Düsseldorfer Platt

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Düsseldorfer Platt (Düsseldorwer Platt) is originally one of the Lower Franconian dialects (also called Niederrheinisch ), which are spoken in different variants in the city of Düsseldorf and its districts. In terms of linguistic history, it is part of Southern Lower Franconian , which is differentiated from Middle Franconian ( Ripuarian in the Cologne-Bonn-Aachen area) with the Benrath line (maake-maache distinction) . Further north, the Uerdinger line (esch-ek distinction) delimits the southern Lower Franconian from the northern Lower Franconian spoken between Krefeld and Kleve / Emmerich . In recent times, Platt has been displaced more and more by a regiolect called Rhenish , which has also taken up language peculiarities of the Cologne dialect .

Spread of Salfranken and Rhine Franconia until 5th / 6th century

origin

From the 3rd century onwards, Franconian tribes penetrated from the right bank of the Rhine to the left bank of the Rhine and expanded into the areas partially populated by Romans and Gallo- Romans . The Salfranken expanded through the present-day Netherlands and Belgium to present-day France. The Rhine Franconians spread south along the Rhine and into the Moselle region, making Cologne their capital (where they were later called Ripuarier ). In the 6th century the Merovingian king Clovis I united both Franconian peoples and founded the first Franconian empire .

Today's Central and Lower Franconian Platt is derived from these francs, which are based on the Rhine and expand towards the west - although documents from the 6th century to the Carolingian era show that dialects of that time and those of today are so far apart that the respective speakers would hardly be able to communicate can. The term "flat" has nothing to do with the fact that it is spoken on the "flat land"; rather, “plat” in Dutch means not only “ flat” but also “direct, straightforward”. There is a Rhenish saying: “esch säg et dech platt för de Kopp” - I'll tell you bluntly in your face. Platt was the colloquial language of the people.

Benrath Line (maache-maake)

Rhenish fan - Franconian dialects and isoglosses in the Rhineland - linguistic lines in the Düsseldorf and Krefeld area

With the Benrather line (also maache-maake line), the southern Lower Franconian spoken in the greater Düsseldorf / Mönchengladbach / Krefeld area (sometimes also called East Limburgish ) is separated from the southern spoken Ripuarian . Characteristic is u. a. that one

  • in Dusseldorf pronounces the word “let” as “loate” and “do” as “maake”
lot os mar en päuske maake; Lot os still en Altbier drenke
  • in the Cologne area, however, “losse” and “maache” speaks
Loss ons one more pause, losse mer dr cathedral in Cologne

But the maache-make line is “permeable”. In the southern districts of Düsseldorf, especially in the Benrath area, Ripuarian influences already predominate; also have migrated from the Kölsch idioms to the traditional Düsseldorfer Platt, so that more and more often a mixed dialect emerges. Mention should also be made of Hötter Platt , which was previously spoken in Gerresheim - a special dialect of immigrant glassworks workers who found work “ op de Glashött ”.

The comparison of the Düsseldorfer Platts with the dialects in Krefeld, Duisburg and with the Kölschen shows its character as a transition dialect between the North Lower Franconian and the Ripuarian:

Uerdinger line (isch-ick)

There are also differences to the North Lower Franconian spoken north of the Lower Rhine (also called Kleverländisch). While the personal pronoun “I” is pronounced as “esch” or “isch” from Düsseldorf via Mönchengladbach to Krefeld (esch ben enen Düsseldörwer), it is spoken from the Krefeld district of Hüls ( Hölsch Plott ), in Kempen and left and right the lower one Rhine rail from Duisburg (see Duisburger Platt ) to Emmerich / Kleve as "ek" or "ik". This pronunciation also applies in the so-called Ostbergic , which is spoken from Mülheim an der Ruhr (see Mölmsch (dialect) ) in a narrow strip to Gummersbach.

Border to Westphalia

To the east of Oberhausen / Mülheim / Gummersbach runs the unit plural line, which separates the Rhenish from the Westphalian. The Rheinische Fächer published by the LVR ( Landschaftsverband Rheinland ) illustrates the linguistic lines in the Rhineland as they are historically represented.

reception

The poet Heinrich Heine expressed his observations about the similarity of the Düsseldorfer Platts with the languages ​​in the Dutch area in the following words: "In the language of the Düsseldorfers you can already notice the frog squawking of the Dutch swamps."

Language in the Middle Ages - Rhenish Maasland

Location of the Rhine-Maasland

There are a number of written documents about the language used in Düsseldorf in the Middle Ages (of the upper classes), which can be assigned to Rhine-Maasland . This writing and office language (without uniform orthography), used on both sides of today's national borders on the Lower Rhine from the 13th century, gradually replaced Latin as the written language.

Various texts from this period have been preserved in the Düsseldorf City Museum, including a .:

Publication from 1533 Duke Johann III of Kleve
  • A decree of the Duke Wilhelm V . Although the general population certainly spoke an idiom that differed from the language of the office, the following text shows a certain proximity of the language used at the time to the dialect:
At dyn gheswaren des verbunts the hertoghen van Brabant, van Guilighe and the stat van Aken onsen gůeden vrynden. Wi Greve van Cleve begheren u teweten, gůede vrynde, op uwen brief in den ghii ons scryvet van den verbonde, dat uwe heren die… hertoghen van… Brabant end van Guiligh, dye stat van Aicken end die ridderscaff ghemaickt hebben omme noytsaken (necessary matters ) wille van alrehande innocent, those in the lands of gheschien, end mede van heren Walraven onsen neve, heren van Borne, dat her Walraven, onse neve, in langhen tiiden by ons niet gheweest en is, but soe wovere he by ons queme, woude we would like to report end onderwiisen nae onsen able, dat he bescheit neme end gheve van onsen lieven here the hertoghe van Brabant ... (etc.)

Future of the Düsseldorfer Platt

The linguists and authors Georg Cornelissen , Peter Honnen and Fritz Langensiepen already pointed out in their publications in 1989 that dialects are on the "retreat". There are various reasons for the decline in the Düsseldorf dialect. Until the Second World War, Platt was still the colloquial language of a broad section of the population. The children (de "Blaagen") learned Platt while playing on the street, while "turning a wheel" or from their grandparents - and at carnival. Since then, the situation has changed - due to newcomers, culturally different emphases and changed speaking behavior of the local residents: only older Düsseldorfers care for Platt, the younger generation hardly understands it. Even at the Düsseldorf Carnival, there are fewer and fewer platitudes. (Unlike in Cologne, where Kölsch is still present in everyday life, albeit in a milder form). Through the widespread and popular Cologne dialect songs, features of the Cologne idiom have also found their way into the northern colloquial languages.

Regiolect

Linguistic historians call the "new" colloquial languages Regiolekt , in the Rhineland also Rhenish German . This “everyday German” differs from standard German in that it has its own substrate from the traditional dialect and has a characteristic accent . It also differs from “Platt”, as most of the idiosyncrasies of the dialect in terms of vocabulary and grammar have been polished off. However, similarities in vocabulary usage, sentence order and pronunciation are retained.

  • Hate that game by Fortuna, next wat woar dat wier en Jedöns, the ball just doesn't want to score
  • Summer tonight not together in the old town jonn? Sarenmermal around five o'clock?

In casual surroundings, for example at the beer table in the old town, a mixture of High German and dialect is sometimes spoken. The tone of the tone shows which region the speaker might come from. Seen in this way, Düsseldorfer Platt has left its mark on everyday German in Düsseldorf.

Retematang?

For long-time residents of Düsseldorf, Ratinger Strasse, now known for short as "Ratinger", is known as "De Retematäng". The Düsseldorf old town original and first post-war Hoppeditz Jupp Schäfers explained the origin of the term: Napoleon Bonaparte was amazed at the 20 open restaurants on Ratinger Straße when he moved to Düsseldorf early in the morning and exclaimed in amazement: “Rue du Matin” (street of the morning). The Düsseldorf company made “Retematäng” out of this.

Preservation of the dialect

On Düsseldorfer Platt there is a dialect literature that goes beyond pure carnival songs . Examples:

  • Own works and translations by Monika Voss. Including as translations:
    • Asterix : Dialect Book 40. Asterix op Düsseldorwer Platt. Dat Köschemetz us Jold. 2001
    • Dä kleene Prenz . Op Düsseldorfer Platt. 2015
  • Hans Ludwig Möhker († 2018): Ons Stadtjeschecht op Platt forfeited. 2019

literature

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ HF Döbler: The Germanic Peoples - legend and reality. Verlag Heyne München 1975, ISBN 3-453-00753-0 , section Franconia , p. 197 ff.
  2. ^ Ulrich Nonn: The Franks. Verlag Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-17-017814-4 , p. 15 ff.
  3. ↑ Georg Cornelissen: My grandma still speaks Platt. Verlag Greven, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7743-0417-8 , pp. 10 ff., 25 ff.
  4. ↑ Georg Cornelissen: My grandma still speaks Platt. Verlag Greven, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7743-0417-8 , pp. 25-27, pp. 43 ff.
  5. ↑ Internet portal of the LVR: Island dialects in the Rhineland ( Memento of the original from March 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website accessed March 12, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rheinische-landeskunde.lvr.de
  6. ↑ Georg Cornelissen: The Lower Rhine and its German. Greven Verlag, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-7743-0349-2 , p. 11 ff.
  7. ↑ Quoted from: Walter Krämer, Eva Krämer: Lexikon der Stadtbeschimpfungen. Malicious reports and abuse from Aachen to Zurich . Eichborn AG, Frankfurt, 2002, ISBN 3-8218-1689-9 , p. 80.
  8. ↑ Irmgard Hantsche: Atlas for the history of the Lower Rhine , series of publications by the Niederrhein Academy Volume 4, ISBN 3-89355-200-6 , p. 66.
  9. ^ Stadtarchiv Düsseldorf, archive directory - Dukes of Kleve, Jülich, Berg - Appendix IV
  10. ↑ Georg Cornelissen, Peter Honnen, Fritz Langensiepen (eds.): Das Rheinische Platt: An inventory -Rheinische Mundarten Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-7927-0689-X , column Niederrhein.
  11. ↑ Future of the Düsseldorfer Platt Interview 2007
  12. ↑ Internet portal of the LVR: Comments on the subject of Regiolekt in the Rhineland ( Memento of the original from June 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website accessed October 10, 2013  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rheinische-landeskunde.lvr.de
  13. ↑ Georg Cornelissen : “Rheinisches Deutsch. Who speaks how with whom and why. “Greven-Verlag, Cologne, 2005, ISBN 3-7743-0367-3 .
  14. ^ Theo Lücker: The Düsseldorf old town as nobody knows it. Volume I From Ratinger Tor to Short Street. 2nd edition. Verlag der Goethe-Buchhandlung, Düsseldorf 1985, ISBN 3-924331-06-5 , p. 63ff.
  15. ^ Monika Voss: Publications