Bronze back gloss throats

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Bronze back gloss throats
Bronze back gloss throat ♂

Bronze back gloss throat ♂

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Tribe : Polytmini
Genre : Heliothryx
Type : Bronze back gloss throats
Scientific name
Polytmus guainumbi
( Pallas , 1764)

The bronze backing-Glanzkehlchen ( polytmus guainumbi ) or White-tailed Goldkehlchen is a species of bird in the family of hummingbirds (Trochilidae) located on Trinidad , in Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Brazil , Bolivia , Paraguay and Argentina found . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

Bronze back gloss throat ♀

The bronze-backed gloss throat, including its 2.6 cm long beak, reaches a body length of about 9.5 to 11.8 cm with a weight of 4.0 to 4.5 g. The male has a long, recessed beak, the upper beak being dull reddish to black and the lower beak reddish with a black tip. The top shimmers golden to bronze green. Dark gray eye spots are bordered on the top by a long white over-eye stripe . The underside shimmers golden green. The long rounded tail is green with white tips. It is broadly lined with white on the three outer control springs . The female resembles the male, but has yellow-brown facial lines. The chin is whitish, the rest of the underside is yellow-brown. The throat and chest are speckled with green. Fledglings are similar to females, but have yellow-brown head fringes.

Behavior and nutrition

The bronze-backed gloss throat gets its nectar from flowering garden plants z. B. from the genus of the camp currents , from Russelia equisetiformis and Calliandra surinamensis , from bushes of the genera Heliconia , the legume family , the mallow family , the red family or verbena family . From Argentina there are reports of plants and trees such as Ceiba speciosa , Handroanthus heptaphyllus and Japanese loquat , from Mato Grosso do Sul on ornamental plants of the genus Odontonema to Grevillea banksii and Beerenmalve ( Malvaviscus arboreus ). It chases insects in flight, spiders are pecked away from the vegetation surface.

Reproduction

The breeding season of the bronze-backed gloss throat is February to August in Trinidad and Suriname, February to April and July to September in French Guiana, October to November in Venezuela, October to March in Brazil and October in northeast Argentina . The nest is cone-shaped, made of plant waste, often cattails , and decorated with lichen and seeds. It builds this in small scrub at heights of 0.5 to 1 meter above the ground. Often the nest hangs over water. The nests of several bronze-backed gloss throats can often be in the immediate vicinity. The clutch consists of two eggs that weigh about 0.65 to 0.75 g and are about 12.8 to 16 × 8.4 to 10 mm in size. The incubation period is 14 to 15 days and incubation is carried out exclusively by the female. The chicks are black with faint yellow-brown stripes on the back. The nestlings fledge after 20 to 22 days, but it can occasionally take up to 30 days. It has relatively few nest predators to fear, but the Brazilian pygmy owl has already been observed clearing the nest.

Vocalizations

The bronze-backed gloss throat emits a brisk series of loud, excited spit sounds. In addition, when she is sitting on a branch, a sequence of three squeaky tones is part of his repertoire. Dry tsip-tsip sounds can also be heard from him in flight .

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the bronze back gloss throat

The bronze-backed shin throat prefers water-soaked grasslands, bushy savannas, cerrado and fresh water swamps at altitudes from sea level to 600 meters. His foraging is relatively close to the ground. He is considered a loner.

migration

The bronze-backed gloss throat is usually considered a resident bird . In Trinidad there are reports of seasonal post-brood migrations to the south. In Bolivia, in the south of Brazil in Mato Grosso do Sul and in the northeast of Argentina in the province of Misiones it seems to be just a winter visitor.

Subspecies

There are three known subspecies:

  • Polytmus guainumbi andinus Simon , 1921 occurs in eastern Colombia. The subspecies has more white on the inner tail feathers.
  • Polytmus guainumbi guainumbi ( Pallas , 1764) is common in Venezuela, the Guyanas, northern Brazil and Trinidad.
  • Polytmus guainumbi thaumantias ( Linnaeus , 1766) occurs in eastern Bolivia through eastern Paraguay, eastern and central Brazil and northeast Argentina. The subspecies has a shorter beak than the nominate form. The top is reddish gold. The outer tail feathers show less whiteness.

Polytmus guainumbi doctus Peters , 1945 is a synonym P. g. andinus .

Etymology and history of research

The bronze-backed gloss throat was first described in 1764 by Peter Simon Pallas under the scientific name Trochilus guainumbi . The type specimen was erroneously attributed to the Cape of Good Hope by Arnout Vosmaer , who did not use any scientific nomenclature . In 1760 Mathurin-Jacques Brisson introduced the genus Polytimus , to which he assigned the bronze-backed gloss throat. "Polytmus" is derived from the Greek "polytimos πολυτιμος " for "very precious, valuable". This in turn is made up of "polys πολυς " for "a lot" and "timē τιμη " for "value, esteem". The species name »guainumbi« is derived from the Tupí-Guaraní languages and is the name for the hummingbird. "Andinus" refers to the Andes . The type specimen was collected by Józef Warszewicz on the Río Magdalena . "Thaumantias" is the epithet of the iris , a deity in Greek mythology . "Doctus" is the Latin name for "learned, knowing" from "docere" for "to teach".

literature

  • Karl-Ludwig Schuchmann , Peter Boesman, Guy Maxwell Kirwan in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: White-tailed Goldenthroat (Polytmus guainumbi) In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Peter Simon Pallas in Adriaan Vroeg: Adumbratiunculae in Beredeneerde Catalogus Van eene, by uitstek fraaye en weergaalooze Verzameling, zoo van Inlandsche als Uitheemsche Vogelen, Viervoetige en Gekorvene Dieren. Zynde alle op het konstigste were in the same natuurlykste, art en houding, opgevuld, opgezet, en, op eene bysondere wyze, voor alle need beveiligt. Everything, with one-time costs, in zeer veele jaaren verzameld and brought in order by A. Vroeg . Pieter van Os, The Hague 1764 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carl von Linné: Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis . 12th edition. tape 1 . Imprensis Direct Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm 1766 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Eugène Simon: Histoire naturelle des Trochilidae (synopsis et catalog) . L. Mulo, Paris 1921 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • James Lee Peters: Check-list of birds of the world . tape 5 . Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1945 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Mathurin-Jacques Brisson: Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés: a laquelle on a joint une description exacte de chaque espece, avec les citations des auteurs qui en ont traité, les noms quils leur ont donnés, ceux que leur ont donnés les différentes nations, & les noms vulgaires . tape 3 . Ad Ripam Augustinorum, apud Cl. Joannem-Baptistam Bauche, bibliopolam, ad Insigne S. Genovesae, & S. Joannis in Deserto, Paris 1760 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Charles Davies Sherborn: The new species of birds in Vroeg's Catalog, 1764 . In: Smithsonian miscellaneous collections . tape 47 , no. 21 , 1905, pp. 332-341 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Witmer Stone: Vroeg's Catalog . In: The Auk . tape 29 , no. 2 , 1912, pp. 205-208 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Leendert Cornelis Rookmaaker, Florence FJM Pieters: Birds in the sales catalog of Adriaan Vroeg (1764) described by Pallas and Vosmaer . In: Contributions to Zoology . tape 69 , no. 2 , 2000, pp. 271-277 ( repository.naturalis.nl ).
  • Georg Marggraf in Willem Pisco , Georg Marggraf: Historiae Naturalis Brasiliae, Auspicio et Beneticio, Illustriss I Mavritti Com Nassau, assius proujncjae et maris summi praefecti adornata in qua non tantum plantae et animalia, sed et indigenarum icon morbi, ingenia et mores supraur describing quingentas illustrantur. Apud Franciscum Hackium, Apud Lud. Elzevirium,: Brittenburg, Amsterdam 1648 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Bronze-backed gloss throat ( Polytmus guainumbi )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d e f g h Karl-Ludwig Schuchmann u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ^ A b Eugène Simon (1921), pp. 101 & 103.
  4. a b Peter Simon Pallas (1766), p. 2 No 60.
  5. ^ Carl von Linné (1766), p. 190.
  6. James Lee Peters (1945), p. 58.
  7. ^ Mathurin-Jacques Brisson, p. 40.
  8. James A. Jobling, p. 314.
  9. Georg Marggraf, p. 198.
  10. James A. Jobling, p. 384.
  11. James A. Jobling, p. 138.

Remarks

  1. The publication history of the work is somewhat complicated and fraught with nomenclatural questions. Arnout Vosmaer named the hummingbird for the first time on page 8 of the catalog. The exact history of the work can be found in Charles Davies Sherborn (1905), Witmer Stone (1912) and Leendert Cornelis Rookmaaker , Florence FJM Pieters (2000)
  2. This can be seen from Brissons Volume 3 on p. 667. Polytmus guainumbi was previously published in 1664 by Georg Marggraf without a scientific name, so that this explains why the genus was published one year before the species name by Pallas.