Chartwell

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"I bought Chartwell for this view" (Winston Churchill on the view of the Weald of Kent)

Chartwell (also Chartwell Mansion) is a property located two miles south of the village of Westerham in Kent in England.

Chartwell, now home to a National Trust museum, was best known as the country residence of British statesman Winston Churchill . He bought the property in September 1922 and lived there until shortly before his death in January 1965. When Churchill held no political office in the 1930s, Chartwell became the center of his life. Churchill gathered personalities at his dining room table who could support him in his campaign against rearmament in Germany and the appeasement policy of the British government. In his study he wrote speeches and books. In his garden he built brick walls, designed lakes and painted. During theDuring World War II , Chartwell was mostly uninhabited. After Churchill lost the prime ministerial election in 1945 , he returned to Chartwell with his family. When he suffered a major stroke in his second term as Prime Minister in 1953 , Chartwell became his haven. Churchill left Chartwell in October 1964 and never returned. He died on January 24, 1965 in his London city apartment - at 28, Hyde Park Gate . The origins of the property go back to the 14th century. In 1382 the property was sold by William-at-well under its then name "Well-Street". The owners changed and in 1836 the country estate was auctioned off as a large brick mansion. In 1848 the property was acquired by John Campbell Colquhoun and sold to Churchill by his grandson in 1922. The Campbell Colquhouns significantly expanded the house, which was advertised as an impressive mansion. The architect Philip Tilden renovated and enlarged Chartwell from 1922 to 1924 according to the specifications of Winston Churchill. The garden side offers a sweeping view of the Weald of Kent, the “most beautiful and enchanting” Churchill has ever seen, and which was the decisive factor in his purchase decision. In 1946 Churchill's repeated financial difficulties forced him to consider selling Chartwell. The National Trust acquired the property with funds raised through Churchill's Circle of Friends, led by Lord Camrose , on condition that the Churchills be granted a lifetime lease on Chartwell. After Churchill's death in January 1965, Lady Churchill ceded the lease to the National Trust, which opened the property to the public in 1966. Listed as a Grade 1 structure for historical significance rather than architectural merit, Chartwell is one of the National Trust's most-visited estates. 2016 marked the 50th anniversary of the museum's opening. A total of 232,000 visitors came to Chartwell this year.

history

Early history to 1922

The property was built no later than the early 16th century when the property was called Well Street. The origin of the name is Chart Well, a spring ( Old English Well ) north of the current house, as well as uneven ground ( Old English Chart ). Henry VIII reportedly stayed at the house while courting Anne Boleyn's favor at nearby Hever Castle . Components of the Tudor house are still visible today. The Historic England entry for Chartwell states that brickworks from the 16th or possibly 17th century can be seen on some of the exterior walls. In the 17th and 18th centuries the house was used as a farmhouse and changed hands frequently. In 1848 the property was purchased by John Campbell Colquhoun, a former MP. The Campbell Colquhouns were a family of Scottish landowners, lawyers, and politicians. The original farmhouse was expanded and remodeled by the Campbell Colquhuons, including the addition of the stepped gable , a Scottish princely kneeling for the land of their fathers. Oliver Garnett, the author of a 2008 guidebook for Chartwell, described the property when Churchill bought it as an example of the most unattractive Victorian architecture, a cumbersome red- brick mansion with brick gables and tiny bay windows .

Churchill at Chartwell

1922 to 1939

Chartwell - Clementine Churchill's "magnificent living room furnished with a fireplace" on the left

Churchill first saw Chartwell in July 1921, shortly before the house with the property was due to be auctioned. In the same month Churchill visited the estate again with his wife. At first Lady Churchill found the property very attractive. Their enthusiasm during another tour subsided. When the house could not be auctioned in September 1922, it was offered to Churchill for £ 5,500 . He paid £ 5,000 after his first offer was turned down for £ 4,800, on the note that most of the house would have to be remodeled and that the presence of dry rot would be a very serious disadvantage. The seller was Captain Archibald John Campbell Colquhoun, who had inherited the house in June 1922 after the death of his brother Campbell Colquhoun. Campbell Colquhoun was a fellow Churchill's contemporaries at Harrow School in the 1880s . After the transfer of ownership in September 1922, Churchill wrote to him: “I am really very happy to have become the owner of Chartwell. I've been looking for a home in the country for two years and the location is the most beautiful and enchanting place I've ever seen. ”The sale was completed on November 11, 1922.

The previous 15 months have been catastrophic both personally and professionally. Churchill's mother died in June 1921, and his youngest child, Marigold, died three months later. In the second half of 1922 he developed appendicitis and at the end of the year he lost his Scottish parliamentary seat in Dundee.

Philip Tilden, Churchill's architect, began working on the house in 1922, with the Churchills renting a farmhouse near Westerham and Churchill following the construction progress through frequent visits. The two-year renovation work, the ever-increasing costs which skyrocketed from the original £ 7,000 to over £ 18,000 and a number of construction difficulties, particularly with regard to moisture in the house, worsened the relationship between the architect and the client so much that both hardly spoke to each other in 1924. Legal disputes between the attorneys von Churchill and Tilden continued until 1927. Clementine's fears about the cost of remodeling and moving to Chartwell continued. In September 1923 Churchill wrote to her: “My beloved, I beg you, do not worry about money or feel insecure. Chartwell will be our home and we must strive to live there for many years. ”In April 1924, Churchill finally moved into the house. A letter dated April 17, 1924 to his wife Clementine begins with: "This is the first letter I have written from this place and it is right that this letter is for you."

In February 1926, Churchill's political colleague Sir Samuel Hoare described his visit to Churchill in a letter to media entrepreneur Lord Beaverbrook : “I have never seen Winston in the role of owner ... the technical work he does is to make one To create a series of fish ponds in a valley and it seems that Winston is more interested in this than anything else in the world. ”In January 1928, James Lees-Milue was the guest of Churchill's son Randolph . He described the evening after dinner as follows: “We stayed at the round table until after midnight. Mr. Churchill illustrated with carafes and wine glasses how the Battle of Skagerrak went for two hours. He was incited like a schoolboy, mimicking artillery fire and blowing cigar smoke over the battle scene to mimic the gunpowder smoke. ”On September 26, 1927, Churchill penned the first of his Chartwell Bulletins , which were very long letters to his wife, Clementine, which at the time was abroad. In the bulletins, Churchill describes in detail the ongoing work on the house and gardens, as well as his life in Chartwell. The September 26th letter begins with a comment on Churchill's growing interest in painting. "Friday night Sickert came and we worked hard on different paintings ... I'm really excited ... I see myself on my way to painting far better pictures than I ever thought possible."

In the first volume of his World War II history, The Gathering Storm , Churchill described his life in Chartwell in the late 1930s. “I had a lot to enjoy myself. I built ... two houses ... and walls and built ... a large swimming pool that ... could be heated to complement our moody sunshine. As a result, I lived in peace in my home. ”Bill Deakin, one of Churchill's research assistants, recalled Churchill's day-to-day work. “Churchill started the day at 8am with a reading. Then he started reading his mail. The lunch break talk was pretty awesome ... absolutely free of all. After lunch, when he had guests, he showed them his garden. At 7 p.m. he took a bath and changed for dinner. When his guests left Chartwell at midnight, he would go to work ... until three or four in the morning. The secret was his phenomenal ability to concentrate. "

Chartwell was the basis of his campaign against from which Churchill Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement led

According to Robin Fedden , diplomat and later deputy secretary general of the National Trust, and author of the first travel guide to Chartwell, Chartwell was "the most important country house in Europe." Many friends, co-workers, dissatisfied officials and concerned military officers came to the Country estate to provide Churchill with information for his fight against the English appeasement policy towards Germany. According to Fedden, Churchill is developing his own "small foreign office" on Chartwell. The center of resistance. ”The Chartwell visitor book, which has been detailed since 1922, mentions approximately 780 guests. Not all of them were friends, but all of the guests were grist to Churchill's mill for his agenda. An example of the latter was Sir Maurice Hankey , Secretary of the Privy Council, who was the guest of Churchill for dinner in April 1936. Hankey went on to write, "I don't usually take notes on private conversations, but a few points were mentioned that shed light on how Mr. Churchill is likely to argue in the upcoming parliamentary debates on war material procurement." Reginald visited a week later Leeper , a senior official of the Foreign Office and confidante of Robert Vansittart Churchill, to inform him of Vansittart and Leeper's point of view that the League of Nations must be involved because of the German aggression. Vansittart wrote: “There is no time to waste. Indeed, there is a very great danger that we are too late on this. "

Churchill also documented visits to Chartwell by two of his key informants who provided him with confidential government information. Desmond Morton and Ralph Wigram obtained information from Churchill which he used to form his opinion and to support his opinion of the Hitler movement. Chartwell was also the scene of more direct attempts to prepare Britain for the impending conflict. In October 1939, when Churchill was reappointed First Lord of the Admiralty at the outbreak of war, he proposed an improvement in air defense with grenades. "Such grenades can be filled with diethyl zinc , which is self-igniting ... A fraction of an ounce (31.10348 grams) was demonstrated at Chartwell last summer."

In 1938 Churchill considered selling Chartwell again due to financial difficulties. Chartwell was advertised as a home with 5 reception rooms, 19 bedrooms and dressing rooms, bathrooms, 80 acres of land with three houses on the property and a heated, floodlit swimming pool. He withdrew from the sale after he reached an agreement with industrialist Henry Strakosch that he would take over Churchill's stock portfolio, which had been badly hit by losses on Wall Street, for three years and pay off the debt associated with the portfolio.

1939 to 1965

Chartwell was mostly unused during World War II. Its exposed location in a county so close to German-occupied France meant that Chartwell was at risk from German air raids or raid squads. As a preventive measure, the lakes were covered with brushwood to make the house less visible from the air. When Churchill visited an anti-aircraft battery in Kent in July 1940, he combined the inspection with one of his rare visits to Chartwell. His pre-war formulation assistant Eric Seal documented the visit: “That evening the Prime Minister (PM), Ms. C (Clementine Churchill) and I went to Chartwell. One of the special features of this place is that it has a number of ponds that are full of enormous goldfish. The Prime Minister (PM) loves to feed the goldfish. ”The Churchills instead spent their weekends at Ditchley House in Oxfordshire pending security improvements at the Prime Minister's official manor, Checkers in Buckinghamshire . In December 1940 over dinner at Checkers, John Colville , Churchill's deputy head of cabinet, documented Churchill's plans for the postwar period. "He would retire to Chartwell and write a book about the war that he was already imagining, chapter by chapter."

June 1941, German tanks in Tobruk. Chartwell was uninhabited during the war. For Churchill it remained a special place in times of crisis.

Chartwell remained a haven in times of acute stress. Churchill spent the night there shortly before the fall of France in 1940 . After Churchill returned to London following an urgent request from Lord Gort to authorize the withdrawal of troops to Dunkirk, Churchill made his first speech to the nation on war on the radio: “Arm yourself and be men of valor ... for it is better for us to die in battle than to look at the atrocities committed against our nation ”. On June 20, 1941, after the failure of Operation Battleaxe for the liberation of Tobruk, he returned, determined to dismiss the Commander for the Middle East, General Wavell . John Colville documented Churchill's reflections in his diary: “… spent the afternoon at Chartwell. After a long sleep, the Prime Minister appeared in a purple dressing gown and gray felt hat and took me to see his goldfish. He thought hard about the fate of Tobruk and considered possibilities to go back on the offensive. ”Churchill continued to make occasional short visits to the house; in one of them, on June 24, 1944, shortly after the landing in Normandy, his secretary described the house as "sealed off and pretty deserted."

The first time after Germany surrendered, the Churchills visited Chartwell on May 18, 1945, where, according to horticultural engineer and horticultural historian Stefan Buczacki, they were greeted by "the largest crowd Westerham has ever seen". The military victory was quickly followed by political defeat when Churchill lost the parliamentary elections in June 1945. He went abroad immediately while his wife Clementine returned to Chartwell and began the work of preparing the house for Churchill's return. “It will be nice when the lake's camouflage is removed.” That same year, Churchill repeatedly considered selling Chartwell, worried about the ongoing costs of maintaining the estate. A group of friends, organized by Lord Camrose , raised £ 55,000 which was given to the National Trust to purchase Churchill's house for £ 43,800. The excess of the money was made available as foundation capital. The sale was completed on November 29th. In return for paying a lease of £ 350 a year plus property tax, the Churchills committed to a 50-year lease, which allowed them to live on Chartwell for the rest of their lives. At that point, the manor would then go back to the National Trust. Churchill describes his gratitude in a letter to Lord Camrose in December 1945: "I feel how inadequate my thanks have been, my dear Bill, who (...) never abandoned their friendship during all those long and turbulent years."

Plaque in Chartwell with the names of the people who donated the money to buy the house through the National Trust in 1945.

In the summer of 1953, Chartwell was once again a sanctuary for Churchill as he, again in office as Prime Minister, suffered a severe stroke. At the end of a dinner with Italian Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi on June 23 at 10 Downing Street , Churchill collapsed and was unable to stand up or speak. On June 25, he was taken to Chartwell, where his condition continued to deteriorate. Churchill's doctor, Lord Moran declared "he doesn't think the Prime Minister could survive the weekend". That evening, Colville summoned Churchill's closest friends in the press, Lord Beaverbrock, Lord Camrose and Brendan Bracken , who, as they walked the Chartwell green spaces, agreed to hold the press on hold to prevent coverage of Churchill's condition. Colville described the result, “They achieved the incredible success of muzzling Fleet Street . They wouldn't do anything like that for anyone but Churchill. Not a word was published about the Prime Minister's stroke until he casually mentioned the stroke in the House of Commons a year later. ”Secluded and sheltered in Chartwell, Churchill's recovery made impressive strides and thoughts about his resignation quickly faded into the background. During his recovery, Churchill took the opportunity to complete the sixth and final volume of his war memoirs , "Triumph and Tragedy," which he put aside in 1951 when he moved back to 10 Downing Street.

Approx. Sixteen months later, on April 5, 1955, he resigned his political office and was the last chairman of the cabinet - almost 50 years after he first sat at 10 Downing Street as President of the Board of Trade in 1908 . The next day he held a tea party for Downing Street employees before heading to Chartwell. When asked by a journalist on arrival what it would feel like to stop being Prime Minister, Churchill replied, "It's always nice to be home." Over the next 10 years, Churchill spent much of his time in Chartwell, although he and Lady Churchill traveled a lot. He spent most of his time writing, painting and playing " Bézique ". He also sat by the fish pond and fed the gold orfe and meditated. During his last years on the estate, his daughter Mary Soames remembered "in the two summers that were left for him, he lay in his wheelbarrow-like chair and gazed into the valley that he had loved for so long." On October 13, 1964, Churchill had his last guests for dinner at Chartwell. These were his former head of cabinet Sir Leslie Rowan and his wife. Lady Rowan later recalled, "It was very sad to see such a tall man become so frail." The following week, after his condition steadily deteriorated, Churchill left the house for the last time. His official biographer Martin Gilbert documented that Churchill would never see his beloved Chartwell again. After his death in January 1965, Lady Churchill immediately gave up the lease and handed Chartwell over to the National Trust. A year after Churchill's death, Chartwell was opened to the public.

National Trust: 1966 to 2017

Oscar Nemon's bronze statue of Winston Churchill and Clementine Churchill in Chartwell

The house has been restored and maintained to look like it did in the 1920s and 1930s. At the time the Trust acquired Chartwell, Churchill pledged to leave the property so that it was "decorated and furnished for the public interest". The rooms are furnished with memorabilia and gifts, the original furniture and books, as well as awards and medals which Churchill received. Lady Churchill's longtime secretary, Grace Hamblin, has been named the House's first curator. Previously Miss Hamblin destroyed the by Graham Sutherland painted portrait of Winston Churchill , a gift from both houses of parliament, 80. Churchills birthday. The picture was loathed by Churchill and Lady Churchill in 1954 and stored in the Chartwell basement before being secretly burned.

For the opening of the house it was necessary to build rooms for the visitors. A restaurant was designed by Philip Jebb and built north of the house, including a souvenir shop and ticket office. Changes were made to the gardens for maintenance. In 1987, the Western Europe storm caused considerable damage to the gardens. 23 trees were felled by the storm. Major damage occurred in the woods surrounding the house. These forests lost over 70% of their trees.

In 2016, around 232,000 visitors came to Chartwell. This makes Chartwell one of the National Trust's most popular properties.

That same year, the National Trust introduced the Churchill Chartwell Appeal on the 50th Anniversary of the House Opening to raise £ 7.1 million for the purchase of hundreds of Churchill's personal effects on loan from the Churchill family in Chartwell. The items available to the National Trust include Churchill's Nobel Prize for Literature , which was awarded to him in 1953 "for his masterpiece in historical and biographical representation and for the brilliant eloquence with which he stands out as a defender of the highest human values". The medal is currently on display in the Museum Room on the first floor of Chartwell. At the other end of the house is the study from which, according to John F. Kennedy, when Churchill was granted honorary citizenship, he “mobilized the English language and sent it into battle”.

Architecture and description

simplified plan of the house; A - Lady Churchill's bedroom; B - study; C - Churchill's bedroom; D - living room / salon; E - library

The highest point of the property is approximately 200 meters above sea level and the house has excellent views of the Weald of Kent. The view from the house was vital to Churchill. Years later he said, "I bought Chartwell because of this prospect".

Outdoor area

Churchill hired the architect Philip Tilden, who worked from 1922 to 1924 to modernize and expand the house. Tilden was an architect of the "Society" who previously worked for Churchill's friend Philip Sassoon on his house in Kent, Port Lympne. Tilden also designed David Lloyd George's country estate at Bron-y-de near Churt . The architectural style is traditional . The house was built of red brick, it has two floors, with a basement (cellar) and large attics. In the center of the front entrance is an 18th century door frame that was purchased from a London antique dealer. Architectural historian John Newman described it as "big and magnificent and out of place". The garden wall on Mapleton Road is modeled on the Quebec House, the residence of General Wolfe , near Westerham.

For the garden side, Tilden designed a three-storey extension with stepped gables, which Churchill referred to as "my promontory". This extension contains the three main rooms of the house, the dining room, the drawing room and Lady Churchill's bedroom.

The entrance front - "long, inconsistent (and) close to the street"

Indoor

Since the National Trust took over the property in 1966, the interior has been redesigned to accommodate visitors and display a large number of Churchill's items. In particular, several guest rooms were connected to one another to create the museum room and the uniform room. However, the majority of the main rooms have been reconstructed and furnished as they looked in the 1920s - 30s. These rooms are open to the public, with the current exception of Churchill's own bedroom.

Entrance hall and reception hall

The rooms, designed by Tilden, replace an earlier wood-paneled hall that leads to the library, drawing room and Lady Churchill's living room.

dining room

The lower part of Tilden's “promontory” extension is the dining room, which still has the original set of table and dining chairs designed by Heal's based on Churchill's exacting requirements. A draft sketch of a proposed painting by William Nicholson entitled "Breakfast at Chartwell" hangs in the room. Nicholson was a regular visitor to Chartwell. He gave Churchill painting lessons and drew the sketch for a finished picture intended as a present for the Churchill's silver wedding anniversary in 1933. However, Nicholson destroyed the picture because he didn't like the final version. The picture shows the Churchills having breakfast together, which they rarely did, and it shows Churchill's orange-red cat Tango. The tradition of having an orange-red cat in Chartwell was instituted by Churchill, endured throughout his time in Chartwell, and is maintained today by the National Trust in accordance with Churchill's wishes. In a letter to Randolph in May 1942, Churchill wrote of a brief visit to Chartwell last week: “The goose and the black swan both fell victim to the fox. However, the yellow cat made me aware of his continued friendship, even though I haven't been there for eight months ”.

Above the dining room is the drawing room and above it is Lady Churchill's bedroom, which Churchill described as "a great airy woman's chamber".

Workspace

Churchill's study on the first floor was "his workspace for over 40 years" and "the heart of Chartwell". In this room he planned the state budgets as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the 1920s, and in the 1930s he wrote his speeches here in seclusion, warning of Hitler's rise and dictating books and articles to finance his living. When he lost the elections in 1945, he retired here to write his stories; and here, after his final retirement, he spent much time in old age. Throughout the 1930s, the study was consistently a base for writing many of his most successful books. His biography of his ancestor " Marlborough " and "The World Crisis" were written here. His work " A History of the English-Speaking Peoples " began in Chartwell and was completed after being interrupted by the Second World War. He also wrote many of his pre-war speeches in his study, although the house was less used during the war. Tilden exposed the earlier roof beams by removing the late Victorian ceiling and installing a Tudor door frame instead. Hanging on the rafters three banners: Churchill's standard of the Knights of the Garter as a Knight of the Garter, his standard as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and the Union Flag that was hoisted in Rome on 5 June 1944 - the first British flag via of a liberated capital. The Union Flag was a gift from Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis . The study also contains portraits of Churchill's parents, Randolph Churchill and Jennie Churchill . His mother's portrait was painted by John Singer Sargent . The floor is covered with a Khorasan carpet, which Churchill was given by the Shah of Iran for his 69th birthday at the Tehran Conference in 1943.

Opposite the study is Churchill's bedroom with its own bathroom, which has a sunken bathtub. At the time the house opened to the public in 1966, these rooms were closed to viewing at the request of the Churchill family. Shortly before her death in 2014, Churchill's daughter Mary gave permission to open these rooms to visitors. The Trust plans to make these rooms accessible to visitors by 2020.

Architectural recognition

The garden side - "the structure is important"

Neither the original Victorian house with its extensions nor Tilden's remodeling was highly appreciated by the critics. John Newman noted that the house with the garden terraces benefits from the view of the open landscape. This is the group that matters. He discarded the other side of the house as a "long, indecisive front entrance, near the street" and the entire composition as "dull red bricks and in a peculiar indecisive style". Architectural writer and National Trust Chairman Simon Jenkins considered the house "ordinary". The National Trust guide describes the original building as "Victorian architecture, at its least attractive". The house is listed as Grade I , but its brief entry in the "Historic England Listing" makes it clear that this is the case "for historical reasons" and not because of its architectural quality. The gardens are listed as Grade II *.

The gardens and the property

Churchill's chair from which he fed his gold orfe

The gardens around the house cover eight acres and another 23 acres of parkland. The design of the complex was mainly done by Churchill and Lady Churchill. Lanning Roper , horticultural advisor to the National Trust [100], made a significant contribution to this at a later date. The Victorian garden was planted with conifers and rhododendrons , which were typical of the period. The Churchills removed many of these plantings while maintaining the surrounding woodland. Within the actual garden, the Churchills created the entire landscape, architecture and water elements as they can still be seen today. The garden side of the house opens onto a lawn terrace that was originally separated from the garden behind by a Ha-Ha and then in the 1950s by a limestone wall with Kentish ragstone. To the north is the rose garden that was laid out by Lady Churchill and her cousin Venetia Stanley . The nearby Marlborough Pavilion was built by Tilden and decorated with frescoes by Churchill's nephew John Spencer Churchill in 1949. Beyond the rose garden is the "Water Garden", which was created by the Churchills with the Goldorf pond. This is where Churchill fed his fish. Furthermore, there is a swimming pool built in the 1930s in the "Water Garden". Churchill sought advice from his friend and scientific guru Frederick Lindemann on the ideal method for heating and cleaning the swimming pool.

To the south is the croquet lawn, which was previously a tennis court. In contrast to Winston Churchill, Lady Churchill was an accomplished tournament player in both sports. Outside the lawn there are several buildings that are grouped around the Victorian kitchen garden. Churchill was involved in the creation of many of these structures. When he bought Chartwell, he had developed a keen interest in the masonry trade. During the 1920s and 1930s he built walls, a summer house, and several houses on the property. Churchill joined the Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers in 1928, a move that caused some controversy. Close to the kitchen garden is the “Golden Rose Walk”, a gift from Churchill's children for their golden wedding anniversary in 1958. Furthermore, close to the kitchen garden is Churchill's painting studio, which was built in the 1930s and in which today it houses a large collection of his artistic work.

To the south of the rose terrace are the upper and lower lakes, the scene of Churchill's most ambitious landscaping projects. When Chartwell was owned by the Colquhoun family, the lower lake already existed. The island in the lower lake and the upper lake were designed by Churchill himself. On January 1, 1935, while Lady Churchill was on a cruise near Sumatra , Churchill described the beginnings of his ventures in one of his Chartwell bulletins: “I ordered one of these large mechanical excavators. The excavator can do more than 40 people in a week. There is no difficulty in getting the excavator onto the site as it is a caterpillar vehicle that can traverse even the most impassable areas ”. The excavation work turned out to be more difficult than Churchill expected. Two weeks later he wrote again: “The mechanical excavator has arrived. It moves with its caterpillars only with great difficulty on this wet ground ”.

The view from the terrace towards the painting studio over the Weald of Kent

Churchill's large collection of wild birds lived on the lakes, including mourning swans , which were given to him by the Australian government, which replenished the population in 1975.

In 1946 and 1947, Churchill expanded his estate with the acquisition of Chartwell Farm and Parkside Farm, and then Bardogs Farm and a vegetable nursery. In 1948 he cultivated about 500 acres (approx. 200 hectares). The farms were run by Mary's husband, Christopher . Churchill kept cattle and pigs and grew crops and vegetables. The farms were not profitable. In 1952, Churchill's operating loss exceeded £ 10,000 a year. At the end of the decade the farms and livestock were sold. A more lucrative business, however, was owning and later breeding racehorses. In 1949 Churchill had acquired the horse Colonist II, which won his first race, the Upavon Stakes in Salisbury, that same year. It fetched £ 13,000 in prize money for Churchill. In 1955 Churchill bought the Newchapel Stud. By 1961, his total prize money from horse races exceeded £ 70,000. In the 1950s he thought about his involvement in equestrian sport. "Perhaps fortune gave him the horse Colonist, as a convenience in his old age and as a consolation for disappointments he has suffered".

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Douglas J. Hall: Churchill, Chartwell, and the Garden of England . The International Churchill Society. February 14, 2009. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved on August 5, 2017.
  2. Oliver Garnett, National Trust (Great Britain): Chartwell, Kent . National Trust, Swindon 2009, ISBN 978-1-84359-338-6 , pp. 13 ( worldcat.org ).
  3. Buczacki, Stefan, 1945-: Churchill and Chartwell: the untold story of Churchill's houses and gardens . Frances Lincoln, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-7112-2535-0 , pp. 105 .
  4. Oliver Garnett, National Trust (Great Britain): Chartwell, Kent . National Trust, Swindon 2009, ISBN 978-1-84359-338-6 , pp. 13 ( worldcat.org ).
  5. Chartwell [1272626] ( English ) In: National Heritage List for England . Historic England . Retrieved November 11, 2012.
  6. Oliver Garnett, National Trust (Great Britain): Chartwell, Kent . National Trust, Swindon 2009, ISBN 978-1-84359-338-6 , pp. 13 ( worldcat.org ).
  7. Buczacki, Stefan, 1945-: Churchill and Chartwell: the untold story of Churchill's houses and gardens . Frances Lincoln, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-7112-2535-0 , pp. 105 .
  8. Styles in Domestic Architecture. Retrieved August 5, 2017 .
  9. Oliver Garnett, National Trust (Great Britain): Chartwell, Kent . National Trust, Swindon 2009, ISBN 978-1-84359-338-6 , pp. 13 ( worldcat.org ).
  10. Buczacki, Stefan, 1945-: Churchill and Chartwell: the untold story of Churchill's houses and gardens . Frances Lincoln, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-7112-2535-0 , pp. 100 .
  11. Buczacki, Stefan, 1945-: Churchill and Chartwell: the untold story of Churchill's houses and gardens . Frances Lincoln, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-7112-2535-0 , pp. 101 .
  12. Gilbert, Martin: Winston S. Churchill 1917–1922 . tape IV . Heinemann, London 1975, OCLC 782000964 , p. 793 .
  13. ^ Gilbert, Martin: Companion Volume, April 1921 - November 1922 . In: Authorized biography of Winston S. Churchill . IV Part 3. Heinemann, London 1977, OCLC 4354393 , p. 2027 .
  14. ^ Gilbert, Martin: Companion Volume, April 1921 - November 1922 . In: Authorized biography of Winston S. Churchill . IV Part 3. Heinemann, London 1977, OCLC 4354393 , p. 2027 .
  15. Oliver Garnett, National Trust (Great Britain): Chartwell, Kent . National Trust, Swindon 2009, ISBN 978-1-84359-338-6 , pp. 11 ( worldcat.org ).
  16. Oliver Garnett, National Trust (Great Britain): Chartwell, Kent . National Trust, Swindon 2009, ISBN 978-1-84359-338-6 , pp. 11 ( worldcat.org ).
  17. Winston Churchill, Clementine Churchill: Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill . Ed .: Mary Soames. Doubleday, London 1998, ISBN 0-385-40691-6 , pp. 263-265 .
  18. Winston Churchill, Clementine Churchill: Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill . Ed .: Mary Soames. Doubleday, London 1998, ISBN 0-385-40691-6 , pp. 269 .
  19. James Bettley: Lush and Luxurious: The Life and Work of Philip Tilden, 1887-1956 . Royal Institute of British Architects, 1987, p. 15 ( google.com ).
  20. Oliver Garnett, National Trust (Great Britain): Chartwell, Kent . National Trust, Swindon 2009, ISBN 978-1-84359-338-6 , pp. 152 ( worldcat.org ).
  21. Buczacki, Stefan, 1945-: Churchill and Chartwell: the untold story of Churchill's houses and gardens . Frances Lincoln, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-7112-2535-0 , pp. 105 .
  22. Winston Churchill, Clementine Churchill: Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill . Ed .: Mary Soames. Doubleday, London 1998, ISBN 0-385-40691-6 , pp. 273 .
  23. Winston Churchill, Clementine Churchill: Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill . Ed .: Mary Soames. Doubleday, London 1998, ISBN 0-385-40691-6 , pp. 281 .
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Commons : Chartwell  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 51 ° 14 ′ 39.6 "  N , 0 ° 4 ′ 59.3"  E