Aland (fish)
| Aland | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aland ( Leuciscus idus ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Leuciscus idus | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The Aland ( Leuciscus idus ), also known as Orfe or Nerfling , is a species of fish from the carp family (Cyprinidae).
distribution
Aland is native to almost all of Central and Eastern Europe north of the Alps and in the Balkans . The northern border extends to the Finnish Arctic Circle in Scandinavia . It is one of the characteristic key fish species in the lower reaches of slowly flowing lowland rivers and streams such as the Rhine , Weser , Elbe , Oder and Vistula , which flow into the North and Baltic Seas. It is not only native to fresh water , but also to brackish water , for example in the Baltic Sea . Among all white fish it is the most insensitive to salt water. Alandes are very common in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea (Wismar Bay, Swedish archipelago , around the island of Åland and on the Fehmarnsund ) due to the only slight salt water content . Alande are also more and more common in the water system of the Danube and in large rivers in the European part of Russia as far as the Lena and Yakutsk in Siberia . The Aland has a certain economic importance, especially in Eastern Europe. In Poland alandes are kept together with carp in larger pond farms. Outside of their natural range in Eurasia, alandes were also distributed in the New World from northern Canada to southern Mexico.
biology
The 30 to 85 centimeter long Aland has an elongated and laterally flattened body and a terminal mouth. In its habitus it resembles the chub ( Leuciscus cephalus ), but has smaller scales and an inwardly curved anal fin . The back of the animals is gray-bluish in color, the flanks are silver. The fins have a reddish tinge. There is also a gold-colored cultivated form known as gold orfe, which is available in pet shops. Their lifespan can be up to 18 years in their natural habitat and up to 22 years in captivity.
Subspecies
The following mostly local subspecies of Leuciscus idus have been described in the literature:
- Golden orfe (Leuciscus idus auratus Bade 1901)
- Leuciscus idus idus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Siberian Aland (Leuciscus idus idus natio sibiricus Kirillov 1958 synonymous)
- Lapland aland (Leuciscus idus lapponicus Günther, 1868)
- Leuciscus idus oxianus (Kessler, 1877)
Today the only taxon is the name Leuciscus idus.
Way of life
Alande are schooling fish in rivers in the bream region and are usually caught in the mean water. They form a typical fish species in the lower reaches of north German rivers. The Aland lives close to the surface in rivers and lakes, especially juvenile fish also come close to the shore when foraging. Like chub, larger specimens prefer to stay under overhanging trees or bushes in smaller rivers and wait for food to drift past. As a juvenile it feeds on zooplankton , later on insect larvae , snails , mussels and smaller fish. The Aland is characterized by its great ability to adapt to different water habitats and is one of the food opportunists.
In spring (March to May) the fish migrate to flow-calmed river areas to spawn there. The animals lay up to 100,000 eggs between April and June, depending on the water temperature. After that, most of them migrate back into the lower reaches of the rivers. In the rivers connected to the Baltic Sea, alandes spawn in the river system, where they spend their juvenile stages and live as adults in the coastal area. The animals reach sexual maturity at five to six years of age. Alande reach an average length of 30–50 cm; they weigh between 0.25 and 2 kg. Weights of 6 kg and 80 cm in length are known. The German record fish was caught in the Rhine in 2000 on a pistachio boilie and weighed 4 kg. The alandes , which are considered to be very shy and cautious, can be caught in the swing during the warm summer months with white bread flakes .
Golden orfe
.jpg)
It is a white-gold to orange-red glossy variation that is grown especially for stocking ponds in parks and gardens. This popular ornamental fish is omnivorous and is valued as it eats up mosquitoes and unwanted young fish. The golden orfe usually lives socially just below the water surface, so that it is easy to observe. It needs oxygen-rich and clean water. In winter it withdraws to deeper areas. The normally shy animals quickly get used to additional feeding. Golden orfe are popular because they mainly take their food in open water or on the surface and, unlike carp , crucian carp or goldfish, they cloud the water less by gudging.
In a pond near Dinkelsbühl the spontaneous color change from young silver orfe was observed. Goldorf are popular, undemanding and easy to keep fish for garden ponds and cold water aquariums. As a result of natural selection by predatory fish, golden orfe can return to their wild-type color in natural waters.
In addition to gold and silver oref, there is also the blue ore color variation on the back.
Golden orfe are just as sensitive as zebra fish to water pollution and are often used in laboratories to measure the toxicity of certain substances and to measure the quality of the water using fish tests. These tests have been discontinued since 2005 and replaced by the fish egg test .
Legal regulation in Austria
In Austria, the permanent keeping of the golden orfe ( Leuciscus idus ) and related species in aquariums is prohibited.
Hazardous situation
The Aland is included in the Red List of Endangered Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN), but is currently assessed as Least Concern .
The Aland was fish of the year 2004 in Austria .
literature
- Günther Sterba: Freshwater fish in the world . Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 2002, ISBN 3-89350-991-7 , p. 309.
- RM McDowall: The Reed field guide to New Zealand freshwater fishes . Reed FishBase, Auckland, New Zealand 2004, ISBN 0-7900-0725-8 .
Web links
- Aland (fish) on Fishbase.org (English)
- Aland: more information and photos from Siegfried Blank on Pisci Page
- Aland in the interactive animal lexicon.
- Alande as a dried fish in Siberia.
Individual evidence
- ↑ NatureGate / Fish / Aland - Leuciscus idus (L.). Luontoportti.com, accessed June 19, 2010 .
- ↑ BLINKER | Practice | Target fish. (No longer available online.) Blinker.de, August 21, 2007, archived from the original on March 12, 2016 ; Retrieved June 19, 2010 .
- ↑ Aland also Orfe or Nerfling (Leuciscus idus). Fischlexikon.info, archived from the original on February 25, 2015 ; Retrieved February 25, 2015 .
- ↑ Leuciscus idus, Orfe: fisheries, gamefish, aquarium. Fishbase.org, accessed February 25, 2015 .
- ^ Andreas Hauffe: Leuciscus idus (golden orfe). (No longer available online.) Familie-hauffe.de, archived from the original on May 5, 2008 ; Retrieved June 19, 2010 .
- ↑ M. Ciesla, R. Wojda: Effect of domestication on ide Leuciscus idus L. reproductive parameters. In: Journal of Fish Biology. Vol. 65, UK. (on-line)
- ↑ a b Leuciscus idus (Golden Orfe). Zipcodezoo.com, archived from the original on February 10, 2013 ; Retrieved June 19, 2010 .
- ^ WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Leuciscus idus (Linnaeus, 1758). Marinespecies.org, accessed June 19, 2010 .
- ↑ Leuciscus lapponicus - Günther 1868. Fishwise, archived from the original on July 30, 2012 ; Retrieved February 25, 2015 .
- ↑ Fish in the garden pond: fish pond - pond - fish species - koi - golden orfe - moderlieschen. Gartenteich-Info.com, archived from the original on September 22, 2014 ; Retrieved February 25, 2015 .
- ^ Günther Sterba: Freshwater fish of the world. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 2002, p. 309.
- ↑ Ecology of Leuciscus idus in http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=613&fr=1&sts=
- ↑ Kaarst Fischbottich: Blue orfe. Fischbottich.de, accessed on June 19, 2010 .
- ↑ 030424 animal protection day.PDF. (PDF; 83 kB) Accessed June 19, 2010 .
- ↑ Kaarst Fischbottich: Goldorfe. Fischbottich.de, accessed on June 19, 2010 .
- ↑ Federal Law Gazette 486., 2nd Animal Husbandry Ordinance §7 Item (6). Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
- ↑ Leuciscus idus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2009. Posted by: Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M., 2008. Accessed March 7 of 2010.
European grayling (2002) | Nose (2003) | Aland (2004) | Arctic char (2005) | Koppe (2006) | Tench (2007) | Bitterling (2008) | Eel (2009) | Crucian carp (2010) | European grayling (2011) | Huchen (2012) | Lake trout (2013) | Sterlet (2014) | Nose (2015) | Minnow (2016) | Arctic char (2017) | European catfish (2018) | Noble Cancer (2019)