Waisenberg castle ruins
| Waisenberg castle ruins | ||
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 Waisenberg castle ruins |
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| Alternative name (s): | Waysenberch | |
| Creation time : | 12th Century | |
| Castle type : | Hilltop castle | |
| Conservation status: | ruin | |
| Place: | Völkermarkt | |
| Geographical location | 46 ° 41 '54 " N , 14 ° 33' 43" E | |
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The castle ruin Waisenberg towers up on an isolated, rocky Waldkogel in the northwest of the Carinthian district capital Völkermarkt . The remaining components can be assigned to the Romanesque , Gothic and Renaissance styles. Waisenberg, together with the ruins of Obertrixen and Mittertrixen , which are located within a radius of about 1000 m, belong to the so-called Trixner castles, which in turn, supplemented with the Niedertrixen ruins, form the Trixner group of castles. This group of castles controlled access to the Görtschitztal and thus also to the mining area of Hüttenberg . The name Waisenberg is probably due to the light limestone cliff on which the castle stands.
The castle ruins Waisenberg and its surroundings
Geographical location
The extensive castle ruins Waisenberg located on one of the Saualpe advanced, conical mountain forest covered in Trixnertal , about seven kilometers north-west of the district capital Völkermarkt. Located on the road from Völkermarkt to Brückl , Waisenberg, together with the so-called "Trixner Burgen", was one of the barricades that could control or block access to the Görtschitztal and the Hüttenberger Erzberg .
At a distance of not even fourteen kilometers, Waisenberg has six neighboring castles with Griffen , Heunburg , Rauterburg (Altheunburg, a Romanesque castle ruin on the Wandelitzen, above the Helldorff estate, above the Helldorff estate), Nieder-, Mitter- and Obertrixen, which together with Rechberg , Sonegg , Sommeregg , Wildenstein , Neudenstein , Weißenegg and Reinegg controlled and secured the Völkermarkt area.
Traffic geographic situation in a historical perspective
Although no Roman-era road traces have become tangible in the municipality of Völkermarkt, the approximate course of the "Roman roads" can be reconstructed using topographical conditions, field names, old roads and other references. The course of two Roman-era connecting roads is likely to have largely corresponded to today's traffic routes: One branched off the Virunum – Celeia road at Wabelsdorf and led via Völkermarkt and Ruden to Lavamünd. The other connected the Görtschitztal with the Trixnertal and led past Waisenberg and the Trixner castles over Griffen into the Lavanttal . However, these routes have not been included in the official route directories and probably did not have any milestones. In contrast, the connecting road from Virunum to Celeia is shown on an antique road map and identified by milestone finds as a route of supraregional importance. Most of the Roman stones are now walled up in churches, which is why their original location is not known.
The name of the castle
Even if an inscription from the 16th century speaks of orphans , the castle name is likely derived from the white rocks of the castle hill. From a geological point of view, it is a limestone cliff of the geological Triassic .
The specialist literature uses the terms "Trixner Schlösser" or "Trixner Burgen (group)" for the fortifications of the Trixner Valley, but with different meanings. For example, Franz Xaver Kohlas “Kärntner Burgenkunde” names Ober-, Mitter- and Niedertrixen as a Trixner castle group, but also describes Waisenberg as the westernmost, largest and most representative of the three Trixen castles. In the rest of the mentions, Trixner Burgen refers to the Ober-, Mitter- and Niedertrixen groups. Historical names for the castle on the Waisenberg were: Waysenberch in the first documentary mention, castrum Waysenberc, Weyssenwurg. The misnomer Niedertrixen can also be found in the local population. The reason for this may lie in the lack of components of this last-named castle ruin that can be seen from afar.
Historical environment
The historical surroundings of the Waisenberg point to an eventful past. The royal tombs of the Iron Age Hallstatt culture found at the foot of the Lamprechtskogel bear witness to the prehistoric rulership of Waisenberg and the former importance of the area, which was based on the iron deposits and salt transit. The geographical location and especially the proximity to the ore deposits in the Görtschitztal should serve as the basis for the economic heyday in the Völkermarkt area. The Lamprechtskogel near Mittertrixen was chosen as the location for the most important settlement in the Völkermarkt area north of the Drau, both during the Iron Age and during the late Roman period. In any case, he resided there around 500 BC. BC even a Noric king, which is evidenced by a magnificent burial mound near Waisenberg. With the large farms in the hinterland of the city of Virunum , agriculture also reached a high level in Lower Carinthia in Roman times.
The Trixnertal was a settlement focus in the area of the Lamprechtskogel in Roman times. The Roman stones from the surrounding area, coins and other settlement finds indicate this. According to a previously unconfirmed theory, there was an inner-Norwegian customs station there, which was responsible for customs duties (iron trade) on the southern border of a large imperial mining domain. The exact extent of this territory is controversial, but it is certain that the mining areas of such important mineral resources as the iron deposits in the Görtschitztal were owned by the emperor and were subject to their own administration. Noric iron products had a steel-like quality due to their high quality workmanship, enjoyed an excellent reputation and were widely negotiated. An inscription, which was found as a spoil at the foot of the Lamprechtskogel, names an imperial slave working as a customs administrator and his place of employment.
In the area of the Lamprechtskogel, which is only 500 meters away from Waisenberg, there was a Roman settlement and probably also a sanctuary for Jupiter Dolichenus from the 4th or 5th century . Possibly the older Waisenberg Castle stood here, identical to one of the "duo castra in loco Thrusental" mentioned in 895, since the first construction of the actual Waisenberg Castle could hardly go back any further than 1200. The fortification walls of this former hilltop settlement can still be seen in the area today. Unfortunately, so far only very few early medieval artefacts have been found: A fragment of a stirrup in Avar style and an Arab coin from the late 8th century come from the Lamprechtskogel.
Not only the history of Waisenberg, but that of the entire Trixner Valley is closely linked to the work of Hemma von Gurk , who is often referred to as the “Carinthian motherland” . As a Carinthian aristocrat, church and monastery founder, she lived at the turn of the 1st to the 2nd millennium. She was one of the richest and most powerful women in Carinthia of her time, related to Emperor Heinrich II and married to Count Wilhelm von Friesach and an der Sann . From her ancestors - members of the old Slavic nobility as well as representatives of immigrant Bavarian families and the Frankish imperial aristocracy - she inherited rich estates: in Carinthia the Gurk and Metnitztal , the village of Zeltschach as well as estates and castles in the Trixnertal. In this context, Hemma plays an important role in the founding of the Trixner Schlösser and the Waisenberg Castle.
Historical lore
Written sources
Whether Waisenberg is identical with one of the “duo castra in loco Thrusental”, which King Arnulf gave to an ancestor of Countess Hemma von Gurk on September 29, 895, cannot be said with certainty. Without a doubt, Waisenberg was owned by the Gurk diocese , which repeatedly gave the castle a fief and was in danger of losing it entirely. One of the most colorful personalities of that time was the Gurk bishop Berthold von Zeltschach , who headed the diocese from 1090 to 1106. The Chronicon Gurcense describes him as an intruder, since he received the episcopal dignity from a counter-archbishop of Salzburg. Berthold squandered large parts of the diocese by awarding the allode of the Gurk Church as a fief, probably to gain favor with the feudal people and thus to secure his unlawful rule. In 1106 he was finally deposed. In 1167, Bishop Heinrich I von Gurk bought back the “castrum in Thrusen, quod Waysenberch dictum est” from Volbert von Liebenberg, a Trixner , for 100 silver marks. This is also the oldest mention of Waisenberg Castle.
Nonverbal Sources
In addition to the written sources mentioned above, the works of visual artists also provide information about the historical past of buildings in general and the Waisenberg castle ruins in particular. The extent to which the works of painters and graphic artists correspond to reality must be questioned in each case. In addition to the distorting representations falling under the term “artistic freedom”, it should also be noted that many artists were not necessarily on site when the pictures were made. Historical drawings by Waisenberg exist by Johann Weichard Valvasor and Georg Matthäus Vischer from the 17th century and by the Carinthian landscape painter Markus Pernhart from the 19th century.
The owners of Waisenberg
Assumptions for the time not recorded in writing
Waisenberg was in the area of the land donation that King Arnulf gave to his faithful Waltuni, the ancestor of Countess Hemma, in 895 in the Trixnertal. One of the “duobus castris” cited in it was probably Waisenberg. Through Hemma, the properties came into the ownership of the monastery she had founded and later the diocese of Gurk. Even today you can recognize the relationship to Carinthia's patroness Hemma von Gurk from various place names: For example, the keep is often also called the Hemmaturm and the fish ponds at the foot of the castle hill are called Hemmateiche in everyday language. In the further course of the "invaded" Bishop Berthold gave two castles in the Trixnertal to Count Engelbert von Spanheim , the later Duke of Carinthia. Whether or not Waisenberg was among them cannot be determined with certainty. In any case, it could not be a castle at the current location, as its oldest masonry dates from the 12th century. The fiefdom later passed to Engelbert's brother Bernhard and, after his death, completely neglecting the original fiefdom bond, to his nephew Margrave Ottokar III. of Styria.
The "active time"
From the documented purchase of Waisenberg by Bishop Heinrich von Gurk in 1167, written records were increasingly used. Between 1193 and 1220 Otto Rufus de Waisenberc is mentioned. A document from 1236 reports on Otto von Waisenberg, who ceded his rights to Waisenberg to Bishop Ulrich I :
Littere Vdalrici episcopi Gurcensis super pensione 4 marcarum denariorum persolvendarum Ottoni de Weysenberg qui omne ius in predicto castro episcopo reservavit.
Another document from 1258 bears witness to the Gurk Bishop Dietrich II , who gave the tower in Waisenberg to Ulrich and his brothers, the heirs to the Haertwich trustee, as a castle hat:
… Qualiter nos ad instantiam precum ac consilium nostri capituli et ministerialium nostrorum Vlrico et fratribus suis heredibus Hærtwici dapiferi turrim in Waisenberch ad ius quod purchůt dicitur,….
The fact that the Gurk bishops repeatedly took quarters in Waisenberg is evident from a document from Bishop Dietrich from 1285, which he issued in Waisenberg. Most of the time, however, it was administered by carers. A Hartwich from Waisenberg, who was Gurk's trustee, is occupied. From the 13th and 14th centuries there is no significant information about the castle, which was still under Gurk. In the 15th century Waisenberg was loaned to the Weißbriacher . In 1550 the diocese sold the castle to Hans von Silberberg. In 1569, after the death of her parents, his daughter sold the castle and estate to Andrä von Spangstein, whose coat of arms was attached to the outer castle gate. Andrä Spangstein's successor was his son Siegmund. In 1641 Waisenberg went to Claudius Schneeweiß von Arnoldstein. In 1661 his son Johann Jakob asked for enfeoffment with the castle and lordship. In 1681 Siegmund Graf von Welz came into possession before the castle and rule in Kaufweg passed to Count Georg Balthasar Christallnigg in 1713.
Waisenberg in the "Ausgedinge"
In 1790, a devastating fire raged on Waisenberg, from the consequences of which the castle was no longer to recover - the previously inhabited castle was no longer built, but left to decay. During the Carinthian defensive battle of 1918/1919, Waisenberg was a site of hard fighting. With the exception of a few years during and after the Second World War, Waisenberg has remained in the hands of the Christallnigg family to this day . In 1992 renovation work began, but the ruins are largely overgrown again today. Trees a few meters tall grow out of the masonry and make it clear that it will only take a short time before the ruin finally collapses if something is not done about it soon.
The building history
What is still there today - general description
The Waisenberg ruins do not have the character of a medieval castle. The large windows, which are visible from afar, instead of the usual narrow light slits, lack any kind of defense character of a castle. In fact, the components that are visible today belong to the late Gothic period and come mainly from the first third of the 16th century. Only a few remains of the Romanesque castle that were integrated into later walls have survived. Since the local location with a castle hill rising gently from the south did not guarantee any particular security, this is not a festival designed for sustainable defense. Rather, Waisenberg represents one of those castles that, after the introduction of the fire artillery as mansions, were not accessible to everyone on the way. Even the 230-meter-long curtain wall dates from the modern 16th century.
Starting from the outer, two-storey gate tower in the southeast, the entrance leads to the inner castle gate in the form of a 270 ° spiral. The anti-clockwise route is a further indication of how little importance was attached to military capability in the medieval sense: defenders of the castle would have had the disadvantage of being presented with the protective shield side by attacking enemies. And the battlements and notches of the outer as well as the inner gate tower were more representative than defensive in character.
The four-storey main castle, which dates from the first half of the 13th century, has an almost square floor plan, with the mighty, round keep from the end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century protruding from the northwest corner.
The once early Gothic palace was heavily modified in the 15th and 16th centuries through conversions. Large parts have already collapsed into a heap of rubble. The western part of the Palas is best preserved. The graphic depiction by Georg Matthäus Vischer from the 17th century may, apart from the incorrect reproduction of individual castle elements (keep as a delicate turret in the north), probably be an excessive exaggeration of the representational character of Waisenberg - much more than the ring wall, kennel and castle gates were as defensive elements actually not available. Valvasor's drawings from the same period convey a similar impression. Its reproduction of the main parts corresponds to the floor plan of the castle, only the route from the outer castle gate is artistically shown. Another picture by Valvasor shows the contrast between the well-fortified Mitter- and Obertrixen castles on the one hand and the Waisenberg representative building on the other.
About 200 years later, another drawing was made of the now decaying Waisenberg castle ruins, this time in pencil by Markus Pernhart, the painter of the Carinthian lakes, mountains, castles and palaces. It is noticeable how completely different Pernhart's drawing characterizes Waisenberg: the view is reminiscent of the Hohensalzburg Fortress , and there is no doubt about military capabilities. Since Pernhart, who is known for his detailed reproduction, was commissioned to preserve buildings that could not be saved from decay for financial reasons, at least in the picture and thus to protect them from decay, his representations can be assumed to be more credible. The most noticeable difference to the aforementioned drawings from the 17th century is the almost complete absence of the roofs and other wooden elements. One reason for this is the roof tax introduced at the end of the 18th century , which was calculated as a form of property tax based on the roof area and as a result of which many castles and other buildings were covered in order to save money. On the other hand, wooden building elements fell victim to the fire of 1790. It was not possible to determine which of the causes occurred first.
Floor plan of the castle ruins
The most common floor plan of the Waisenberg castle ruins comes from Otto Piper's seven-volume monograph “Austrian Castles”. Without going into details, this illustration gives an excellent overview of the individual components and their location. The art historian Karl Ginhart made a similar floor plan. The floor plans prepared by the Reichhalter surveying office in 1989 on behalf of the Federal Monuments Office are much more extensive and detailed. In addition to the exact measurement of all individual building parts, the plans also contain an attempt to indicate the age and the representation of several storeys.
The oldest components come from the 12th century. These are mainly the outer walls of the castle and former residential buildings, especially in the south. Little is still visible to the naked eye: large parts lie under the rubble of dilapidated walls, other parts fell victim to the renovations in the 15th and 16th centuries. Secondary components in the north-western part of the palace date back to the 13th century. "Medieval components" (probably the 14th century is meant) are some of the walls in the castle courtyard that belonged to the now buried living and cellar rooms. The 15th century brought about a significant change in the structure with the construction of the mighty, five-storey keep, which was followed by a reconstruction of the three-storey hall, which continued into the 16th century. At the end of these renovations, Waisenberg shone as a renaissance castle with late Gothic profiled window frames, courtyard arcades and a well-preserved two-armed staircase that led from the castle courtyard into the living rooms.
The components in detail
A modified floor plan from Piper is used to clearly name the components, which are described below.
1. The outer castle gate
The main castle, which is 33 × 35 m in size and has an almost square floor plan, is surrounded by a 230-meter-long curtain wall, in the south-east of which there is the two-storey gate tower from the 16th century. Above the arched gate you can see three shallow niches in which there was originally a relief of the coat of arms of Andreas von Spangstein, who held the castle after 1569, and two figures. The coat of arms stone had a text in German and Latin and shows a girl with an elder branch, from which the founding legend later emerged. The stone is now owned by the Christallnigg family and is kept in Eberstein.
2. The spiral staircase
A unique feature is the spiral staircase leading from the gate hall and leading to the upper floor of the tower. On it one reaches over 44 steps and with a turn of 810 ° in the eight meters higher lying, attached bastion as well as in the somewhat higher lying south part of the Zwinger.
3rd, 4th watchtower and second outer gate
Around 90 meters after the outer castle gate, a steadily rising castle path leads to the second, already very dilapidated outer gate. It was built into a wall like a barrier arch connecting the Bering with the keep, and during its “active time” had battlements and battlements. Immediately in front of it, integrated into the curtain wall and protruding both outside and inside, was the only watchtower.
5. The inner castle gate
The inner castle gate, like the outer one with a vaulted gate hall, is on the western front of the main castle. Two gates of unequal width lead into the courtyard. Built on the inside of the gate hall, a pompous two-armed staircase rises for the time, which leads to the living and functional rooms on the first and second floors above. The steps of this modern building are no longer there.
6., 7. The inner courtyard with cistern
The approximately 300 m² large castle courtyard is surrounded by buildings from various construction periods from the 13th to the 16th century. Many parts, such as the south wing, have already collapsed into rubble. The western part of the four-story main castle is best preserved. The cistern necessary for the water supply can also be found here at the southeast end of the courtyard.
8th, 9th hall and staircase
The once early Gothic palas was heavily modified in the 15th and 16th centuries and provided with one-story arcades on the courtyard side. The four-storey west wing with staircases that can still be walked on shows interesting structural elements such as doors and window frames with a late Gothic profile. Various cellars with different vaults have also survived the decay. The floors in the basement and in the tower rooms are covered with hard cement mortar and sand mixed with a little lime. Interesting and not necessarily understandable is a canal that opens in the southern gate area and runs diagonally through the wall. Otto Piper states that he should probably be used to watch the people going through the gate.
In the floor plan of the Federal Monuments Office of the main castle is probably available BEEN on the north-westerly outside Poterne located. Posternes served as secret secondary exits, which saved the detour via the main gate or made it possible to escape in the event of a siege. Nightly commandos could also be started through such sideline gates in order to damage besiegers and their siege equipment. A staircase leading to the opening in the curtain wall supports this assumption.
10. The keep
At the northwest corner of the main castle is the mighty, round keep from the 15th century. The hall connects to its five floors on both sides. Noticeable and unusual are the particularly large windows instead of the otherwise usual narrow light slits - a result of the redesign from a defense building to a representative building. In the upper floor of the keep, which collapsed today, there was a circular chapel, consecrated to St. Andrew, no longer accessible, which was previously vaulted by a flat dome, of which there are still beginnings. The Apostles' crosses are visible on the wall. In the room below with a diameter of 6.6 meters you can see a simple stucco vault, large window niches and the remains of a fireplace.
A visitation report from 1616 called at this time as lords a "nobilis de clasp stone" and praises the beauty of the chapel "sacellum hoc pulcherimum est et ubique belle depictum", but notice that there was no service would be held because the owner heretics was . It can be assumed that the Spangensteiners were followers of Luther's teaching. According to the report from 1660, the owner at the time, Mr. von Schneeweiß, “pulchre accomodata” (beautifully furnished) and was gifted with a measuring license . A picture from the dilapidated St. Andrew's Chapel - a representation of St. Joseph from the Gothic period - is supposedly in the church of St. Georgen am Weinberg, but is not mentioned in the latest "Dehio" when describing the interior of the church in question.
Text of the visit report from 1616:
Sacellum hoc pulcherimum est, et vbi [que] belle depictum, altare continet ligneum, vel potius oratorium. In quo hoc temporis cursu cum castri possessores haeretici sint, sacra nulla peraguntur. Monstrantiam nobilis huius castri had perpulchram, praesume [n] dum est, quod illa a quadam eccl [es] ia, cum in aliquib [us] Ius patronat [us] habeat fuerit accepta. Quare R: d [us] D [omi] n [us] Decanus cum nobile tractet, vt illam monstrantiam iterum cuidam eccl [es] iae donet.
Conclusion
Open questions
We know a wealth of numbers, data and facts about the Waisenberg castle ruins. Nevertheless, many questions, especially the genetic ones, may never be answered, or at least only after a more intensive discussion and search for other sources:
- According to a document from the year 895, there were two weir systems in Trixnertal, the exact location of which is uncertain. The local summit castles and today's castle ruins are much younger in terms of their structural design, but could go back to older systems.
- Was Waisenberg in the deed of donation of King Arnulf from the year 895 meant with the mention "duo castra in loco Thrusental"?
- Was there an older castle from the time before the 12th century on the Lamprechtskogel?
- If so, why did you move to the less well-fortified Waisenberg?
- Was the Dolichenus relief already set up on the previous castle on the Lamprechtskogel?
- Was the high court also located on Waisenberg?
Summary consideration
Waisenberg, as it presents itself to today's observer, is much more reminiscent of a castle than a fortified castle. The remains of the wall, which are still abundant and often in good condition, date from a time when the emergence of firearms changed defense technology, bunker-shaped stone blocks with only narrow slits of light took away their original meaning and thus triggered the start of the transformation into representative magnificent buildings. There is hardly any visible medieval masonry - it lies under early modern structures and extensions or under the rubble of collapsed walls and ceilings.
Built on historical ground, where archaeological finds point to millennia-old settlement, Waisenberg was an imposing building in its 600-year heyday from the 12th to the 18th century, which is part of the series of the much better known castles such as Hochosterwitz , Landskron , Finkenstein etc., which the representations of visual artists also bear witness to. The introduction of the roof tax and a devastating fire at the end of the 18th century marked the beginning of the disintegration of the once so magnificent castle.
Additional notes
* The Dolichenus pond relief
In 1869, a Dolichenus pond relief measuring 60 × 60 cm was found on the Waisenberg castle ruins . It probably served as a cult image in a temple, the location of which is not known. The Baal of Doliche , supreme deity of that city in Kommagene (note: southeast of today's Turkey), became very popular with the Roman army as Jupiter Dolichenus. The present relief, which dates from around AD 200, is said to have come from a local workshop despite the imported marble. The gable field is decorated with an eagle, in the ends of the gable the head of Sol is depicted with a halo on the left and that of Luna with a crescent moon on the right. The center of the picture shows Jupiter Dolichenus on a bull and next to it Juno Regina on a doe. Phrygian cap, double ax, armor and lightning bundles indicate the oriental origin of the deity.
* Waisenberg Castle - a folk tale:
A folk tale tells of a girl who lived in a poor hut near the Trixner pond and had to take care of her blind parents and her little brother. This and the poverty of the family worried her so much that she was on the verge of despair. Then one night an old man appeared to her in a dream and advised her at midnight to climb a little hill near the hut with an elder branch in hand. Where the twig bends to the ground, she should dig. Then she did and found a handsome treasure. She also used it to build a proud castle between Mitter- and Obertrixen and called it "Waisenberg". She hadn't been an orphan, but she had had to lead the life of one.
epilogue
Waisenberg has been owned by the Christallnigg family since 1713 with a brief interruption due to the war between 1940 and 1949. At the instigation of the current tenant, the Klagenfurt architect Klaus Mayr, renovation measures were started in 1992, which should stop the further deterioration of the walls. From 1995 the castle ruins were opened to the public again: On a developed castle path, the castle could be reached in ten minutes of gently sloping terrain and could take part in cultural events, concerts and children's parties. It was also possible to rent the castle with its three stages and 150 seats on stone steps with wooden surfaces for celebrations and celebrations. However, the work came to a standstill again soon after a roof was installed on the keep and turnbuckles that prevent walls from tipping over, and the ruin is once again exposed to further decline due to erosion and wild vegetation. Access through the outer castle gate, which is located in the curtain wall, is now blocked again and public inspection is no longer possible. In the meantime (as of autumn 2016) a storm has torn down the emergency roof of the tower (! - It is a construction of the transition period from Gothic to Renaissance for some representative rooms, not a keep); the decline continues.
gallery
Watercolor by Markus Pernhart, 19th century
Panorama picture Waisenberg
Waisenberg east side
Waisenberg south side
Waisenberg and Lamprechtskogel
Wappenstein with Latin inscription
Hall, keep and inner gate
Late Gothic door arch
literature
- Georg Clam Martinic: Austrian Castle Lexicon. Salzburg 2004
- Dehio Handbook Carinthia . Verlag Anton Schroll, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-7031-0712-X , p. 1046 f.
- Karl Ginhart: The Art Monuments of Carinthia, Vol. 1-8 (Klagenfurt 1929–1933)
- Hugo Henckel: Castles and palaces in Carinthia. Vol. II Klagenfurt 1967, p. 176 ff
- Franz Xaver Kohla: Carinthian castle studies. Klagenfurt 1973
- August von Jaksch: History of Carinthia until 1335, Bd. II Klagenfurt 1929, p. 310
- Hermann Baron L´Estocq, Karl GINHART, Anton MACKU: The art monuments of the political district Völkermarkt , Klagenfurt 1933, p. 16
- Michael Leischner, Alois Brandstetter: Castles and palaces in Carinthia. (Klagenfurt 2000)
- Hans Luschin: Of towers and castles. Klagenfurt 1987
- Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaur's cultural guide in color. Carinthia. Munich 1984, p. 222
- Gerhard Stenzel: From Castle to Castle in Austria (Vienna 1973)
- Johann Tauschitz: Kärnten Ein Kulturbegleiter , Klagenfurt 1989, p. 184
- Hermann Wiessner, Gerhard Seebach: Castles and palaces in Carinthia. Klagenfurt, Feldkirchen, Völkermarkt. Vienna 1980, p. 160 f.
- Hermann Wiessner: Carinthia's castles and palaces. Vienna 1965
Web links
- Entry via Waisenberg on Burgen-Austria
- Waisenberg castle ruins at villas-kaernten.at
Individual evidence
- ↑ KÖRNER, p. 71.
- ↑ KOHLA I., p. 215.
- ↑ KOHLA: I., p. 352.
- ^ Carinthia - A cultural companion. Text part based on a diploma thesis by Johann Tauschitz, p. 184; MEHLING, p. 222; L'ESTOCQ, p. 16f.
- ↑ KOHLA I., p. 353.
- ^ Gleirscher, Paul: Presentation in Völkermarkt June 1, 2007 The royal graves of Waisenberg .
- ↑ KÖRNER, p. 73.
- ^ RI I n.1912
- ↑ WIESSNER, p. 161.
- ↑ OBERSTEINER, p. 17f.
- ↑ WIESSNER, p. 160.
- ↑ JAKSCH, p. 84.
- ↑ PIPER, IV., P. 235.
- ^ Archives of the Federal Monuments Office in Klagenfurt
- ↑ LUSCHIN, p. 132.
- ↑ Österreichische Kunst-Topographie, I., p. 399.
- ↑ LUSCHIN, p. 132.
- ↑ Österreichische Kunst-Topographie, I., p. 399.
- ↑ FRESACHER, p. 62f.
- ↑ CARINTHIA I., 1926, p. 134.
- ↑ GRABER, pp. 106f.