Larkham's parents owned a tennis center and both worked as tennis coaches. Both Brent and his two year younger brother Todd were therefore introduced to tennis from childhood. In 1991 he became a professional tennis player and first played in the ATP satellite tournaments below the ATP Challenger Tour . In the first year he was able to win two of these tournaments and thus his first world ranking points. In 1992 he won the Challenger Tournament in Bristol at the side of the Briton Darren Kirk , in which he was also able to reach the quarter-finals in an individual competition. He won his first individual title in 1993 in Launceston, Tasmania, by beating Nicklas Utgren in the final . In tournaments of the ATP World Tour he usually failed in qualification, a notable exception was the Queen's Club Championships in 1994, when he won against Patrick McEnroe and lost to Stefan Edberg in the second round .
In the course of his career, he was able to win two singles and three doubles on the Challenger Tour. He reached his highest ranking in the tennis world rankings in 1994 with position 108 in singles and 1995 with position 128 in doubles.
His best individual result in a Grand Slam tournament was reaching the third round at the Australian Open in 1994, where he was victorious in the second round against Amos Mansdorf . In the doubles competition he was able to qualify for the Australian Open in three consecutive years between 1994 and 1996, but failed in each case in the first round.
In 1998 he resigned from professional sport due to a back injury. After the end of his playing career, he worked as a tennis coach for his brother Todd, Wayne Arthurs , Paul Hanley and Richard Fromberg , among others . Larkham has been the head coach at the Australian Institute of Sport since 2006 .