Carlos María de Borbon
Infant Carlos (VII.) María de Borbón y Austria-Este , full name Carlos María de los Dolores Juan Isidro José Francisco Quirín Antonio Miguel Gabriel Rafael de Borbón y Austria-Este (born March 30, 1848 in Laibach ; † July 18, 1909 in Varese ) was Duke of Madrid and pretender from 1868 to 1909, as well as the leader of the movement during the Third Carlist War . Under the Spanish Carlist he was seen as the rightful heir to the Spanish (Carlos VII) and French (Charles XI) thrones.
Life
Carlos María was the eldest son of Juan (III.) Carlos de Borbón , Count of Montizón (1822–1887) and his wife Archduchess Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este (1824–1906), the youngest daughter of Duke Francis IV of Modena and Reggio and the Princess Maria Beatrix of Savoy . His paternal grandparents were Carlos María Isidro de Borbón and Doña Maria Francisca de Bragança , Infanta of Portugal. He was a great-grandson of King Charles IV of Spain .
Revolution of 1868
In September 1868 Queen Isabella II was ousted from the throne by a coup d'état of the liberal General Juan Prim and Admiral Juan Bautista Topete from Cadiz ; so the Spanish throne was initially vacant. The question of succession had indirectly led to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 , when the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm I supported the German Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen , who was supported by the French Emperor Napoleon III. however, it was rejected ( Emser Depesche ). In November 1870, Duke Amadeus I of Aosta was finally proclaimed King of Spain. He belonged to the House of Savoy , which was notorious among the conservatives in Spain for being Masonic and atheistic .
The Carlist , whose self-confidence after the fall of Isabella and thanks to the support of Pope Pius IX. had raised a lot, had about 90 members of the Cortes as a regular political party in 1871, making them by far the strongest conservative force. Elections were held in 1872; they ended with the Carlist suffering considerable loss of votes. The pretender Carlos (VII.) Came to the conviction that he could only ascend the throne by force of arms, and on April 15th he addressed a manifesto to his followers. He unleashed the Third Carlist War , which lasted until 1876.
Third Carlist War
On April 14, 1872, Carlos VII called for a general uprising. In Navarre and the Basque Country , the Carlist collected, and from France the Pretender joined the band. On May 4, 1872, the first major battle broke out in Navarre, when government troops defeated a disproportionately large number of Carlist in Oroquieta, while Carlos managed to escape. The Basque Carlists temporarily laid down their arms. But now Catalonia arose , from where the rebellion again spread to Navarre and the Basque Country. A Carlist army, with a team of 50,000 men, was set up by 1873. When King Amadeus renounced the throne on February 11, 1873, the First Republic was proclaimed, which continued the fight against the Carlist. The Carlist fought victoriously on many fronts, particularly in Navarre and Catalonia. Although they were able to attract many volunteers, including those with war experience, there was a lack of equipment and knowledge of the art of siege cities. The Carlist failed again in front of the fortress of Bilbao , which was relieved by the republican troops after six months of siege. With this republic's success, the tide began to turn and Republican troops were able to usurp the initiative. Also Pamplona remained closed in 1875 the Carlist despite siege. As early as 1875, however, after the occupation and dissolution of the Cortes, the republic took place with the enthronement of Isabella's son, Alfonso XII. , an end. During the reign of Alfonso, the army restored the unity of the state in February 1876 with its victories against the Carlist in Treviño (July 7, 1875) and Montejurra (February 17, 1876). After the lost battle of Montejurra, the defeated Carlos (VII) fled to France.
In the troubled decades that followed the enthronement and the constitution of 1875, the Carlist continued to exist, but in contrast to the first decades of their existence, they were mostly peaceful. The Marquis of Cerralba transformed the Carlist movement into a modern party (Comunión Tradicionalista) and, after 1888, redesigned its club life and social commitment.
Marriage and offspring
On February 4, 1867, Infant Carlos married Princess Margarethe Maria (1847-1893), eldest daughter of Duke Karl III in Frohsdorf . of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla and Princess Louise Marie Therese of France . The happy marriage resulted in five children:
- Blanca de Castilla Maria de la Concepción Teresa (1868–1949) ⚭ 1889 Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria-Tuscany (1863–1931)
- Jaime (III.) Pio Juan Carlos Benvenudo Samsón (1870–1931), Duke of Madrid and Anjou
- Elvira Maria Teresa (Elvira de Borbón y Borbón-Parma, 1871–1929) remained unmarried, but had three children under the surname "de Borbón", whose paternity is attributed to the Florentine painter Filippo Folchi.
- Maria Beatriz Teresa Carlota (1874–1961) ⚭ 1897–1907 Prince Fabrizio Massimo di Roviano (1868–1944), Duke of Anticoli Corrado
- Maria Alicia Ildefonsa Margarita (1876–1975)
- ⚭ 1897–1903 Prince Friedrich von Schönburg-Waldenburg (1872–1910)
- ⚭ 1906 Lino del Prete (1877–1956)
In his second marriage, he married Princess Marie Bertha de Rohan (1860-1945), the youngest daughter of Prince Arthur de Rohan and Countess Gabrielle von Waldstein, on April 28, 1894 in Prague . The marriage remained childless.
death
The Duke of Madrid died in Varese in 1909 and was buried in the Cathedral of San Giusto (Carlist Escorial) in Trieste. The Spanish and French claims to the throne went to his only son, Jaime (III).
literature
- Walther L. Bernecker , Horst Pietschmann: History of Spain. From early modern times to the present. 4th revised and updated edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-17-018766-X .
Web links
- Picture gallery on Carlism with historical pictures (Italian)
- Detailed treatise on the constitutional and religious ideas and goals of Carlism (English)
predecessor | Office | successor |
---|---|---|
Juan Carlos de Borbon |
Head of the House of Bourbon, legitimist pretender to the throne of France 1887–1909 |
Jaime de Borbon |
personal data | |
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SURNAME | Carlos María de Borbon |
ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Carlos Maria de los Dolores de Borbon y Austria-Este; Carlos VII. Maria de los Dolores de Borbón y Austria-Este, Carlos María de los Dolores de Borbón |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Duke of Madrid, pretender (1868–1909) |
DATE OF BIRTH | March 30, 1848 |
PLACE OF BIRTH | Ljubljana |
DATE OF DEATH | July 18, 1909 |
Place of death | Varese |