Forest goat's beard

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Forest goat's beard
Forest goat's beard (Aruncus dioicus)

Forest goat's beard ( Aruncus dioicus )

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Rose-like (rosales)
Family : Rose family (Rosaceae)
Subfamily : Spiraeoideae
Genre : Aruncus ( Aruncus )
Type : Forest goat's beard
Scientific name
Aruncus dioicus
( Walter ) Fernald

The forest Geißbart ( Aruncus dioicus ) is a plant species from the subfamily of spiraeoideae within the family of the rose family (Rosaceae).

description

Illustration from storm
Deciduous leaves and terminal inflorescence
Section of an inflorescence
Fruit cluster

Appearance and leaf

The forest goat's beard is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 80 to 150 centimeters. It has a short, strong, underground rhizome . From this grow upright stems that are unbranched right up to the inflorescence and often lignify at the base.

The leaves, which are up to 1 meter long, are two to three-part, three-part or five-part. The leaflets are oval and pointed at the front. Their edges are sharp, irregular to double sawed. There are no stipules .

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period extends from June to July. The relatively small, white flowers are in large, 20 to 30 centimeters long, terminal, often slightly overhanging total inflorescences , which consist of paniculate , narrow, annual partial inflorescences . The forest goat's beard are mostly dioecious, separate sexes ( diocesan ). The short-stalked, unisexual flowers have a diameter of about 3 millimeters. The female flowers are pure white, the male rather creamy white.

Fruit and seeds

There are three mostly twisted follicles with three to five seeds per flower . The seeds are about 2 millimeters long and only 0.1 mg in weight, lanceolate, and winged at the ends.

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14 or 18.

ecology

The forest goat's beard is a perennial hemicryptophyte with a woody rhizome . The vegetative reproduction occurs through rhizomes, which is why the forest goat's beard often forms entire stands.

In terms of flower ecology, it is "pollen disk flowers". The inflorescences contain up to 10,000 individual flowers. Various insects are frequently visited, besides bumblebees, especially butterflies.

The fruits are desiccant spreaders. The seeds are cold germs . They are subject to wind and water propagation. The forest goat's beard is a winter dweller that often contains seeds in the next spring. Fruit ripens from September to October.

Occurrence

The forest goat's beard is widespread throughout the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . The forest goat's beard is - as for example in northern Germany, where this species does not occur naturally - a " garden refugee " in some areas .

It grows in humid, light or partially shaded locations, on fresh, nutrient-rich and base-rich, often low-lime, loose garbage soils in ravines and in maple-ash forests also in beech-fir forests or in beech forests, often in the seams of streams or embankments. In Central Europe it is a species of the Tilio-Acerion association in plant sociology and often occurs in the Arunco-Aceretum. It thrives optimally in fringing societies of the Arunco-Petasition association.

It rises in Germany in the Alps at altitudes of up to 1500 meters; in the Allgäu Alps in Tyrol at the Hüttenwald above Petersberg up to 1450 meters.

Taxonomy

It was first published in 1788 under the name ( Basionym ) Actaea dioica by Thomas Walter in Flora Caroliniana, secundum ... , p. 152. The new combination to Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald was made in 1939 by Merritt Lyndon Fernald in Rhodora , volume 41 (489 ), P. 423. Other synonyms for Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald are: Aruncus sylvestris Kostel. , Aruncus sylvester Kostel. ex Maxim. , Spiraea aruncus L. , Aruncus vulgaris (Maxim.) Raf. ex H. Hara .

use

The forest goat's beard is a recommendable garden and park plant, it is also very suitable for wild plant gardens. They can be multiplied by division.

In northern Italy, the young shoots are marketed as edible vegetables .

Toxicity

The plant contains few hydrocyanic acid - glycosides and should therefore only be eaten cooked. The seeds contain saponins .

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 14th edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  • Werner Rauh: Flora of Germany and its adjacent areas. Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen. 84th edition. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1968.
  • Franz Fukarek (ed.): Urania plant kingdom. Volume 4: Flowering Plants 2, 1st edition. Urania, Leipzig 1994, ISBN 3-3320-0497-2 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 3 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Rosidae): Droseraceae to Fabaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1992, ISBN 3-8001-3314-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p.  120-121 .
  2. ^ Manfred Bäßler, Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Founded by Werner Rothmaler . 17th, edited edition. Volume 2. Vascular plants: Grundband, Spektrum, Heidelberg / Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0912-8 , p. 265.
  3. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 499.
  4. ↑ Eckard Garve: Distribution atlas of the fern and flowering plants in Lower Saxony and Bremen. In: Nature conservation and conservation in Lower Saxony. Volume 43, Hannover 2007, ISSN  0933-1247 , p. 37.
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , pp. 37-38.
  6. ↑ Aruncus dioicus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 4, 2015.

Web links

Commons : Forest Goat's Beard ( Aruncus dioicus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files