Chionographis

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Chionographis
Chionographis japonica

Chionographis japonica

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Lily-like (Liliales)
Family : Germer family (Melanthiaceae)
Tribe : Chionographideae
Genre : Chionographis
Scientific name
Chionographis
Maxim.

Chionographis is a genus of plants that belongs tothe Germer family (Melanthiaceae). The five or so species are common in Asia .

description

Illustration of Chionographis japonica from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 106, 1880
Inflorescence of Chionographis japonica

Appearance and leaves

Chionographis species grow as evergreen perennial herbaceous plants . These hemicryptophytes form underground, short, compact rhizomes as persistence organs . All parts of the plant are bare.

The leaves are arranged in a basal rosette and are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple leaf blades are spatulate to elliptical. The leaf margins are smooth or slightly wavy. There is a parallel nerve.

Inflorescences and flowers

Depending on the species, there is andropolygamy , sometimes gynodioce , rarely androdioce , or most of the flowers are hermaphroditic. Terminally on more or less long, upright, unbranched inflorescence shafts, which have 3 to 30 small, bract-like leaves, stand simple, spiked inflorescences that contain many flowers. There are no supporting and cover sheets .

The sessile, relatively small, mostly zygomorphic and threefold flowers are unisexual or hermaphrodite . The six free bracts are clearly unequal. The upper three or four bracts are spatulate-linear to thread-shaped and the lower two or three are much shorter or missing. There are two circles with three stamens each. The free stamens inserted at the base of the bracts are very short. The basifixen Dust bag are almost-heart-shaped-ovoid to subglobose and pointing outwards. Three upper carpels are fused into a spherical, three- chamber ovary. Each ovary chamber contains two ovules . The three free, durable pens have scar tissue on the top.

Fruits and seeds

There are fruit capsules formed. The spindle-shaped seeds have a wing at one end.

Chromosome numbers

Chionographis species have holocentric chromosomes . The chromosome numbers amount to at chionographis japonica and chionographis koidzumiana var. Koidzumiana 2n = 24, in chionographis koidzumiana var. Kurohimensis 2n = 44 and at chionographis hisauchiana 2n = 42.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Chionographis was established in 1867 by Karl Johann Maximowicz in Bulletin de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St-Petersbourg , Volume 11, p. 435. Type species is Chionographis japonica (Willd.) Maxim. Chionographis Maxim. nom. cons. was preserved according to the rules of the ICBN (Vienna ICBN Art. 14.4 & App. III) compared to Siraitos Raf. nom. rej., which was published in Constantine S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz : Flora Telluriana 4, p. 26 as early as 1836 . The generic name Chionographis is derived from the Greek words chion for snow and graphis for brush; this refers to the inflorescence and the bracts (see photo).

The genus Chionographis belongs to the tribe Chionographideae within the Melanthiaceae family . The tribe Chionographideae Nakai previously had the rank of a family Chionographidaceae (Nakai) Takht. or was incorporated into the Liliaceae family. According to R. Govaerts, all species of this genus have been Chamaelirium Willd since 2017 . deliver.

The genus Chionographis occurs in China (two kinds), Korea (one kind) and Japan (three kinds).

There are about eight Chionographis species:

  • Chionographis actinomorpha Aver. & N.Tanaka (Syn .: Chamaelirium actinomorphum (Aver. & N.Tanaka) N.Tanaka & Aver. ): The species first described in 2014 occurs in Vietnam.
  • Chionographis chinensis K.Krause , (Syn .: Chionographis merrilliana H.Hara , Siraitos chinensis (K.Krause) FTWang & T.Tang , Chamaelirium chinense (K.Krause) N.Tanaka ): It thrives in shady and moist locations on slopes at altitudes between 0 and 700 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian , Guangdong , Hunan and northeastern Guangxi .
  • Chionographis cordifolia N.Tanaka (Syn .: Chamaelirium cordifolium (N.Tanaka) N.Tanaka ): The species first described in 2013 occurs on the Japanese island of Honshu.
  • Chionographis hisauchiana (Okuyama) N.Tanaka (Syn .: Chamaelirium hisauchianum (Okuyama) N.Tanaka ): It occurs with three subspecies in Japan.
  • Chionographis japonica (Willd.) Maxim. (Syn .: Chamaelirium japonicum (Willd.) N.Tanaka ): It occurs in two subspecies and two varieties in Japan and on the Korean Mt. Hallaisan on Jeju-do .
  • Chionographis koidzumiana Ohwi (Syn .: Chamaelirium koidzumianum (Ohwi) N.Tanaka ): It occurs with two varieties in Japan.
  • Chionographis nanlingensis L.Wu, Y.Tong & QRLiu (Syn .: Chamaelirium nanlingense (L.Wu, Y.Tong & QRLiu) N.Tanaka ): The species first described in 2016 occurs in Guangdong .
  • Chionographis shiwandashanensis Y.Feng Huang & RHJiang (Syn .: Chamaelirium shiwandashanense (Y.Feng Huang & RHJiang) N.Tanaka ): This endemic was first described in 2011 and occurs only in Shiwandashan in southern Guangxi . In this species the flowers are radial symmetry.

use

From chionographis japonica young aboveground vegetative plant parts are eaten.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Chionographis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 26, 2018.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Chen Xinqi (陈心启) & Minoru N. Tamura: Chionographis , p. 88 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
  3. ^ NY Tanaka & N. Tanaka: Chromosome studies in Chionographis (Liliaceae) II. Morphological characteristics of the somatic chromosomes of four Japanese members , In Cytologia , Volume 44, 1979, pp. 935-949.
  4. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  5. ↑ Chionographis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 4, 2013.
  6. ↑ a b Chionographis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  7. ↑ Noriyuki Tanaka: New Status and Combinations for Japanese Taxa of Chionographis (Melanthiaceae) , In: Novon , Volume 13, Issue 2, 2003, pp. 212-215. doi: 10.2307 / 3393523
  8. ↑ Yun-Feng Huang, Ri-Hong Jiang, Dong-Xin Nong & Wei-Bin Xu: Chionographis shiwandashanensis sp. nov. (Melanthiaceae) from southern Guangxi, China , In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 29, Issue 5, 2011, pp. 605-607.
  9. ↑ Chionographis japonica at Plants for A Future . Retrieved April 4, 2013.

Web links

Commons : Chionographis  - collection of images, videos and audio files