Common white-deaf

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Common white-deaf
Common white-horned blubber (Russula delica)

Common white-horned blubber ( Russula delica )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Common white-deaf
Scientific name
Russula delica
Fr.

The common white deaf ( Russula delica ) or broad-leaved white deaf is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is also called the broad-leaved or blue-leaved white-deaf. The Latin epithet " delica " means weaned and is an allusion to the lamellae that water when wet.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is usually between 5 and 16 cm wide, but can also be more than 20 cm wide. Thus, the broad-leaved white deafblings is one of the largest deafblings. His hat is already developing in the earth. When it penetrates the ground, it is clearly flattened and depressed in the middle. That is why the hat is always loaded with earth, leaves and small branches, which is why the broad-leaved white-bladder is also popularly called earth pusher. At the age his hat is significantly funnel-shaped recessed so that its appearance very similar to the large white Milchlinge the section Albati ( Woolly Milchling ( Lactarius vellereus ) and pepper Milchling ( Lactarius piperatus )) recalls that allow the fungus is also related really close. His hat is dirty white and darkens with age and then often turns ocher-brown. The edge is smooth and remains rolled up for a long time, the surface is often fine-tomentose at the beginning, then smooth, later often wrinkled or pitted.

The lamellae are white and watery when wet. They are grown young and later run down the stem and are initially quite close, later often very distant. They are more or less forked and mixed in irregularly. The spore powder is white to creamy white.

The sturdy white stem is short and stocky, about 2–6 cm long and 2–4 cm wide.

The meat is white and retains its color even after being cut or broken. It is extremely firm and brittle, has a pleasantly fruity smell when young, but often unpleasantly fishy or bug-like with age and has a mild to pungent taste.

Microscopic features

The spores are broadly elliptical and 8–12 µm long and 7–9 µm wide. The warts are 0.5–1.5 µm high, are often in chains or are occasionally connected by fine lines, more rarely also net-like.

The cap skin cystids are worm-like to narrowly cylindrical and hardly react with sulfovanillin . They are very close to the lamellar edges and in large numbers on the lamellar surfaces. They are spindle-shaped and often have an attached tip. They react strongly with sulfovanillin.

Species delimitation

The narrow-leaved deafblings ( Russula chloroides ) looks very similar to the common white deafblings . It has narrower and narrower slats. The lamellae sometimes have a more or less strong greenish tinge, which is expressed in the species epithet chloroides . In addition or instead, a bluish, ring-shaped zone can also be formed at the stem attachment.

Are very similar and the Gelbsporige Täubling ( Russula flavispora ) and the Gelbblättrige Täubling ( Russula pallidospora ) both have more or less yellowish fins and a cream color forming or yellowish spore powder.

The Wollige Milchling ( Lactarius vellereus ) and other Milchlinge from the Alberti section are also very similar, but they can easily be recognized by the fact that they excrete a white milky sap when injured.

ecology

The common white deaf can be found primarily in warmth-loving deciduous forests, primarily light beech and oak-hornbeam forests . It can also be found in clearings , forest edges and in parks and gardens. The fungus colonizes fairly dry to moderately fresh, shallow to medium-sized brown soils , which are more or less neutral to alkaline and more or less alkaline, especially calcium- rich . These soils are generally heavy, poor in soil and humus and often superficially compacted. The bedrock is limestone , marl , basalt and other basic weathered parent rocks . Sometimes it can be found together with the hard cinnabar deafblings ( R. rosea ) and the spotted deafblings ( R. maculata ).

The common white-deaf fungus is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiotic relationship with various deciduous and coniferous trees. His symbiosis partners include hornbeam ( Carpinus ), hazel ( Corylus ), hawthorn ( Crataegus ), red beech ( Fagus ), spruce ( Picea ), oak ( Quercus ) and linden ( Tilia ). It is found in beech and mixed beech forests, oak and oak mixed forests, and fir and spruce forests. It occurs both in the lowlands and in the high mountains on acidic or basic soils. It appears from July to October.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the common white blubber.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The common white deaf is a Holarctic species native to northern Asia (Israel, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Siberia, Kamchatka , Russia-Far East, Korea, Japan and Taipan), North America, Greenland, North Africa (Algeria, Morocco) and almost all of Europe occurs. In Europe the Täubling is distributed meridional to subarctic . In the south you can find it from Spain over the Balearic Islands and Corsica to Greece. In the west it occurs from France through the Benelux countries to Great Britain including the Hebrides . In Northern Europe the deaf can be found on Iceland , Svalbard and the Faroe Islands and as far as Lapland in all of Fennoscandinavia. In the east, its distribution area extends to Russia and Belarus.

    In North and Central America, the common white-blubber is rare and is mostly represented by Russula brevipes , a similar species that does not occur in Europe. Nevertheless you can find it in Canada, USA, Mexico and Costa Rica.

    Systematics

    The species has seen a lot of taxonomic changes over the years. Many varieties and species have been separated from the parent species. This is also the case with the closely related narrow-leaved white-blubber ( Russula chloroides ).

    Mycologist John Burton Cleland found a form in the Mount Lofty Ranges (South Australia) under eucalyptus trees, which he described as R. delica in 1935 . This form was recognized as a new species by Cheryl Grgurinovic in 1997 and reclassified as Russula marangania .

    Inquiry systematics

    The common white- deaf is the type of the subsection Delicinae , which in turn is within the section Plorantes or ( Lactarioides ). The representatives of this section are characterized by their dairy-like appearance and their more or less white spore powder. As the name Lactarioides, which is more common today, already suggests, the representatives of the section are particularly close to the genus of the dairy species ( Lactarius ).

    meaning

    The common white deaf is edible, but is not considered particularly tasty, as it has an unpleasant taste, especially with age, which is why some mycologists - with a more demanding palate - consider it inedible.

    literature

    This article is based in part on information from the English-language Wikipedia article on Russula delica

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Synonyms of Russula delica. In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved September 5, 2011 .
    2. ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 180 .
    3. ↑ Hermann Jahn: Mushrooms all around under Westfälische Mushroom Letters (description of the Common White-Täubling No. 227 on page 177; PDF; 6.4 MB)
    4. ^ Roger Phillips: Russula delica. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on January 28, 2016 ; accessed on September 5, 2011 (English).
    5. ^ Edmund Michael, Bruno Hennig, Hanns Kreisel: Handbook for mushroom friends. Volume five: Agaric mushrooms - milk lice and deaf lions. 2nd Edition. Fischer, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-437-30350-3 , p. 232.
    6. ^ Hans Haas: The Young Specialist looks at Fungi . Burke, 1969, ISBN 0-222-79409-7 , pp. 74 .
    7. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 442.
    8. ^ Russula delica in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 18, 2011 .
    9. ↑ Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne, Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann and Henning Knudsen. tape 6 . Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, ISBN 978-87-635-1277-0 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 37-59 .
    10. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online (PDF; 592 kB) [accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    11. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 291 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]).
    12. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula delica. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved August 18, 2011 .
    13. ↑ DM Dimou, GI Zervakis, E. Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: 4. (PDF; 599 kB) Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece). In: Mycotaxon 104 / mycotaxon.com. 2008, pp. 39–42 , accessed on August 22, 2011 .
    14. ↑ Gordana Kasom, Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. 2 , 2012, ISSN  0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / versita.metapress.com
    15. ↑ D. Arora: Mushrooms Demystified . Ten Speed ​​Press, 1986, ISBN 0-89815-169-4 , pp. 88 .
    16. ↑ Russula chloroides. The Russulales News Team, 2007, accessed December 31, 2010 .
    17. ^ JB Cleland: Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia . South Australian Government Printer, 1976, pp. 150 (first edition: 1935).
    18. ↑ NL Bougher, K. Syme: Fungi of Southern Australia . University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, WA 1998, ISBN 1-875560-80-7 , pp. 148 .
    19. ^ Roger Phillips: Mushrooms . Pan MacMillan, 2006, ISBN 0-330-44237-6 , pp. 45-46 .
    20. ^ S. Nilson, O. Persson: Fungi of Northern Europe . tape 2 : Gill-Fungi . Penguin, 1977, ISBN 0-14-063006-6 , pp. 112 .

    Web links

    Commons : Common white-deaf ( Russula delica )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files