Cella Maximiliana
The Cella Maximiliana ( Maximilianszelle ) in Bischofshofen was founded in 711/712 AD and was the predecessor of today's parish church in Bischofshofen and the Kastenhof there . It is considered to be the first bastion of the Agilolfingerian Duchy of Bavaria and the Salzburg Church “ innergebirg ” for settlement and Slavic missions in the direction of Carantania .
Location and history
The Maximilianszelle, also known as oratorium (= chapel), was after clearing and cleaning the place ( stirpare et purgare , which means the ritual occupation of the monastery grounds) by Bishop Rupert the chaplain Ursus from the family of the Albina handed over by the Agilolfingian Bavarian Duke Theodbert ( qui de illa genealogia erat supradictorum hominum de Albina, quis Theodbertus dux tradidit et sancto Maximiliano ad Pongo ). According to the religious convictions of early medieval people, the place designated for this had to be suitable ( locus aptus ) and holy ( locus sanctus ) so that the transcendental could enter the earthly world there. Usually such places should be emphasized by special phenomena or as earlier cult sites and suitable for hierophany . The founders of the monastery then ritually took possession of the place, for example by erecting a cross, as was the case with the Maximilian cell. According to the Libellus Virgilii (a biography of Bishop Rupert by his successor Virgil ), handed down in the Breves Notitiae , it was certain that the location of the Maximilans cell as the tomb of St. Maximilians was recognizable by special light and fragrances (the The first heading in Libellus Virgilii reads: De visione luminis in loco, ubi s. Maximilianus sepultus esse dinoscitur, et eccliesia ibidem constructa or, more simply, De cella vero sancti Maximiliani, ita contigit, ut construetur ab initio ). Perhaps the two discoverers of the place, Tonazan and Ledi , have only found a late antique Maximilian cult .
The Notitia Arnonis (also called Indiculus Arnonis , around 788/90) and the Breves Notitiae (around 798/800) of the Salzburg Bishop Arn contain a description of the legendary history of the origins of the Cella Maximiliana.
According to the Breves Notitiae or the Libellus Virgilii contained therein , it is the two brothers, Tonazan (or Tonazanus ) and Ledi (also known as Latinus ) from the Albina family, who went up the Salzach river to hunt and to punt for gold . In the Pongawi area (the term Pongov or locus ad Pongo for Pongau did not exist until the time the works mentioned were written) they saw candles burning for three nights and smelled a wonderful scent. They then reported this to Bishop Rupert, who had the matter checked by his priest Deoningus . He went back with Tonazan and Ledi to the place of the miraculous event and the apparitions repeated themselves over the next three nights. Thereupon Deoningus erected a wooden cross at this point, which Rupert himself had consecrated and which he protected from the rigors of the weather with a superstructure. After his return, Bishop Rupert Deoningus sent to Duke Theodo in Regensburg to teach him and at the same time to ask for a license to build a church and residential buildings for the worshipers. Theodo had complied with Rupert's request. This sequence corresponds to the ordo in the Baier duchy. Since Duke Theodo was ill at the time, he left the further procedure to his son Theodbert . Then Rupert came to this place, had it cleared, consecrated and a small church ( cella , oratorium ) and modest monastery buildings built. In the presence of Theodbert and the Albina clan, he consecrated the facility. Theodbert seems to have resided in the "Upper Castle" in Salzburg at this time and gave Rupertus the potestas (= power) to consecrate the newly built church in honor of St. Maximilian, at the same time Rupertus gave the place where the monastery was founded the name Pongau ( Pongowe ) given. The founding of the monastery was completed with a ducal tradition , because Theodbert handed down parts of a marked ducal forest (three miles around) in the Bischofshofener settlement chamber; Such "peripheral donations" are typical for a monastery expansion in a still largely undeveloped country. He also handed over all of the property that Ledi and his brother Ursus owned in villa Albin (= Oberalm ). In both cases, the Libellus Virgilii (as the first part of the Breves Notitiae ) does not state exactly to whom these donations were made; they could have been intended for the new monastery, the St. Peter's Abbey or both institutions. The indefinite nature of the endowment led to serious disputes between Bishop Virgil and the Bavarian Duke Odilo .
According to the Notitia Arnonis, it is the brothers Tonazan (or Tonazanus ) and Urso who saw the light appearances while hunting and looking for gold. One of the two albinas named Ledi is referred to in the Libellus Virgilii as the servus of the Bavarian Duke Theodo, Tonazahn as the servus of Bishop Rupert . In the Notitia Arnonis they are mentioned without a status.
Around 720-725 the Cella Maximiliana was destroyed by Slavs (the crudeles paganos ) and the fratres who worked there were expelled.
The new Maximilian cell was rebuilt by Duke Odilo after his return from exile in Franconia (around 744) and handed over to the ducal capellanus (= chaplain) Ursus ( Urso ), probably from the third generation of Albina. The duke also ensured that the monastery was repopulated without the active involvement of the bishop. This led to an affront with the Salzburg bishop. This can be explained by the fact that the Bavarian dukes saw themselves as heads of the Christian church in their duchy; However, through the appointment of canonized bishops by Boniface, the situation in terms of canon law had changed and the Salzburg Bishop Virgil appeared to the duke with a different sense of class. In order to substantiate his claims, Virgil listed a number of "noble and truth-loving" witnesses who supposedly already lived when the Maximilianszelle was founded, but this is unlikely. The dedication of the original property of Albina in Oberalm as a benefit for the successors Wernharius and Dulcissimus of Ursus by the duke is also seen as an injustice. Even an exchange offer from the Duke to Bishop Virgil (possessions near Laufen ) was rejected by him. It was undisputed that the earlier possessions of Tonazan , as the bishop's servant, came to the diocese.
A Helmuni , who is counted among the Hahilinga , appears as a witness in the dispute over the Maximilian cell . This Helmuni (also called Helmo illustris ) appears several times after the Breves Notitiae as a trader for the Salzburg diocese, for example he donates properties in Piding and in Grünbach near Bachmanning , some of these goods are sold to Bishop Virgil. An Adalunc , presumably the father of Helmuni , is also donating the property of Piding to the Maximilianszelle at the time of Duke Odilos. Duke Odilo passed large goods on to the Maximilian cell (and not to St. Peter), which led to the interpretation that Odilo wanted to limit the expansion efforts of the Salzburg bishops. He also persuaded important Salzburg aristocrats to take part in furnishing the Maximilianszelle. Only after the disempowerment of Tassilo III. in 788 by Charlemagne , who was also strongly supported by Bishop Arn, the Maximilianszelle came into the possession of the Salzburg bishopric.
Around 820, the Maximilans cell was destroyed again by Slavs . After this destruction, it was rebuilt in 821 and consecrated by the Salzburg Archbishop Adalram . There are no reports for the rest of the 9th and 10th centuries. Archbishop Dietmar II (1025-1041) consecrated an altar here.
From 1106–1215 the Maximilans cell became an Augustinian monastery. The first provost of the Augustinian monastery was Diethalmus prepositus de Hove in 1143 . One can assume that conversion Augustinertstuft under Archbishop Konrad I was done. In 1156 and 1161, the property of Rogerus , a son of Berthold von Hoven , was transferred to Probst Adalbert (first mentioned in 1155) of the monastery. His names change several times ( prepositus de Houe , prepositus de S. Maximiliani , Prepositus de Houe magister Adalbertus ). At the same time (1162) he was also the chaplain of Archbishop Eberhatrd I. A traditional document from 1161 speaks of villicatio Houe and villa Hove , whereby villicatione can be interpreted as surrounding area and thus a distinction is made between the former place loco Pogo and the Gaues Pongawi . Among the witnesses in a document from 1179 is the provost of the monastery of St. Maximilian, referred to as prepositus Houensis . Another successor was Gundakerus , who is mentioned in the documents from 1177 to 1183. The last provost seems to have been a Conradus named twice in 1209.
In 1216 the branch was handed over to the Bishops of Chiemsee , who closed the monastery and used the facility as one of their Salzburg headquarters next to the Chiemseehof in Salzburg. Today's name “Bischofshofen” goes back to the bishops of Chiemsee via the intermediate designation “Hofen” or “Hove” for the bishops' farm yard , which first appeared in writing in 1439 ( Bischolff Hof ), but was perhaps in use earlier. The monastery building, known from then on as "Bischofshof", was converted into an economic property, the Kastenhof.
To the legend of the saints
In the 24th chapter of the biography of St. Severin , written by Eugippius , there is the report on the martyrdom of the priest Maximianus : On the basis of a divine input, he had the inhabitants of Ioviaco (located 20 miles downstream from Batavis , probably Schlögen or Aschach an der Donau ) warned of an impending attack by the Heruli . Despite this warning, the residents did not reveal their settlement. "The following night the Heruli unexpectedly attacked, devastated the town, took most of them into captivity and hung the presbyter mentioned on the gallows." In the 12th century this Ioviaco was equated with Juvavum and in the 16th century it was the Abbot Kilian Pütticher (1525–1535), who discovered the Maximian legend for the early history of Salzburg. He turned Maximianus into the martyr Maximus , who is said to have been brought down from the catacombs of Salzburg by the Herulians . This legend, often told, has no historical substance and is in no way related to the post-Roman Maximilian cult of the Maximilian cell. The here venerated Maximilianus was rather a martyr in the earlier Noricum .
literature
- Joachim Jahn : Ducatus Baiuvariorum: The Bavarian Duchy of the Agilolfinger (= monographs on the history of the Middle Ages; Vol. 35). Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1991. ISBN 3-7772-9108-0 .
- Wilhelm Störmer : Early nobility. Studies on the political leadership in the Frankish-German Empire from the 8th to the 11th century. (= Monographs on the history of the Middle Ages). Stuttgart, Hiersemann 1973, ISBN 3777273074 .
- Wilhelm Störmer: Nobility groups in early and high medieval Bavaria (= studies on the Bavarian constitutional and social history). Commission for Bavarian State History, Munich 1972. ISBN 3-7696-9877-7 .
Web links
- Fritz Losek: Notitia Arnonis and Breves Notitiae. The Salzburg goods registers from around 800: linguistic and historical introduction, text and translation. Society for Salzburg Regional Studies, 1989.
- Bischofshofen (Sbg.) - former Maximilianszelle monastery, now parish church of St. Maximilian. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
- The churches of Bischofshofen. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
Individual evidence
- ^ Wilhelm Störmer, 1973, p. 50.
- ↑ Joachim Jahn, 1991, p. 60.
- ↑ Joachim Jahn, 1991, p. 244.
- ^ Arno von Salzburg : Indiculus Arnonis and Brevis notitiae Salzburgenses . Salzburg, approx. 790; Reissued from known and previously unused manuscripts and provided with explanations by Friedrich Keinz, Munich 1869 ( digitized version )
- ↑ Fritz Losek: Notitia Arnonis and Breves Notitiae. The Salzburg goods registers from around 800: linguistic and historical introduction, text and translation. Society for Salzburg Regional Studies, 1989.
- ↑ Joachim Jahn, 1991, pp. 60ff.
- ↑ Joachim Jahn, 1993, p. 80.
- ^ Heinz Dopsch ; Robert Hoffmann: Salzburg. The history of a city (2nd edition), p. 96. Universitätsverlag Anton Pustet, Salzburg: 2008, ISBN 978-3-7025-0598-1 .
- ^ Wilhelm Störmer, 1973, p. 58f.
- ^ Wilhelm Störmer, 1972, p. 49.
- ^ Wilhelm Störmer, 1972, p. 70.
- ↑ Joachim Jahn, 1991, p. 205.
- ↑ Christine E. Janotta: The development of church and settlement in Bischofshofen. In research on Bischofshofen, reprint from communications from the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies , Volume 117, 1977.
- ↑ Eugippius quoted. n. Heinz Dopsch ; Robert Hoffmann: Salzburg. The history of a city (2nd edition), p. 69. Universitätsverlag Anton Pustet, Salzburg: 2008, ISBN 978-3-7025-0598-1 .