Annona senegalensis

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Annona senegalensis
Annona senegalensis

Annona senegalensis

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Magnoliids
Order : Magnolia-like (Magnoliales)
Family : Annonaceous (Annonaceae)
Genre : Annona
Type : Annona senegalensis
Scientific name
Annona senegalensis
Pers.

Annona senegalensis is a plant from the family of annonaceous (Annonaceae).

description

Annona senegalensis is a shrub or small tree . The bark is gray-brown. The hairy branches form an irregular crown . The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole has a length of 5 to 20 millimeters. The ovoid-elliptical or wedge-shaped to heart-shaped leaf blade is 5 to 20 centimeters long and 3 to 12 centimeters wide with seven to twelve pairs of clearly protruding, parallel, brown lateral nerves. The green, often blue or yellow shaded leaf blade is hairy below and relatively smooth above.

The flowers hang individually or in pairs on the underside of the branches on peduncles about 2 centimeters long. With a diameter of up to 2 centimeters, the flowers are hermaphroditic and threefold. The three small sepals are triangular. There are two circles with three six yellow-green or light yellow petals each, the outer three being larger and lighter yellow, the inner being light orange.

The large, round to egg-shaped berries with an initially greenish-yellow surface turn red in the ripening period and take on a marbling. Elevations arranged in a network run on the surface. The fruits reach a length of 6 centimeters and a diameter of 3.5 centimeters. The yellow pulp tastes similar to pineapple and is sweet, which is why it is a popular monkey food. It contains numerous, small, hard seeds that are elongated in shape and black in color.

Occurrence

Annona senegalensis occurs in African savannas from the West African Sudan zone to the South African Lowveld . It is widespread in tropical and southern Africa and is also found in the Comoros and Madagascar.

This tree species prefers to settle in dry, open woodland and bush grassland.

use

Annona senegalensis

Food and traditional African medicine

The orange pulp of the fruits, which are rather small compared to other annones, is very tasty and is used as wild fruit.

In Nigeria, large quantities of fruits are consumed according to folk medicine to promote the extraction of the guinea worm .

The leaves are used in folk medicine against arthritis ( Mali ), conjunctivitis ( Gambia ), for wound care ( Burundi ) and against impotence ( Togo ).

African folk medicine uses the roots to treat joint diseases, intestinal diseases, to treat female infertility, against the effects of snakebites, to fight parasitic worms and against diarrhea and is also used by the Zulu in South Africa against insanity, madness and drowsiness.

Magical use

In the south-west of the Central African Republic , wearing young saplings of Annona senegalensis and amulets made from them is considered to be protection against war injuries and should enable people to reach old age. Plant parts are also used in fetish practices as magical theft protection and for magical acquittal in a tribunal .

Hunting poison

As part of an arrow poison that use Fulani the roots, but also the beef juice is in shares in arrow poisons the Lobedu and Venda incorporated.

ingredients

toxicology

The first toxicological tests on guinea pigs in 1898 showed that the plant was highly toxic: a decoction of 1 g of bark in 2 g of water caused vomiting, shortness of breath, an increase in blood pressure, then a drop in blood pressure and exophthalmos , and after a deep coma led to death. Rats also died three hours after administration of an alcoholic bark extract ip at an LD 50 of 100 mg / kg. Here, however, enophthalmos appeared.

Experimental pharmacology

In evidence-based medicine , extracts and preparations from Annona senegalensis have not yet been used. There is a lack of conclusive studies on humans for this, i.e. in vivo experiments. In various animal models , there were indications of possible cures for parasitic diseases, which would be consistent with folk medical use in some African peoples. This methodology also revealed possible pharmacological effects against the effects of snake venom and against diarrheal diseases . Annona senegalensis also contains active ingredients against eating insects and saltwater shrimp . Cytotoxic effects against human and murine cells could be demonstrated in vitro . It is precisely these cell-damaging characteristics that make the future use of drug extracts in Western medicine appear relatively unlikely. Even separated, isolated pure substances are currently not used medicinally.

So far, the following pharmacological and biological findings exist for Annona senegalensis :

  • Administration of an aqueous extract from the leaves of Annona senegalensis brought about complete cure in mice from an infection with Trypanosoma bruceibrucei . The aqueous root extract also eliminated this pathogen in mice. However, neither preparation has a prophylactic effect. The pathogen Trypanosoma brucei brucei. is the causative agent of the animal disease Nagana . The effectiveness against Trypanosoma bruceirhodesiense , the human pathogen causing East African sleeping sickness , was found to be moderate compared to conventional trypanocids.
  • In experiments on rats and brine shrimp to which the poison of a cobra was administered, a methanolic extract showed partial success as an antidote in terms of lowering the hyperthermia caused by the poison and partial detoxification of the snake venom , but the extract could not restore the poisoned liver functions.
  • An extract of the essential oils of Annona senegalensis works against the corn beetle ( Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) .
  • After in vitro treatment of worm eggs from Haemonchus contortus with Annona senegalensis extract, anthelmintic efficacy was shown due to the significantly lower number of matured eggs.
  • Cytotoxic ingredients could also be isolated from extracts of Annona senegalensis and partly examined for cytotoxic activity, such as ent- Kauren -diterpenoids, the two acetogenins annosenegalin and annogalen and the aporphine alkaloid (-) - Roemerin . Another study showed that the extract of the roots of Annona senegalensis toxic to saltwater shrimp acts and in vivo the chromosomes of rats - lymphocytes damaged, but no inhibitory effect on telomerase has activity of human cells
  • An ethanolic extract of the stem bark effected in vivo in mice, a slowed transit time of the chyme and in vitro in isolated rabbit - jejunum a weakened muscle contraction , both spontaneous and after challenge with acetylcholine . This indicates a diarrhea- reducing effect of the ethanolic stem bark extract.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Hans Dieter Neuwinger: African medicinal plants and hunting poisons. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8047-1314-9 .
  2. ^ Annona in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  3. ↑ E. + J. Hilberth: Contribution à l'ethnography Gbaya . (= Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensis. 29). 29 (1968).
  4. ↑ I. Eshiet, A. Akisanya, DAH Taylor: Diterpenes from Annona senegalensis. In: Phytochem. 10, 1971, pp. 3294-3295.
  5. ^ E. Kayode, JL Durodola: Antitumor and antibiotic principles of Annona senegalensis. In: Phytochem. 15, 1976, pp. 1311-1312.
  6. ^ A b c A. Mackie, AL Misra: Chemical investigations of the leaves of Annona senegalensis. I. Constituents of the leaf wax. In: J.Sci.Food Agric. 7, 1956, pp. 203-209.
  7. ^ A b c d A. Mackie, N. Gathge: Leaves of Annona senegalensis. II. Carbohydrates, glucosides, protein, amino acids, sterols. In: J. Sci. Food Agric. 9, 1958, pp. 88-92.
  8. ↑ O. Ekundayo, B. Oguntimein: Composition of the essential oil of Annona senegalensis. In: Planta Medica . 1986, pp. 202-204. PMID 17345240
  9. ↑ D. Bamba, G. Balansard, C. Maillard: Mise en évidence et caractérisation of acidic aminés of écorces de term d'Annona senegalensis Pers. In: Plant. Méd. Phytothér. 18, 1984, pp. 36-45.
  10. ↑ G. Balansard, D. Bamba, L. Lepogpham: Pharmaceuticals based on a purified extract of Annona senegalensis . Fr Demande FR 2,530,471 of January 27, 1984.
  11. ↑ a b p Sahpaz, MC Gonzalez, R. Hocquemiller, MC Zafra Polo, D. Cortes: Annosenegalin and anno Galene: two cytotoxic mono-tetrahydrofuran acetogenins from Annona senegalensis and Annona cherimolia. In: Phytochemistry. 42 (1), May 1996, pp. 103-107. PMID 8728060
  12. ↑ a b M. You, DB Wickramaratne, GL Silva, H. Chai, TE Chagwedera, NR Farnsworth, GA Cordell, AD Kinghorn, JM Pezzuto: (-) - Roemerine, an aporphine alkaloid from Annona senegalensis that reverses the multidrug-resistance phenotype with cultured cells. In: J Nat Prod . 58 (4), Apr 1995, pp. 598-604. PMID 7623038
  13. ^ AT de Rochebrune: Toxicologie Africaine . Vol. II, Paris 1898.
  14. ↑ F. Sandberg, A. Cronlund: An ethnopharmacological inventory of medicinal plants and toxic plants from Equatorial Africa. In: J. Ethnopharmacol. 5, 1982, pp. 187-204.
  15. ↑ EO Ogbadoyi, AO Abdulganiy, TZ Adama, JIR Okogun: In vivo trypanocidal activity of Annona senegalensis Pers. leaf extract against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. In: J Ethnopharmacol. 112 (1), May 30, 2007, pp. 85-89. Epub 2007 Feb 22. PMID 17418511
  16. ↑ AC Igweh, AO Onabanjo: Chemotherapeutic effects of Annona senegalensis in Trypanosoma brucei brucei. In: Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 83 (5), Oct 1989, pp. 527-534. PMID 2619365
  17. ^ F. Freiburghaus, R. Kaminsky, MH Nkunya, R. Brun: Evaluation of African medicinal plants for their in vitro trypanocidal activity. In: J Ethnopharmacol. 55 (1), Dec 1996, pp. 1-11. PMID 9121161
  18. ↑ B. Adzu, MS Abubakar, KS Izebe, DD Akumka, KS Gamaniel: Effect of Annona senegalensis rootbark extracts on Naja nigricotlis nigricotlis venom in rats. In: J Ethnopharmacol. 96 (3), Jan 15, 2005, pp. 507-513. Epub 2004 Dec 8. PMID 15619571
  19. ↑ LS Ngamo Tinkeu, A. Goudoum, MB Ngassoum, PM Mapongmetsem, H. Kouninki, T. Hance: Persistance of the insecticidal activity of five essential oils on the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In: Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 69 (3), 2004, pp. 145-147. PMID 15759405
  20. ↑ CB Alawa, AM Adamu, JO Gefu, OJ Ajanusi, PA Abdu, NP Chiezey, JN Alawa, DD Bowman: In vitro screening of two Nigerian medicinal plants (Vernonia amygdalina and Annona senegalensis) for anthelmintic activity. In: Vet Parasitol. 113 (1), Apr 2, 2003, pp. 73-81. PMID 12651218
  21. ↑ MO Fatope, OT Audu, Y. Takeda, L. Zeng, G. Shi, H. Shimada, JL McLaughlin: Bioactive de-kaurene diterpenoids from Annona senegalensis. In: J Nat Prod. 59 (3), Mar 1996, pp. 301-303. PMID 8882434
  22. ↑ AA Sowemimo, FA Fakoya, I. Awopetu, OR Omobuwajo, SA Adesanya: Toxicity and mutagenic activity of some selected Nigerian plants. In: J Ethnopharmacol. 113 (3), Sep 25, 2007, pp. 427-432. Epub 2007 Jul 7. PMID 17707603
  23. ↑ MM Suleiman, T. Dzenda, CA Sani: Antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol stem-bark extract of Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae). In: J Ethnopharmacol. 116 (1), Feb 28, 2008, pp. 125-130. Epub 2007 Nov 17. PMID 18164567

Web links

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