Cyathea

Cyathea
	Black cup fern ( Cyathea medullaris )
Systematics
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
	Ferns
Class :	True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order :	Tree ferns (Cyatheales)
Family :	Cyatheaceae
Genre :	Cyathea
Scientific name
	Cyathea
	Sm.

Cyathea is a genus in the family of Cyatheaceae within the order of the tree fern (Cyatheales). They are also called cup ferns.

features

Illustration from Florae Columbiae , plate CLXXIX by Cyathea quitensis

Illustration of Cyathea colensoi

Herbarium evidence of Cyathea smithii

Leaflets from below with the Sori in Cyathea robusta

The Cyathea species are predominantly tree-shaped ferns. They usually form upright stems with a polycyclic dictyostele . The tip of the shoot and usually the bases of the leaf stalks are covered with scales or hair.

The leaves of the Cyathea species are divided into petioles and leaf blades and are usually relatively large with lengths of up to 5 meters. The petiole has two conspicuous pneumathodes. The leaf blade is rarely simple, usually two to three pinnate. The round sori are located on the underside of the leaflets . The leaf nerves are simple or forked and usually end anastomosing .

The Cyathea species differ from other species of the order of the tree ferns (Cyatheales) by their marginate scales: The cells at the edge of the scales are smaller than in the middle and not oriented lengthways like these. The spores usually have two perine layers and a holey exine . Only in the subgenus Hymenophyllopsis is a perine layer present and there are no holes in the exine.

The Sori are on the underside of the leaf along the leaf veins or close to the leaf edge, i.e. submarginal in the subgenus Hymenophyllopsis . The Sori are round, without indusia or with saucer-shaped, cup-shaped or spherical indusia. In the case of Hymenophyllopsis , the indusia are bilobed. The sporangia mature one after the other, the annulus is dark. Usually paraphyses occur. The spores are tetrahedral, trilet (three-pointed stigma) and decorated in different ways.

The gametophyte is green and heart-shaped.

Systematics and distribution

Illustration from Gustav Kunze (1793–1851) Die Fernkräuter ... , 1840 Plate LXXVI from Cyathea equestris

Illustration from Gustav Kunze (1793–1851) Die Fernkräuter ... , 1840 Plate LXXXVI by Cyathea dombeyi

Taxonomy

The genus Cyathea was established in 1793 by James Edward Smith in Mémoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences (Turin) , Volume 5, page 416. As Lektotypusart in 1875 Cyathea arborea (L.) Sm. By John Smith in Historia Filicum; an exposition of the nature, number, and organography of ferns ... , page 244. The generic name Cyathea is derived from the Greek word kyathos for "cup" and refers to the shape of the indusium in some species.

Botanical history

The genus Cyathea has varied in size in the past. Through molecular genetic analyzes, some formerly independent genera were included in Cyathea . Synonyms for Cyathea . Sm are: × Cyathidaria Caluff & Shelton , Actinophlebia C.Presl , Alsophila R.Br. , Amphicosmia Gardner , Chnoophora Kaulf. , Cnemidaria C. Presl , Cnemidopteris Rchb. , Cormophyllum Newman , Disphenia C.Presl , Gymnosphaera Blume , Hemistegia C.Presl , Hemitelia R.Br. , Hymenophyllopsis K.I. Goebel , Microstegnus C.Presl , Sphaeropteris Bernh. , Sphaeropteris subg. Sclephropteris P.G.Windisch , Trichipteris C.Presl , Trichopteris Spreng. The extent of the genus Cyathea is still controversially discussed, with some authors (as in the Flora of China 2013) some species are also in independent genera such as Alsophila R.Br. (about 230 species), Cnemidaria C. Presl (about 25 species) and Sphaeropteris Bernh. (about 120 species).

Depending on the author, very different relationships are shown.

For example, in Korall et al. In 2007 the relationships are shown as follows: The species of the Old World are separated from those of the New World. Within the species of the New World, Hymenophyllopsis is the basal group. The eight species of the subgenus Hymenophyllopsis are small, have a rhizome a few centimeters long and thin, stomata- free leaves. However, their scales and spores are similar to those of Cyathea . The species of the subtaxon Cnemidaria are not tree-shaped, their pinnate to pinnate leaves are not hairy. Together with Cyathea speciosa , they form a monophyletic group within the New World Cyathea species. The earlier genus Trichipteris , which is characterized by the absence of Indusia , is not a monophyletic group; its species are scattered within the New World clade.

In 2016, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classified the species of the Cyatheaceae family in only three genera, including many species of the Cyathea s. l. into the genera Alsophila R.Br. (about 230 species) and Sphaeropteris Bernh. (about 120 species), but the species of the genus Cnemidaria C.Presl in the Cyathea s. st.

Species and their distribution

Habit of the West Indian tree fern ( Cyathea arborea ) in the stand

Habit of Cyathea australis

Habit of Cyathea borbonica on Réunion

Young leaves before unrolling and fully developed stalked, pinnate leaves of Cyathea brunei

Habit of Cyathea capenis

Habit of Cyathea caracasana

Habit of Cyathea cooperi

Habit of Cyathea crinita

Habit of Cyathea cunninghamii in New Zealand

Habit of the silver tree fern ( Cyathea dealbata )

Habit of Cyathea delgadoi

Habit of Cyathea dregei

Habit of Cyathea glauca

Habit of Cyathea howeana

Habit of Cyathea intermedia

Habit of Cyathea latebrosa

Habit of Cyathea leichhardtiana

Habit of Cyathea lepifera

Upper end of the stem and petioles of Cyathea macarthurii

Habit of Cyathea manniana

Habitus of Cyathea medullaris in large numbers

Habit of Cyathea microdonta

Habit of Cyathea princeps

Habit of Cyathea pungens

Young pre-unfurling leaves and petioles of Cyathea quindiuensis

Habit of Cyathea rebeccae

Habit of Cyathea robusta

Habit of Cyathea smithii

Habit of Cyathea spinulosa

Young leaves before unrolling and petioles of Cyathea tomentosissima

In the genus Cyathea s. l. there are 250 to 500 or up to 600 species:

Cyathea abrapatriciana Lehnert & A. Tejedor : It wasfirst describedfrom Peru in 2016.

Cyathea abreviata I. Far. : It occurs in Brazil .

Cyathea acutidens (Christ) Domin : It occurs in Central America and Colombia .

Cyathea aemula Lehnert : It was first described in 2009 and occurs in Colombia and Ecuador .

Cyathea akawaiorum P.J. Edwards : It occurs in the Guyanas .

Cyathea alatissima (Stolze) Lehnert : It occurs in Peru.

Cyathea albomarginata R.C. Moran : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea alsophiloides S. Maciel & Lehnert : It wasfirst describedfrom Venezuela in 2017.

Cyathea alstonii R.M. Tryon : It occurs in Colombia.

Cyathea amabilis (CVMorton) Lehnert : It occurs in Venezuela.

Cyathea amazonica R.C. Moran : It was first described from Ecuador in 1995.

Cyathea andicola Domin : It occurs in Ecuador.

Cyathea andina (H.Karst.) Domin : It is distributed from Central America and the Caribbean islands to Venezuela, the Guyanas, Colombia to Brazil, Bolivia , Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea angelica A. Tejedor & G.Calat. : It was first described from Peru in 2017.

Cyathea antioquensis A.Rojas : It was first described from Colombia in 2016.

Cyathea aquilina (Christ) Domin : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea araneosa Maxon : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

West Indian tree fern ( Cyathea arborea (L.) Sm. ): It occurs on the Caribbean islands, in Venezuela and in northern Colombia.

Cyathea aristata Domin : It occurs in Mexico and Colombia.

Cyathea armata (Sw.) Domin : It occurs on the Caribbean islands and in Colombia.

Cyathea arnecornelii Lehnert : It was first described in 2003 and occurs in Peru and Bolivia.

Cyathea ars Lehnert : It was first described from Ecuador in 2009.

Cyathea aspera (L.) Sw. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea asperula Maxon : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea asplenioides (ACSm.) Christenh. : It occurs in Venezuela and the Guyanas

Cyathea assurgens R.M.Tryon : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.

Cyathea atahuallpa (RMTryon) Lellinger : It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea aterrima (Hook.) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea atrocastanea Labiak & FBMatos : It was first described from Brazil in 2009.

Cyathea atrovirens (Langsd. & Fisch.) Domin : It occurs from Colombia and Brazil to southern South America.

Rough Becherfarn , rough tree fern, Australian tree fern ( Cyathea australis (R.Br.) Domin , Syn .: Alsophila australis R.Br. ): It comes in the Australian states of Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria and Tasmania and the Norfolk Islands before . It is used as an ornamental plant.

Cyathea austropallescens Lehnert : It was first described in 2008 and occurs in Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea barringtonii A.R.Sm. ex Lellinger : It was first described from Venezuela in 1987.

Cyathea × bernardii Proctor : This nature hybrid of Cyathea arborea × Cyathea armata occurs in the Greater Antilles .

Cyathea bettinae Lehnert : It was first described in 2004 from Bolivia.

Cyathea bicrenata Liebm. : It is widespread from Mexico through Central America to Colombia.

Cyathea bipinnata (RMTryon) RCMoran : It occurs in Ecuador.

Cyathea bipinnatifida (Baker) Domin (Syn .: Cyathea pubens Domin ): It is distributed from the Caribbean islands via Venezuela, the Guyanas, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia to Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea borinquena (Maxon) Domin : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea bradei (PG Windisch) Lellinger : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea brevipinna Baker ex Benth. : This endemic occurs only on Lord Howe Island .

Cyathea brevistipes R.C. Moran : It occurs in Ecuador.

Cyathea brittoniana Maxon : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Norfolk Tree Fern ( Cyathea brownii Domin ): This endemic is only found on the Norfolk Island .

Cyathea brucei Lehnert : It was first described in 2006 from Ecuador.

Cyathea brunei Christ : It occurs in Central America and Colombia.

Cyathea brunnescens (Barrington) RCMoran : It occurs in Central America, Colombia and Ecuador.

Cyathea calamitatis Lehnert : It was first described in 2016 and occurs in Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea calolepis (Hook.) Domin : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cape goblet fern ( Cyathea capensis (L. f.) Sm. , Syn .: Alsophila capensis (L. f.) J.Sm. ): There are two subspecies:

Cyathea capensis (L. f.) Sm. Capensis : It occurs from Malawi , Mozambique , southern Tanzania and Zimbabwe to Swaziland and South Africa .
Cyathea capensis subsp. polypodioides (Sw.) DSConant : It occurs in Brazil.

Cyathea caracasana (Klotzsch) Domin : It is distributed from Central America and the Caribbean islands to Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador.

Cyathea carolihenrici Lehnert : It was first described in 2017 and occurs in Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea catacampta Alston : It occurs in Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea cervantesiana A.Rojas : It was first described in 2007 and occurs in Central America.

Cyathea chimaera Lehnert & A. Tejedor : It was first described from Ecuador in 2016.

Cyathea chimborazensis (Hook.) Hieron. : It occurs in Colombia.

Cyathea chiricana (Maxon) Domin : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea chocoensis (Stolze) Lehnert : It occurs in Colombia.

Cyathea chontilla Lehnert : It was first described from Peru in 2011.

Cyathea choricarpa (Maxon) Domin : It occurs in Central America, Colombia and Ecuador.

Cyathea cnemidaria Lehnert : It was first described from Colombia in 2012.

Cyathea cocleana (Stolze) Lehnert : It occurs in Central America and on the Caribbean islands.

Cyathea colensoi (Hook. F.) Domin : It occurs on the North and South Island of New Zealand and on Stewart Island .

Cyathea concordia B.León & RCMoran : It was first described in 1996 and occurs in Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea confinis C.Chr. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea conformis (RMTryon) Proud : It occurs in Central America and in Colombia.

Cyathea conjugata (Spruce ex Hook.) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea conquisita Jenman : It occurs on the Caribbean islands.

Cyathea consimilis (Stolze) Lehnert : It occurs on the Caribbean islands and in Venezuela.

Cyathea convergens Lehnert : It was first described from Venezuela in 2014.

Scaly cup fern , scaly tree fern , straw tree fern, Australian tree fern ( Cyathea cooperi (F.Muell.) Domin ): It is originally found in the Australian states of New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia . For example, it is a neophyte in the Azores and Hawaii . Datasheet Cyathea cooperi from Invasive Species Compendium . It is used as an ornamental plant.

Cyathea corallifera Sodiro : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.

Cyathea corcovadensis (Raddi) Domin : It occurs in Brazil.

Cyathea costaricensis (Mett. Ex Kuhn) Domin : It occurs from Mexico to Central America.

Cyathea crenata (Sodiro) Christ : It occurs in Peru.

Cyathea crinita Copel. : It occurs in Sri Lanka and in the Indian Western Ghats .

Cyathea cruciata (Desv.) Lehnert : It occurs in the Guyanas.

Cyathea ctenitoides (Lellinger) Christenh. : It occurs in Venezuela and Brazil.

Cyathea cunninghamii Hook. f. : It occurs in Tasmania and New Zealand .

Cyathea cyatheoides (Desv.) KUKramer : It occurs in Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas and in Brazil.

Cyathea cyclodium (RMTryon) Lellinger : It occurs in Venezuela.

Cyathea cylindrica S. Maciel & Lehnert : It was first described in 2017 and occurs in Venezuela and Brazil.

Cyathea cystolepis Sodiro : It occurs in Colombia and Peru.

Cyathea darienensis R.C. Moran : It was first described in 1991 and occurs in Central America and Colombia.

Silver tree fern , also called silver cup fern or ponga ( Cyathea dealbata G.Forst. , Syn .: Alsophila tricolor (Colenso) RMTryon ): It occurs on the North and South Islands of New Zealand and on the Three Kings Islands and Chatham Islands . It is used as an ornamental plant and is a bit hardy when protected from the wind.

Cyathea decomposita (H.Karst.) Domin : It occurs in Colombia and Venezuela.

Cyathea decorata (Maxon) RMTryon : It occurs in Colombia.

Cyathea decurrentiloba Domin : It occurs from Mexico to Central America.

Cyathea dejecta (Baker) Christenh. : It occurs in Venezuela and the Guyanas.

Cyathea delgadoi Pohl ex Sternb. : It is widespread from Central America through the northern to the southern part of South America.

Cyathea demissa (CVMorton) ARSm. ex Lellinger : It occurs in Venezuela.

Cyathea diabolica Lehnert : It was first described from Ecuador in 2016.

Cyathea dichromatolepis (Fée) Domin : It occurs in Brazil.

Cyathea dintelmanii Lehnert : It was first described in 2006 and occurs in Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea dissimilis (CVMorton) Proud : It is found in Venezuela and the Guyanas.

Cyathea dissoluta Baker ex Jenman : It occurs on the Caribbean islands and in Colombia.

Cyathea divergens Kunze : It is distributed from Mexico via Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea dombeyi (Desv.) Lellinger : It occurs in Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea domingensis Brause : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea dregei Kuntze : It occurs in Zimbabwe and South Africa . It is used as an ornamental plant.

Cyathea dudleyi R.M. Tryon : It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea as well as H. Karst. : It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea estevesorum A. Tejedor & G.Calat. : It was first described from Peru in 2017.

Cyathea ewanii Alston : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea falcata (Kuhn) Domin : It occurs in Central America and Colombia.

Cyathea feeana (C.Chr.) Domin : It occurs in Brazil.

Cyathea frigida (H.Karst.) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea frondosa H.Karst. : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea fulva (M.Martens & Galeotti) Fée : It is distributed from Mexico to Central America to Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador.

Cyathea furfuracea Baker : It occurs on the Caribbean islands.

Cyathea gardneri Hook. : It occurs in Brazil.

Cyathea gibbosa (Klotzsch) Domin : It occurs on the Caribbean islands and in Venezuela as well as in the Guyanas.

Cyathea glandulifera Lehnert : It was first described from Central America in 2012.

Cyathea glaziovii (Fée) Domin : It occurs in Brazil.

Cyathea godmanii (Hook.) Domin : It is found in Mexico.

Cyathea gracilis Griseb. : It is common on the Caribbean islands, in Central America and in Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea grandifolia Willd. : It occurs on the Caribbean islands and in Venezuela.

Cyathea grayumii A.Rojas : It was first described from Central America in 2001.

Cyathea guentheriana Lehnert : It was first described from Ecuador in 2009.

Cyathea halonata R.C. Moran & B.Øllg. : It was first described from Ecuador in 1999.

Cyathea harrisii Underw. ex Maxon : It occurs on the Caribbean islands.

Cyathea haughtii (Maxon) RMTryon : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.

Cyathea heliophila R.M. Tryon : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea hemiepiphytica R.C. Moran : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.

Cyathea herzogii Rosenst. : It occurs in Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea hierbabuena A. Tejedor & G.Calat. : It was first described from Peru in 2017.

Cyathea hirsuta C.Presl : It occurs on the Caribbean islands and in Brazil.

Cyathea hodgeana Proctor : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea holdridgeana Nisman & LDGómez : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea horrida (L.) Sm .: It is distributed from Central America and the Caribbean islands to Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea × hybrida A.Rojas : This natural hybrid of Cyathea alfonsoana L.D.Gómez × cyathea notabilis Dominguez is found in Central America.

Cyathea howeana Domin : This endemic occurs only on Lord Howe Island .

Cyathea hymenophylloides (LDGómez) Christenh. : It occurs in Venezuela as well as Brazil.

Cyathea impar R.M. Tryon : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea incognita (Lellinger) Christenh. : It occurs in Venezuela.

Cyathea infesta (Kunze) Domin : It occurs in the Guyanas.

Cyathea intramarginalis (PGWindisch) Lellinger : It occurs in Venezuela.

Cyathea irregularis Brause : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea jamaicensis Jenman : It occurs on the Caribbean islands.

Cyathea kalbreyeri (Baker) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea karsteniana (Klotzsch) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela and Ecuador.

Cyathea kermadecensis W.RBOliv. : It was first described in 2015. This endemic occurs only on the New Zealand island of Raoul Island .

Cyathea lasiosora (Mett. Ex Kuhn) Domin : It is distributed in Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, the Guyanas, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea latevagans (Baker) Domin : It is found in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea lechleri Mett. : It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea lehnertii A. Tejedor & G.Calat. : It was first described from Peru in 2017.

Cyathea leichhardtiana (F. Muell.) Copel. It occurs in the Australian states of New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland.

Cyathea lellingeriana S. Maciel & Lehnert : It was first described from Brazil in 2017.

Cyathea leoniae M.E. Acuña & A. Huamán : It was first described in Peru in 2018.

Cyathea leucofolis Domin : It occurs in Brazil.

Cyathea leucolepismata Alston : It occurs in Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea × lewisii (CVMorton & Proctor) Proctor : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea liesneri A.R.Sm. : It was first described in 1990 from Venezuela.

Cyathea lindeniana C. Presl : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea lindigii (Baker) Domin : It occurs in Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea lockwoodiana (PG Windisch) Lellinger : It occurs in Central America, Venezuela, Colombia and Peru.

Cyathea longipetiolulata A.Rojas & A.Tejedor : It was first described from Colombia in 2016.

Cyathea macarthurii (F.Muell.) Baker : This endemic occurs only on Lord Howe Island ; it is the most common cyathea species on this island.

Cyathea macrocarpa (C.Presl) Domin : It occurs in Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas and Brazil.

Cyathea macrosora (Baker ex Thurn) Domin : It occurs in Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas, Brazil and Peru.

Cyathea margarita Lehnert : It was first described in 2016 and occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.

Cyathea marginalis (Klotzsch) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela, the Guyanas and Brazil.

Black cup fern or Mamaku tree fern ( Cyathea medullaris (G.Forst.) Sw. , Cyathea polyneuron Colenso ): It occurs in New Zealand and on the Pacific Islands (on Fiji , Samoa , Tahiti , the Marquesas , Austral Islands and Pitcairn Island ). It is used as an ornamental plant.

Cyathea meridensis H.Karst. : It occurs in Peru.

Cyathea mettenii H.Karst. : It occurs in Colombia.

Cyathea microdonta (Desv.) Domin : It is widespread in the Neotropics.

Cyathea microphylla Mett. : It occurs in Peru.

Cyathea microphyllodes Domin : It occurs in Colombia.

Cyathea milnei Hook. ex Hook. f. : This endemic occurs only on the New Zealand island of Raoul Island .

Cyathea minuta J.Murillo & MTMurillo : It was first described from Colombia in 2003.

Cyathea monstrabila Jenman : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea monteagudoi A. Tejedor & G.Calat. : It was first described from Peru in 2017.

Cyathea moranii Lehnert : It was first described from Ecuador in 2006.

Cyathea mucilagina R.C. Moran : It is distributed from Central America to Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea multiflora Sm .: It is distributed from Central America to Venezuela, Colombia, the Guyanas, Brazil and Ecuador.

Cyathea multisegmenta R.M. Tryon : It occurs in Peru.

Cyathea muricata Willd. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea mutica (Christ) Domin : It occurs from Central America to Venezuela and Colombia.

Cyathea myosuroides (Liebm.) Domin : It occurs from Mexico to Central America and on the Caribbean islands.

Cyathea myriotricha (Baker) RCMoran & J.Prado : It occurs in Brazil.

Cyathea nanna (Barrington) Lellinger : It occurs in the Guyanas.

Cyathea neblinae A.R.Sm. : It occurs in Venezuela as well as Brazil.

Cyathea nephele Lehnert : It was first described from Peru in 2011.

Cyathea nervosa (Maxon) Lehnert : It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea nesiotica (Maxon) Domin : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea nigra Linden ex Fournet : It occurs in Brazil.

Cyathea nigripes (C.Chr.) Domin : It occurs from Central America to Colombia and Ecuador.

Cyathea nodulifera R.C. Moran : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea notabilis Domin : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea obnoxia Lehnert : It was first described in 2006 and occurs in Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea oreopteroides Lehnert & A. Tejedor : It was first described from Peru in 2016.

Cyathea palaciosii R.C. Moran : It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea pallescens (Sodiro) Domin : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.

Cyathea parianensis (PG Windisch) Lellinger : It occurs in Venezuela.

Cyathea parvifolia Sodiro : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea parvula (Jenman) Domin : It occurs on the Caribbean islands and in Colombia.

Cyathea patens hort. ex Houlston & Moore : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea pauciflora (Kuhn) Lellinger : It occurs in Venezuela and Colombia.

Cyathea peladensis (Hieron.) Domin : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea pendula Jenman : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea petiolata (Hook.) RMTryon : It occurs in Colombia.

Cyathea phalaenolepis (C.Chr.) Domin : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.

Cyathea phalerata Mart. : It occurs in Bolivia and Brazil.

Cyathea phegopteroides (Hook.) Domin : It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea pibyae A. Tejedor & G.Calat. : It was first described from Peru in 2017.

Cyathea pilosissima (Baker) Domin : It is distributed from Central America to Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea pilozana M.T.Murillo & J.Murillo : It was first described from Colombia in 2003.

Cyathea pinnula (Christ) Domin : It occurs from Central America to Colombia.

Cyathea planadae N.C. Arens & ARSm. : It was first described in 1998 from Colombia.

Cyathea platylepis (Hook.) Domin : It occurs in Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas and Brazil.

Cyathea plicata Lehnert : It was first described in 2006 and occurs in Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea poeppigii (Hook.) Domin : It is widespread in the Neotropics.

Cyathea polliculi Lehnert : It was first described from Peru in 2011.

Cyathea povedae A.Rojas : It was first described in 2005 and occurs in Central America.

Cyathea praeceps A.R.Sm. : It was first described in 1990 from Venezuela.

Cyathea praecincta (Kunze) Domin : It occurs in Colombia and Brazil.

Cyathea praetermissa Lehnert : It was first described from Peru in 2011.

Cyathea producta Maxon : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea pseudonanna (LDGómez) Lellinger : It occurs from Central America.

Cyathea pubens Domin : It occurs in the Guyanas.

Cyathea punctata R.C. Moran & B.Øllg. : It was first described from Ecuador in 1998.

Cyathea pungens (Willd.) Domin : It is distributed from the Caribbean islands via Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador to Peru and the Guyanas and Brazil.

Cyathea purdiei Jenman : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea quitensis C.Chr. : It occurs in Colombia.

Cyathea recondita A. Tejedor & G.Calat. : It was first described from Peru in 2017.

Cyathea retanae A.Rojas : It was first described in 2008 and occurs in Central America.

Cyathea robusta (C.Moore) Holttum : This endemic occurs only on Lord Howe Island.

Cyathea rocioae A. Tejedor & G.Calat. : It was first described from Peru in 2017.

Cyathea rojasiana Lehnert : It was first described in 2011 and occurs in Central America.

Cyathea roraimensis (Domin) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela and the Guyanas.

Cyathea rufa (Fée) Lellinger : It occurs in Brazil.

Cyathea rufescens (Mett. Ex Kuhn) Domin : It occurs in Peru.

Cyathea ruiziana Klotzsch : It occurs in Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea ruttenbergiae A. Tejedor & F.Areces : It was first described in 2018 and occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea schiedeana (C.Presl) Domin : It occurs from Mexico via Central America to Colombia.

Cyathea schlimii (Kuhn) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela and Colombia.

Cyathea senilis (Klotzsch) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela and Colombia.

Cyathea serpens (RMTryon) Lehnert : It occurs in Peru.

Cyathea serra Willd. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea × sessilifolia (Jenman) Domin : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea sherringii (Jenman) Domin : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea simplex R.M. Tryon : It occurs in Venezuela.

Cyathea singularis (Stolze) Lehnert : It occurs in Colombia.

Cyathea sipapoensis (RMTryon) Lellinger : It occurs in Venezuela and Brazil.

Cyathea smithii Hook. f. (Syn .: Cyathea novae-zelandiae Domin ): It occurs on the North and South Islands of New Zealand, on the Chatham Islands , Stewart Island and the Auckland Islands . The Auckland Islands are the southernmost occurrence of all tree ferns (Cyatheales).

Cyathea speciosa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. : It occurs in Venezuela and Colombia.

Cyathea spectabilis (Kunze) Domin : It is common in the Neotropics.

Cyathea spinulosa Wall. : It occurs in India as well as Myanmar.

Cyathea squamata (Klotzsch) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela and Colombia.

Cyathea squamipes H.Karst. : It occurs in Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea squamulosa (I.Losch) RCMoran : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea × stella-matutina Schwartsb. & Becari-Viana : This hybrid of Cyathea microdonta (Desv.) Domin and Cyathea corcovadensis (Raddi) Domin was first described in 2015 from Brazil.

Cyathea steyermarkii R.M. Tryon : It occurs in Venezuela and Brazil.

Cyathea proudeana (LDGómez) Lehnert : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea stolzei A.R.Sm. ex Lellinger : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea straminea (A.Gepp) Alderw. : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea subincisa (Kunze) Domin : It occurs in Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea sunduei Lehnert (Syn .: Cyathea incognita A.Rojas non (Lellinger) Christenh. ): This name was published in 2017 and replaces the name published invalid in 2016. It occurs in Colombia.

Cyathea suprapilosa Lehnert : It was first described in 2012 and occurs in Central America.

Cyathea suprastrigosa (Christ) Maxon : It occurs from Central America to Colombia.

Cyathea surinamensis (Miq.) Domin : It is distributed from the Caribbean islands via Venezuela, Bolivia to the Guyanas and Brazil.

Cyathea sylvatica Lehnert : It was first described from Ecuador in 2006.

Cyathea tenera (Hook.) T.Moore : It occurs from the Caribbean islands to Venezuela.

Cyathea tenuis Brause : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Cyathea tepuiana Christenh. : It was first described from Venezuela in 2009.

Cyathea thelypteroides A.R.Sm. : It was first described in 2006 from Peru.

Cyathea thysanolepis (Barrington) ARSm. : It occurs in Venezuela and Brazil.

Cyathea tortuosa R.C. Moran : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea traillii (Baker) Domin : It occurs in Colombia, Peru and the Guyanas.

Cyathea trichiata (Maxon) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela and Ecuador.

Cyathea trichomanoides Christenh. : It was first described from Venezuela in 2009.

Cyathea tryonorum (Riba) Lellinger : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.

Cyathea tungurahuae Sodiro : It occurs in Colombia and Peru.

Cyathea uleana (Samp.) Lehnert : It occurs in Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Brazil and Peru.

Cyathea ulei (Christ) Domin : It occurs in Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru.

Cyathea universitatis (Vareschi) Christenh. : It occurs in Venezuela.

Cyathea ursina (Maxon) Lellinger : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea valdecrenata Domin : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea valliciergoana A. Tejedor & G. Calat. : It was first described from Peru in 2017.

Cyathea varians (RCMoran) Lehnert : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea vaupensis (PGWindisch) Lehnert : It occurs in Colombia.

Cyathea venezuelensis A.R.Sm. ex Lellinger : It was first described from Venezuela in 1987.

Cyathea vilhelmii Domin : It occurs in Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea villosa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. : It is common in the Neotropics.

Cyathea weatherbyana (CVMorton) CVMorton : It occurs in Ecuador.

Cyathea wendlandii (Mett. Ex Kuhn) Domin : It occurs in Central America.

Cyathea werffii R.C. Moran : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Cyathea williamsii (Maxon) Domin : It occurs from Central America to Colombia and Venezuela.

Cyathea windischiana A.R.Sm. : It was first described in 2006 from Peru.

Cyathea xenoxyla Lehnert : It was first described in 2003 and occurs in Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.

Cyathea xerica A. Tejedor & G.Calat. : It was first described from Peru in 2017.

Cyathea yambrasensis A. Tejedor & G.Calat. : It was first described from Peru in 2017.

Cyathea zongoensis Lehnert : It was first described in 2003 from Bolivia.

use

Some species ( e.g. Cyathea australis , Cyathea brownii , Cyathea cooperi , Cyathea dealbata , Cyathea dregei , Cyathea medullaris ) are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens . Most species do not tolerate frost (only Cyathea dealbata can withstand a little frost when protected from the wind).

supporting documents

literature

Petra Korall, DS Conant, JS Metzgar, H. Schneider, KM Pryer: A Molecular Phylogeny of Scaly Tree Ferns (Cyatheaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 94, 2007, pp. 873-886.
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group: A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution Volume 54, Issue 6, 2016, pp. 563-603. doi : 10.1111 / jse.12229

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j NZflora online from Landcare Research .
↑ James Edward Smith 1793: scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
^ Cyathea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 23, 2019.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb ^hc ^hd ^he ^hf ^hg ^hh ^hi ^hj ^hk ^hl ^hm ^hn ^ho ^hp ^hq ^hr ^hs ^ht ^hu ^hv ^hw ^hx ^hy ^hz ^ia ^ib ^ic ^id ^ie ^if ^ig ^ih ⁱⁱ ^ij ^ik ^il ^im ⁱⁿ ^io ^ip ^iq ^ir ^is ^it ^iu ^iv ^iw ^ix ^iy ^iz ^ja ^jb ^jc ^jd ^je ^jf ^jg ^jh ^ji ^jj ^jk ^jl ^jm ^jn ^jo ^jp Vascular Plants of the Americas : Cyathea at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
^ Petra Korall, David S. Conant, Jordan S. Metzgar, Harald Schneider, Kathleen M. Pryer: A Molecular Phylogeny of Scaly Tree Ferns (Cyatheaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 94, 2007, pp. 873-886. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.94.5.873
↑ Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group: A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 54, Issue 6 2016, pp. 563-603. doi : 10.1111 / jse.12229
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Peter G. Wilson: Data sheet at New South Wales Flora online .
^ ^A ^b Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein pages 276-277).

Web links

Commons : Cyathea - collection of images, videos and audio files

Michael Hassler, Brian Swale: Family Cyatheaceae, genus Cyathea - world species list. ( Memento from June 25, 2002 in the Internet Archive ) List of Cyathea species (as of 2001).