Austronesian languages

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Distribution area of ​​the Austronesian languages

The Austronesian languages form a very widespread language family with a total of around 1150 languages ​​spoken by around 300 million people. In terms of the number of languages, Austronesian is only surpassed by the African Niger-Congo ; in terms of the number of speakers, it is the fifth largest language family on earth. Among the language families, Austronesian is only surpassed by the Indo-European languages ​​in terms of its area from Madagascar to Easter Island , from Taiwan to New Zealand . The science that deals with the Austronesian languages ​​and the cultures of their speakers is called Austronesian Studies .

The term Austronesian was coined by the Austrian ethnologist Wilhelm Schmidt and is derived from the Latin oyster "south wind" and the Greek nêsos "island".

Original home and expansion of the Austronesians

According to more recent research results (e.g. Adelaar 2005) a peculiar situation arises for the structure of Austronesian: There are eight to ten primary branches of Austronesian, all of which are spoken in Taiwan and together comprise only 21 languages ​​with 330,000 speakers (see below : Classification). All other Austronesian languages ​​belong to a single primary branch, Malayo-Polynesian with over 1,100 languages ​​and around 300 million speakers. From this it can be concluded that the area of ​​origin or at least the center of the beginning expansion of Austronesian was the island of Taiwan and adjacent areas of mainland China -  Fujian , Guangdong  . A 6,000-year-old Neolithic culture on Taiwan and the adjacent mainland with a specific ceramic is associated with the early Austronesians. From there, the Austronesian languages ​​and their carriers, including their agrarian culture, spread over a millennia-long process, the main stages of which can be traced roughly in time:

  • Taiwan 4000 BC Chr.
  • Northern Philippines 3000 BC Chr.
  • South Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo, Timor 2500–2000 BC Chr.
  • Melanesia, coasts of New Guinea 1200 BC Chr.
  • Java, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula 1000 BC Chr.
  • Mariana Islands, Micronesia 1000 BC Chr.
  • Hawaii, Eastern Polynesia, Easter Island 300–400 AD
  • Madagascar 700 AD (from Borneo)
  • New Zealand 1200 AD

Today there are no traces of Austronesian languages ​​to be found on the Chinese mainland. This can be explained by the cultural and linguistic pressure that the Chinese have exerted there for over 2,500 years. Also in Taiwan - where this pressure only started later - the Austronesians only represent a tiny minority of 330,000 compared to a Chinese-speaking population of 23 million speakers.

Proto-Austronesian

A first attempt to reconstruct the sound system and the vocabulary of the original Austronesian language ("Uraustronesian") was made by Otto Dempwolff in the 1930s - partly on the basis of research by Renward Brandstetter . In the 1970s Otto Christian Dahl made another attempt to reconstruct the “Proto-Austronesian” (see literature).

Relationships with other language families

According to Paul K. Benedict (1912–1997), together with the Tai-Kadai language family, they form the Austro-Tai macro family . This thesis is considered plausible in specialist circles, especially based on recent studies by Sagart (2004) and Ostapirat (2005, 2018).

Vocabulary in comparison

Below is a table comparing thirteen words as spoken in the Austronesian languages ​​spoken in Taiwan , the Philippines , the Mariana Islands , Indonesia , Malaysia , East Timor , Papua , New Zealand , Hawaii , Madagascar , Borneo and Tuvalu :

German one two three four person House dog Street Day New we What Fire
Amish cecay tosa tolo sepat tamdaw luma wacu lalan cidal faroh daycare uman namal
Puyuma sa dua telu pat taw rumah soan dalan wari vekar mi amanai apue,
asi
Tagalog isa dalawa tatlo apat tao bahay aso then araw bago tayo ano apoy
Central Bolano saro duwa tulo apat tawo harong ayam dalan aldaw ba-go daycare ano kalayo
Rinconada Bikolano əsad darwā tolō əpat tawō baləy ayam raran aldəw bāgo kitā onō kalayō
Cebuano usa,
isa 		duha tulo upat tawo balay iro dalan adlaw bag-o daycare unsa kalayo
Waray-Waray United States duha tulo upat tawo balay ayam,
ido 		dalan adlaw bag-o daycare anu kalayo
Hiligaynon isa duha tatlo apat tawo balay I do dalan adlaw bag-o daycare ano kalayo
Aklanon isaea,
zambilog, uno 		daywa,
dos 		tatlo,
tres 		ap-at,
kwatro 		tawo baeay ayam dayan adlaw bag-o daycare ano kaeayo
Kinaray-a sara darwa tatlo apat tawo balay ayam aragyan adlaw bag-o daycare ano kalayo
Tausug hambuuk duwa do upat dew bay iru ' Dan adlaw ba-gu kitaniyu unu kayu
Maranao isa dowa t'lo phat taw walay aso lalan gawi'e bago tano tonaa apoy
Kapampangan metung adwa atlu apat dew bale asu dalan aldo bayu ikatamu well api
Pangasinian sakey dua,
duara 		talo,
talora 		apat,
apatira 		too abong aso dalan ageo balo sikatayo anto pool
Ilokano maysa dua tallo uppat tao balay aso dalan aldaw baro dateo ania apoy
Ivatan asa dadowa tatdo apat tao vahay chito rarahan araw va-yo yaten ango apoy
Ibanag tadday dua tallu appa ' tolay balay kitu dalan aggaw bagu sittam anni afi
Yogad tata addu tallu appat tolay binalay atu daddaman agaw bagu sikitam gani afuy
Gaddang antet addwa tallo appat tolay balay atu dallan aw bawu ikkanetam sanenay afuy
Tboli sotu lewu tlu fat dew gunu ohu lan kdaw lomi tekuy tedu ofih
Malay satu dua tiga empat orange rumah,
balai 		anjing jalan hari baru daycare apa,
anu 		api
Javanese siji loro têlu papat uwòng,
tiyang 		omah,
griyå,
dalêm 		asu såbå dinå,
dintên 		anyar,
énggal 		adhéwé,
slirå piyambak 		åpå,
anu,
punåpå 		gêni
Sundanese hiji dua tilu opat urang imah anjing jalan poe anyar,
enggal 		arurang naon seuneu
Achinese sa duwa lhèë peuët ureuëng rumoh,
balèë 		asèë ret uroë barô (geu) tanyoë peuë apuy
Minangkabau ciek duo tigo ampek urang rumah anjiang labuah,
jalan 		hari baru awak apo api
Lampung sai khua telu pak jelema lamban kaci ranlaya khani baru kham api apui
Buginese sedi dua tellu eppa dew bola asu lalen esso baru idi aga api
Temuan satuk duak tigak empat uwang,
eang 		gumah,
umah 		anying,
koyok 		jalan aik,
haik 		bahauk kitak apak apik
Batak Toba sada dua tolu opat halak jabu biang dalan ari baru hita Aha api
Yawi so you where tigo pak oghe ghumoh,
dumoh 		anjing jale aghi baghu kito gapo api
Chamorro håcha,
maisa 		hugua tulu fatfat taotao guma ga'lågu chålan ha'åni nuebu hita håfa guafi
Motu ta,
tamona 		rua toi hani dew ruma sisia dala dina matamata ita,
ai 		dahaka lahi
Maori tahi rua toru wha tangata whare kuri era ra hou taua Aha ahi
Tuvaluan tasi lua tolu fa toko fale pen ala,
do 		aso fou tāua a afi
Hawaiian kahi lua kolu Ha kanaka hale 'īlio ala ao hou kākou Aha ahi
Banjarese asa duwa talu ampat urang rūmah hadupan heko hǎri hanyar kami apa api
Malagasy isa roa telo efatra olona trano alika lalana andro vaovao isika inona afo
Dusun iso duo tolu apat tulun walai,
lamin 		tasu ralan tadau wagu tokou onu / nu tapui
Kadazan iso duvo tohu apat do hamin tasu lahan tadau vagu tokou onu,
nunu 		tapui
Momogun iso duvo tolu,
tolzu 		apat tulun,
tulzun 		valai,
valzai 		tasu dalan tadau vagu tokou nunu tapui,
apui
Tombonuwo I do duo tolu opat lobuw waloi asu ralan runat wagu toko onu apui
Iban satu,
sa,
siti,
sigi 		dua tiga empat
orange , urang 		rumah ukui,
uduk 		jalai hari baru kitai nama api
Sarawak Malay satu,
sigek 		dua tiga empat orange rumah asuk jalan ari baru daycare apa api
Terengganu Malay se duwe term pak oghang ghumoh,
dumoh 		anjing long aghi baghu kite mende,
ape,
gape,
nape 		api

The main branches of Austronesian

The Austronesian languages ​​are classified into ten main branches in current research. Of these, nine branches are only represented in Taiwan ( Formosa languages , 330,000 speakers), the tenth - by far the most important in terms of the number of speakers - is the Malayo-Polynesian branch that spreads from Madagascar to Easter Island .

Austronesian million languages

There are around 30 Austronesian languages ​​with at least one million speakers, 10 of which are spoken in the Philippines, 18 in Malaysia and Indonesia, and one in Madagascar. All Austronesian million languages ​​belong to the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup and are listed in the Malayo-Polynesian languages article .

literature

  • Alexander Adelaar, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann : The Austronesian Languages ​​of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, London 2005. ISBN 0-7007-1286-0 .
  • Peter Bellwood: Early Agriculture and the Spread of Austronesian. In: Spectrum of Science . Heidelberg 1991, 9. ISSN  0170-2971 .
  • Peter Bellwood: Prehistory of Indo-Malaysian Archipelago. Honolulu 1997, ISBN 0-8248-1883-0 .
  • Paul K. Benedict: Austro-Thai Language and Culture. HRAF Press, New Haven 1975, ISBN 0-87536-323-7 .
  • Renward Brandstetter: The relationship between Malagasy and Malay. In: Festschrift for the opening of the new canton school building in Lucerne. Räber, Luzern 1893 (Malaio-Polynesische Forschungen II), pp. 65-107.
  • Renward Brandstetter: An Introduction to Indonesian Linguistics, being four essays by Renward Brandstetter, translated by C. O. Blagden. Royal Asiatic Society, London 1916 (Asiatic Society Monographs 15).
  • Otto Christian Dahl: Proto-Austronesian . Student literature, Lund 1973.
  • Otto Dempwolff: Comparative phonology of the Austronesian vocabulary . In: Journal of Native Languages . Volumes 15, 17 and 19. Berlin 1934–38.
  • John Lynch: Pacific Languages. An Introduction. University of Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu 1998, ISBN 0-8248-1898-9 (covers the Oceanic-Austronesian, Papuan and Australian languages).
  • Wilhelm Schmidt: The linguistic relations of Oceania (Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia and Indonesia) in their meaning for ethnology . In: Mitteilungen der Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien, 1899, pp. 245–258.
  • Wilhelm Schmidt: The language families and language areas of the world . Winter, Heidelberg 1926, ISBN 3-87118-276-1 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sagart, Laurent. 2004. "The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai." Oceanic Linguistics 43, 411-440
  2. ^ Gerhard Jäger: Support for linguistic macrofamilies from weighted sequence alignment . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . tape 112 , no. 41 , October 13, 2015, ISSN  0027-8424 , p. 12752-12757 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1500331112 , PMID 26403857 , PMC 4611657 (free full text).
  3. ^ Reid, LA (2006). "Austro-Tai Hypotheses". Pp. 740-741 in Keith Brown (editor in chief), The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics , 2nd edition
  4. ↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. "Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution." Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench & Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archeology, Linguistics and Genetics . London: Routledge Curzon, pp. 107-131.
  5. ↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2018. " Macrophyletic Trees of East Asian Languages ​​Re examined ." In Ritsuko Kikusawa and Lawrence A. Reid (eds.) Let's Talk about Trees . Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. doi : 10.15021 / 00009006
  6. ↑ In the inscription of Kedukan Bukit , the numerals tlu ratus are mentioned as 300, tlu as 3. According to http://www.wordsense.eu/telu/ , 3 means telu , in both Malay and Indonesian languages; however, telu is rarely used.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Piwulang Basa Jawa Pepak, SB Pramono, hal 148, 2013