green-reddish sepals are early sloping and ovoid as well as briefly red-haired on the outside. The brown-reddish, somewhat stiff, slightly hairy petals on the outside, with impressed veins on the top, have curved tips and the ones in the outer circle are up to twice as large as those in the inner circle. The petals in the inner circle have basal nectar zones. Stamens are very numerous, they are short, upright and sit on a hemispherical flower base . Each flower contains several (up to 10), elongated, but approximate free, upper permanent, green and fine-haired, unilocular ovary with a very short, slightly bent out stylus with capitate scar . The scar is greenish in the initial female stage, then turns yellow, and then dark purple in the male stage.

The flowers begin to bloom from May. The fruits are ripe for harvest from September, depending on the variety, which is noticeable through dark spots on the skin of the fruit or through the yielding of the skin under light pressure of the thumb. If it is harvested earlier, it can be ripened along with apples.

The thin-skinned, smooth and multi-seeded fruits and berries are usually ovate to elongated, ellipsoidal, more rarely bottle-shaped, and when ripe they are greenish to yellowish and more or less brownish to dark speckled. They appear individually or in combination (to 9) in a collection bay (clusters). The fruits often fall from the tree not yet fully ripe and then ripen again. The fruit size varies greatly with the variety, with a length between 5 and 15 centimeters and a weight between 50 and (in exceptional cases) up to 500 grams. The pulpy, sweet pulp is whitish to yellow. The up to about 10-20 flat, smooth and shiny seeds are ovate to elliptical, orange-brown and about 1.3-3 cm long. The seeds are poisonous.

Self-compatibility

Most varieties of Indian bananas are cross-pollinators and therefore self-incompatible. The varieties 'Sunflower' and 'Prima' are self-fertile and bear fruit even without a pollinator. It has been shown that the insects needed to pollinate the pawpaw are lacking in Europe. The flowers look very cute and pretty, but they smell of carrion. Bees or other well-known pollinators avoid the flowers of the Indian banana entirely. At most a few beetles or flies get lost in the flowers, attracted by the smell. However, these usually do not pollinate the flowers at all. This problem can be solved with artificial pollination, so that good yields can still be achieved. The first fruits can be expected from the third or fourth year. From the 10th year yields of over 15 kg per bush are possible.

Location requirements

The Papau prefers moderately moist, well drained and nutrient-rich, humus-rich and slightly acidic soils. The location should be sunny, but not too hot. The Pawpaw has no special soil requirements, the only thing the plant cannot tolerate is waterlogging. The soil should not dry out too much, otherwise the fruits will fall off prematurely. The most suitable areas are favorable climates (viticulture). It should also ripen well in advance of the first frost. Papau need at least 16-20 days of winter cold and 160 frost-free days. The plant can withstand a temperature of −25 ° C to +35 ° C.

use

The fruit is mainly consumed or processed. It tastes like a mixture of banana, mango , pineapple and vanilla . The fruit is difficult to store, but can be easily processed into jams, jellies or ice cream. It is an ingredient in a beer based on the Belgian model and is used seasonally in the brewery. The fibers of the tree were also used earlier.

Culture

The culture takes place in nutrient-rich, moist, but water-permeable soil in full sun or partially shaded location. The plant is fully frost hardy. In the literature it is pointed out that young papa plants need shade, older plants thrive (or fruit) best in full sun. However, these experiences come mainly from the USA and Italy, where the radiation intensity is higher than in Germany due to the lower geographical latitude .

For propagation, the seeds should be stratified cold for about 100 days and then kept in a growing medium at over 20 degrees Celsius. Germination takes a long time (around 60 days), and after the taproot appears, it may take weeks for the plant to become visible above ground.

Up to now, Papau varieties can only be propagated through grafting and root cuttings ; cuttings are not possible. So far, there are no rootstock varieties, the seedlings used differ greatly in their properties, for example with regard to the tendency towards root shoots .

In general, Papau is considered to be very resistant to pests and diseases. In the USA, the worst damage is caused by a small, approximately five millimeter large moth, Talponia plummeriana , whose larvae develop in the flowers and cause them to die.

Infection with the Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica ) may occur in the field. The adult beetles feed on the plant substances that are available between the leaf nerves. The use of 1-naphthalenyl-methylcarbanate can be effective against the Japanese beetle.

Other plant pests such as aphids ( Aphidoidea ) and fringed winged birds ( Thysanoptera ) can be dangerous in the greenhouse.

The insects Eurytides marcellus and Omphalocera munroei can cause severe damage to the leaves of Asimina . The insect Talponia plummeriana causes numerous flower losses.

In addition, some vertebrates such as squirrels can eat the asimina fruits.

Leaf spots can also be observed in between. However, these are usually not harmful.

Mycorrhizae fungi can probably form symbioses with Papau.

Asimina leaves contain poisonous substances that will be effective against the main body of insects and birds. These substances were absorbed by the Protographium marcellus (butterfly). This process allows the butterfly to become poisonous to numerous predators.

sorts

Papau has been bred in the United States since the early 20th century. Most of the varieties available today are, however, originally wild specimens that have attracted attention and were propagated due to their special fruit qualities. There are around 70 varieties, of which only around 20 have gained supraregional importance.

Large fruit, high productivity varieties of papa have been bred by Kentucky State University since 1950.

A study has shown that Papau's yields increased generally between 2013 and 2015. This was achieved through breeding.

Commercial cultivation

The earliest written mention of Papau is the account of the Spanish de Soto expedition from 1541, in which Indians were described who cultivated them east of the Mississippi . The Lewis and Clark Expedition consumed Papau on their travels. Chilled papa fruits were a favorite dessert of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson planted them in his Virginia home.

At the beginning of the 20th century there was great interest in growing Papau. For example, in 1916 the American Genetic Association offered a prize of $ 100 ($ 50 for the largest single Papau tree and $ 50 for the tree - regardless of its size - with the best fruit) . Despite the interest in Papau breeding, which was stimulated by this competition among hobby and professional gardeners, only a few breeders remained active in the selection of Papau from wild plants.

In the period between 1900 and 1950 only a few varieties were described and recorded. Since the preservation of the germplasm was not a priority for the breeders at that time, most of the varieties from this time were lost.

Interest returned between 1950 and 1985, fueled by the enthusiasm of some key people in the Northern Nut Growers Association . During this time, many new strains have been selected from both wild and cultivated sources. This time the preservation of the germplasm was made possible due to the greater distribution of the varieties selected at this time.

In 1990, two new competitions were held to select the best pawpaw. One of these competitions was run by gardener Brett Callaway at Kentucky State University (KSU).

This event marked the beginning of a research program on Papau at KSU, a germplasm collection was started and many studies on Papau characteristics were carried out.

Today's pawpaw industry, with the exception of the KSU, is too small to start large-scale breeding programs. The breeding and selection of new varieties is in the hands of amateurs today.

In recent years, growing pawpaw has aroused the interest of organic farmers in particular, as it is a crop with few to no pests that can be grown successfully in its home environment without pesticides.

seed

Seeds are best planted once the fruit is ripe. The seeds usually germinate in 1 to 3 months at 15 ° C. The seeds can have an embryo dormancy. With the difficult-to-penetrate seed coat, it can take up to 18 months for the seeds to germinate. As soon as the seedlings are big enough, you have to take them out of the rearing area and put them in individual pots. They should be in the greenhouse for the first winter. They should be planted in early summer when they are at least 6 inches tall. Protection against the cold should be considered outdoors during the first winter.

maintenance

The pruning of the pawpaw is limited to removing dead wood or broken branches. With older shrubs, a larger branch can be removed from inside the bush every now and then.

Economically important varieties

One of the obstacles for commercial cultivation is the lack of self-fertility of Asimina triloba . Hence, an important differentiator is self-fertility; here some varieties:

  • Autofertil:
    • 'Prima 1216'
    • 'Sunflower'
  • Not autofertil:
    • 'Davis'
    • 'NC-1'
    • 'Overleese' or 'Overlease'
    • 'Prolific'
    • 'Taytoo' or 'Taytwo'

Growing areas

Papau was never grown on a large scale like apples or peaches. This could be due to the relatively short shelf life of the fruit (3–5 days at room temperature , but refrigerated for up to 1 month), which limits the possibility of storing and shipping the fruit. Another limitation is the uneven ripening of the fruit on the plant. The fruits ripen over a period of several weeks, which implies the need for a labor-intensive manual harvest during this period. To this day, papau is mainly grown on a small scale to be mainly sold in farmers markets or as a niche product with high value.

Commercial growing and harvesting of pawpaw is common in southeast Ohio. The plant is also grown in Kentucky and Maryland, as well as various areas such as California , the Pacific Northwest, and Massachusetts .

Pioneers in the introduction of the papau to Europe can be found in Italy (Bellini, Montanari, 1992) and in the Netherlands. Enrico Montanari's plantation near Faenza in the Ravenna area is probably one of the oldest and largest on the European continent.

Due to the high variability in fruit size, the yields vary considerably between the varieties and the cultivation method. It has been reported that commercial, grafted trees can produce between 7.9 and 13.3 kg of fruit per plant on average. Ungrafted trees tend to have lower yields and the quality of the fruit may be poor (e.g. small fruit, bitter aftertaste).

use

The fruit of the three-lobed papau represents, next to the fruits of the milk orange tree , one of the largest native fruits on the North American continent . In addition, one is also interested in some substances in the branches and leaves.

Papa fruit

fruit

The fruit weight of the Indian banana is usually between 60 and 240 grams, the maximum weight is up to over 470 grams. When the papau is ripe, the flesh is soft and tender, it is surrounded by a thin peel that is sensitive to pressure and turns slightly brown. The fruits ripen in a period of about four weeks, from mid-September to mid-October. Ripe fruits can be stored for up to three days. Because of the long ripening time of the fruits, three to four picking passes are to be carried out.

Chemical composition

The chemical composition of Papau compared to banana, apple and orange.

Fruit: Pawpaw banana Apple orange
Nutritional value in g / 100 g of fruit
protein 1.2 1.0 0.2 0.9
Total fat 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.1
carbohydrates 18.8 23.4 15.3 11.8
Fiber content 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.4
Vitamins in mg / 100 g of fruit
Vitamin A 1 0.9 0.6 2.3
vitamin C 30.5 15.2 9.5 88.7
Thiamine 0.8 3.5 1.3 6.7
Riboflavin 6th 6.7 0.9 2.7
niacin 6.5 3.2 0.5 1.7
Minerals in mg / 100 g of fruit
potassium 9.9 11.3 3.3 5.2
calcium 7.9 0.8 0.9 5
phosphorus 5.9 2.5 0.9 1.8
magnesium 35.9 9.2 1.6 3.2
iron 56 2.5 1.4 0.8
zinc 6.7 1.2 0.3 0.5
copper 22.2 4.6 1.8 2
manganese 74.3 4.3 1.3 0.7

food

Ripe papau fruits contain a soft, creamy pulp. The color can vary between whitish and orange. The taste and texture are vaguely reminiscent of bananas. The fruits are either spooned and eaten straight away or often used in baked desserts, with papau often being replaced by volumetric equivalence in many banana-based recipes. Papau can also be used in ice cream or pancakes.

Medicinal plant

The fruits are rich in amino acids and vitamins A and C . Leaves and twigs contain insecticidal substances, the acetogenins , with the highest concentration in young, thin twigs. On this basis, for example, shampoos against head lice were produced. Use as a natural insecticide, for example against harmful insects, is based on the same principle .

An application in the fight against cancer was also investigated, whereby the active ingredients are supposed to intervene in the energy metabolism of the cells and hinder the detoxification mechanisms of chemotherapy- resistant cancer cells.

Trivia

The Indian banana is immortalized in the American folk song Way Down Yonder in the Paw Paw Patch and in the original English version of the song Try it out with comfort from the Disney film The Jungle Book , i.e. in the English song The Bare Necessities with the text line “Now when you pick a pawpaw or a prickly pear ".

literature

Web links

Commons : Dreilappige Papau ( Asimina triloba )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Minor Fruits and Nuts in Georgia. at UGA Extension, accessed November 10, 2019 .
  2. ^ Robert Kral: A Revision of Asimina and Deeringothamnus (Annonaceae) . In: Brittonia . tape 12 , no. 4 , 1960, p. 233-278 , doi : 10.2307 / 2805119 , JSTOR : 2805119 .
  3. ↑ Asimina triloba at Cambridge Botanic Garden.
  4. ^ Viennese illustrated garden newspaper. 26, 1901, p. 134 ff, online at biodiversitylibrary.org.
  5. ↑ a b c d José I. Hormaza: The Pawpaw, a Forgotten North American Fruit Tree . In: Arnoldia . tape 72 , no. 1 , 2014, p. 13-23 ( researchgate.net ). (PDF) .
  6. ^ Robert Kral: A Revision of Asimina and Deeringothamnus (Annonaceae) . In: Brittonia . tape 12 , no. 4 , 1960, p. 233-278 , doi : 10.2307 / 2805119 .
  7. ↑ K. Goodrich, ML Zjhra, CA Ley, R. Raguso: When Flowers Smell Fermented: The Chemistry and Ontogeny of Yeasty Floral Scent in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba: Annonaceae). In: International Journal of Plant Sciences. 167, 2006, pp. 33-46, doi: 10.1086 / 498351 ( online at researchgate.net).
  8. ↑ a b c d e Pawpaw (Indian banana) at Agroscope - Switzerland's Competence Center for Agricultural Research ( Memento from November 9, 2019 in the Internet Archive ).
  9. ↑ Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal at Paleoethnobotany Laboratory Guide (further link at the bottom of the page).
  10. ↑ a b Helmut Pirc: Encyclopedia of wild fruit and rare fruit species. ISBN 978-3-7020-1515-2 , pp. 44-46.
  11. ^ Desmond R. Layne: The Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal]: A New Fruit Crop for Kentucky and the United States . In: HortScience . tape 31 , no. 5 , 1996, ISSN  0018-5345 , pp. 777-784 , doi : 10.21273 / hortsci.31.5.777 .
  12. ↑ M. Brett Callaway: Current Research for the Commercial Development of Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] . In: HortScience . tape 27 , no. 2 , 1992, ISSN  0018-5345 , pp. 90-191 , doi : 10.21273 / hortsci.27.2.90 .
  13. ↑ a b Jorge Lora, Nerea Larranaga, José I. Hormaza: Genetics and Breeding of Fruit Crops in the Annonaceae Family: Annona spp. and Asimina spp. In: Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits . Springer, 2018, ISBN 978-3-319-91943-0 , pp. 651-672 .
  14. ↑ Selena Ahmed, John Richard Stepp: Beyond yields: Climate change effects on specialty crop quality and agroecological management . In: Elem. Sci. Anth. tape 4 , 2016, doi : 10.12952 / journal.elementa.000092 .
  15. ↑ America's forgotten fruit ( Memento of March 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive ).
  16. ^ A b c d R. N. Peterson: Pawpaw variety development: a history and future prospects . In: HortTechnology . No. 13 (3) , 2003, doi : 10.21273 / HORTTECH.13.3.0449 .
  17. ↑ Michael A. Dirr, Charles W. Heuser: Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation (Paperback). Timber Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-60469-004-0 .
  18. ↑ a b R. N. Peterson: Pawpaw (Asimina). In: JN Moore, JR Ballington: Genetic resources of temperate fruit and nut trees. In: Acta. Hoard. 290, 1991, pp. 567-600.
  19. ↑ Ohio Pawpaw Festival. at Ohio Pawpaw Festival, accessed November 10, 2019 .
  20. ↑ Cooking with pawpaws. Kentucky State University, accessed November 10, 2019 .
  21. ↑ pawpaws: A Paw Paw for You and for Me a . Retrieved November 10, 2019 .
  22. ↑ a b Pawpaw. at California Rare Fruit Growers, accessed November 10, 2019 .
  23. ↑ KW Pomper, SB Crabtree, DR Layne, RN Peterson: Flowering and Fruiting Characteristics of Eight Pawpaw (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) Selections in Kentucky . In: Journal - American Pomological Society . No. 62 (3) , 2008, p. 89-97 .
  24. ↑ SB Crabtree, KW Pomper, JD Lowe: Utilizing within-Cluster Hand-Thinning to Increase Pawpaw Fruit Weight . ASHS Annual Conference. In: Hortscience . No. 44 (4) , 2009, pp. 1108-1108 .
  25. ^ "Indian banana" - more than an exotic item at the Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture .
  26. ↑ CM McCage, SM Ward, CA Paling, DA Fisher, PJ Flynn, JL McLaughlin: Development of a paw paw herbal shampoo for the removal of head lice. In: Phytomedicine. Volume 9, number 8, 2002, pp. 743-748, doi: 10.1078 / 094471102321621377 , PMID 12587697 .
  27. ↑ Paw Paw as a Botanical Insecticide on pawpawresearch.com.
  28. ↑ Geng-Xian Zhao, Laura Miesbauer, David Smith, Jerry McLaughlin: Asimin, Asiminacin, and Asiminecin: Novel Highly Cytotoxic Asimicin Isomers from Asimina triloba. In: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1994, 37 (13), pp. 1971-1976, doi: 10.1021 / jm00039a009 .