Pile tube

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Pile tube
Pile tube (Arundo donax) on São Jorge, Azores

Pile tube ( Arundo donax ) on São Jorge , Azores

Systematics
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Arundinoideae
Tribe : Arundineae
Genre : Arundo
Type : Pile tube
Scientific name
Arundo donax
L.

The pile reed ( Arundo donax ), also called giant reed or Spanish reed , is a species of plant within the sweet grass family (Poaceae). As a neophyte , this fast-growing reed grass is widespread in the tropics and subtropics almost worldwide.

description

Ligule (ligula)
Rhizome of Arundo donax
illustration
Pile tube ( Arundo donax )

Appearance and leaf

Pile cane is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of growth of up to 6 meters. It forms lignified, creeping, thick, nodular rhizomes . The stem axis is simple, upright, more or less woody and reaches a diameter between 1 and 3.5 centimeters. The internodes are thickened and, similar to many types of bamboo, tufts of small twigs grow out of them .

The leaves, which are clearly two-lined on the stalk, are linear-lanceolate and about 30 to 60 centimeters long and 1 to 8 centimeters wide. They are usually longer than the internodes and, apart from a few hairs on the long, wedge-shaped, pointed tip, they are bald. The ligule are 0.7 to 1.5 millimeters long.

Generative characteristics

The ascending branched, dense paniculate inflorescence has a length of 30 to 90 centimeters and a diameter of about 5.8 centimeters. The 11 to 14 millimeter long spikelets contain two to five flowers . The narrow lanceolate husks are unequal and 8 to 12 millimeters long. The lanceolate lemmas are 8.5 to 23 millimeters in size and three to seven-veined. Three of the nerves form an awn up to 1.5 millimeters long . The bidentate tips of the lemmas are covered on the back with 5 to 6 millimeter long hairs. The palea makes up about half of the lemma. Antheres are about 3 millimeters long.

Pile reed flowers and produces fruit from July to November.

Chromosome number

The chromosome number is 2n = 24, 64, 72, or 100.

Occurrence

The natural origin is controversial, East Asia, India and the Mediterranean area are being discussed. According to R. Govaerts, it is West Asia and Central Asia to the temperate zones of East Asia. The pile tube has been cultivated in Asia all the way to the Mediterranean region since antiquity and has been transported far along this route. In the New World, it wasn't introduced to California until the early 19th century, from where it spread rapidly. In the United States, it is now being controlled as one of the world's most damaging invasive species , with occurrences in California, Texas and Nevada being particularly problematic. It is widespread in both the tropics and subtropics of the Old and New Worlds, and Oceania.

Pile pipe prefers moist locations on coasts, river and lake banks or in swamps. Once the pile tube has established itself, however, it will also grow on dry soils .

use

The pile pipe is often planted as a windbreak hedge. In the south, the pile tube was cut the same length, tied together and often used as a shade roof over terraces. The species is suitable for animal feed with restrictions. Cattle eat the young leaves, but reject older leaves and the stems. The leaves are used to weave mats or baskets. The pile tube is suitable for paper production to a limited extent, the paper is of poor quality.

The reeds of many single and double reed instruments are made from the stems of the stilt reed , for example for the bagpipes , oboe , clarinet , bassoon , saxophone and krummhorn , and often the pipes of the panpipe . One of the oldest instruments made of stilted tube, which has been documented in Egypt as early as the time of the pharaohs , is the oriental flute Nay , which is popular in traditional as well as pan-Arabic modern music throughout the Orient .

Due to its rapid growth and modesty, its use as an energy plant is discussed. A review study published in 2015 found that pile reed is one of the most productive energy crops, along with giant Chinese reed ( Miscanthus × giganteus ) and napier grass ( Pennisetum purpureum ). Studies from Italy suggest that pile reed may be more productive than giant Chinese reeds, but further research in other regions is needed to confirm these results.

Systematics

The first publication of Arundo donax was in 1753 by Carl von Linné .

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Of Arundo donax , there are about three varieties :

  • Arundo donax L. var. Donax
  • Arundo donax var. Versicolor (Mill.) Stokes : The leaves are striped white-green.
  • Arundo donax var. Coleotricha Hack. : The leaves are completely hairy.

Common names

In German-speaking countries, the common names Gartenrohr, Zahmes Rohr, Schalmeienrohr, Schreibried ( Middle High German ) and Schreibrohr ( Middle High German ) are or were used for this plant species, sometimes only regionally .

literature

  • Hanno Schäfer: Flora of the Azores, A Field Guide . Markgraf, Weikersheim 2002, ISBN 3-8236-1368-5 , p. 222 .
  • Erik Sjogren: Plants and Flowers of the Azores . Os Montanheiros , Velas 2001, p. 174 f .
  • Thomas A. Cope: Flora of Pakistan 143: Poaceae . Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Arundo donax , S. 21 ( online [accessed May 26, 2008]).
  • Liang Liu, Sylvia M. Phillips: Arundo donax. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 22: Poaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 , pp. 448 (English). , same text online as the printed work.

Individual evidence

Most of the information in this article has been taken from the sources given under literature; the following sources are also cited:

  1. ↑ Arundo donax at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  2. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Arundo donax. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 17, 2016.
  3. ↑ Werner Nachtigall: Bionics: Basics and examples for engineers and scientists . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-540-43660-X , p. 492 .
  4. ^ Albert R. Rice: The Clarinet in the Classical Period . Oxford University Press, October 15, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-971137-6 , p. 19.
  5. ^ Don Michael Randel: The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians . Harvard University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-674-00084-1 , p. 549 (accessed November 13, 2014).
  6. ↑ Kris Hundley: Power plant: Is Arundo Donax the answer to our power problems? In: St. Petersburg Times . February 11, 2007 ( online, archived copy of February 2, 2013 at archive.today ).
  7. ^ A. Laurent, E. Pelzer, C. Loyce, D. Makowski: Ranking yields of energy crops: A meta-analysis using direct and indirect comparisons . In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 46, 2015, 41–50, p. 47f, doi : 10.1016 / j.rser.2015.02.023 .
  8. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 46, online.

Web links

Commons : Pfahlrohr ( Arundo donax )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files