Dacia (ship, 1907)
 The Dacia
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The Dacia was a Romanian cargo and passenger ship built in 1907 , which was called Dakija as a Russian auxiliary cruiser during World War I and God during the turmoil of the Russian civil war . In 1918 it briefly came into German hands and drove again as a Dacia under the Romanian flag in the interwar period . During the Second World War , the Romanian Navy used her as a mine layer . In 1944 she was taken over by the Soviet Union as the Desna training ship , later as the PKZ-34 accommodation ship , until it was scrapped in 1961.
Construction and technical data
Like her sister ships Romania and Împăratul Traian , the Dacia was ordered and built by the state-owned Romanian shipping company Serviciul Maritim Român (SMR) from the Société Anonyme des Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire in Saint-Nazaire . She ran there on 12 February 1907 by the stack and was Dacia baptized - the Latin name of the Roman province of Dacia in today's Romania .
Its length was 109.00 meters, it was 12.70 meters wide and had a draft of 5.5 meters. It had a construction displacement of 4515 tons, was measured with 3418 GRT or 1364 NRT and had a load capacity of 5500 tdw. The drive consisted of two three- cylinder , triple- compound steam engines with five single-end cylinder boilers with an output of 7000 hp . These acted on two screws , the steamer reached a maximum speed of 18.0 knots . 102 passengers could be carried in the first, 50 in the second and 154 in the third class as well as on deck. The crew consisted of 75 men. As armament, it carried four 101 mm guns and two 75 mm flak guns in World War I, three 105 mm guns, two 20 mm flak guns and - depending on the type - up to 200 mines in World War II .
history
Pre-war period
After delivery to the shipping company Serviciul Maritim Român, the Dacia reached its new home port of Constanta in Romania on July 5, 1907. Together with the Împăratul Traian , the Romania and the Carol I rule , it served the newly established bw. now extended line between Constana, Istanbul , Piraeus and Alexandria . With the beginning of the First World War, the trips were initially suspended on July 23, 1914 and the line was closed completely a short time later. The Dacia as the other ships on the Danube launched , where it remained until September 1916th
First World War
When Romania entered the war on the Entente side , the Romanian government left the Dacia like other ships to the Russian Navy in 1916 , which had the ship converted into an auxiliary cruiser and aircraft mother ship. By November 29, 1916, the ship received four 101-mm guns, two 75-mm anti-aircraft guns and two seaplanes and the name Dakija (Дакия) , subsequently the ship was referred to alternately as an auxiliary cruiser and as an aircraft mother ship. At the same time, the Russian Navy also used the ship as a transport. The Romanian crew of 37 officers and men remained on board the ship and were supplemented by around 150 Russian seamen. A Russian naval officer took command.
The Dakija was assigned to the Russian cruiser division, which guarded the entrance to the Bosphorus . The main task of these blockade units was to prevent the Ottoman (and German) ships from breaking out of the Bosporus into the Black Sea. The Russian cruiser division repeatedly carried out shelling of the Ottoman coast - on the Bosphorus as well as at various ports and engaged in artillery duels with the Turkish coastal artillery. The ship also carried out troop transports.
A year later, in February 1918, in the turmoil of the Russian civil war, the ship briefly fell into the hands of the communists: at that time the ship was in the port of Sevastopol in Crimea and fell into the hands of the provisional Russian government. The ship was renamed God (год) , came into the possession of German troops in Sevastopol on May 1, 1918 and was returned to Romania after the Peace of Bucharest .
Between the world wars
After the end of the First World War, the former shipping company, the Serviciul Maritim Român, received the ship back and gave her the old name Dacia again . The SMR continued the passenger traffic and put the ship back on the route between Constana, Istanbul , Piraeus and Alexandria . On May 1, 1923, the regular service was extended with the new route Constana - Haifa - Jaffa and the Dacia initially drove once a month on this route, from 1925 twice a month. In 1927 the ship caught fire and had to go to the shipyard for repairs. In 1930 it returned to regular service and continued on this route until 1939.
Second World War
After Romania entered the war on the side of the Axis Powers in June 1941, the Romanian Navy requisitioned the Dacia and had it converted into an auxiliary mine-layer (mine ship) and auxiliary cruiser by October. It received three 105-mm guns, two 20-mm flak and could accommodate up to 200 mines . The ship was then assigned to the 6th section, which, in addition to the Dacia, also included the mine ship Regele Carol I , while retaining its name .
The first use to throw a mine lock followed in October 1941. The two mine ships Dacia and Regele Carol I and the mine- layer Amiral Murgescu put together locks on the Bulgarian coast from October 7 to October 16. The three ships were escorted by the Romanian torpedo boats Sborul , Naluca , Smeul , the minesweepers Ghigulescu and Dumitrescu . At times, the Bulgarian torpedo boats Smeli , Derzky and Khabri were also used for security purposes, and Romanian destroyers were also used when marching in and out. By October 10, initially four bans and one partial ban were thrown. On October 10, shortly after leaving Varna with 150 mines on board , the rule Carol I hit a mine laid by the submarine L-4 and sank within 13 minutes. Several Soviet submarines later sank on these mine barriers : S-34 in November, Shch-204 in December 1941 and L-24 in December 1942.
The ship then took part in most of the mining operations of the Axis powers in the Black Sea: From March 26 to 28, 1942, the Dacia, together with the Amiral Murgescu, reinforced the barriers between Midia and the island of Tuzla in the Kerch Strait , which were laid there in 1941 were. On the last day of this operation, Soviet bombers attacked the formation and damaged the Dacia . After the repair it took off on 14./15. May participated in the next venture north of Sulina.
The German-Romanian naval forces then prepared a mining operation in the Crimea: From June 24 to 27, 1942, the Amiral Murgescu and the Dacia laid flank barriers against Soviet submarines in the Odessa Bay. They were secured again by the destroyers Regele Ferdinand , Regina Maria and Marasestri , the minesweepers Ghigulescu , Stihi and Dumitrescu , the torpedo boat Smeul and German clearing boats of the Danube Flotilla. The Soviet submarines M-33 and M-60 sank on these locks in August and September . In the autumn of 1942, the Dacia and the Amiral Murgescu put a submarine barrier on the island of Serpilor off the Romanian-Ukrainian border on November 5, 1942. From November 1942 to September, mine barriers were reinforced north of Sulina and in the area of Constan .a.
In the course of 1943, the mine barriers laid in 1941 at Constana were renewed. These were cleared by swell and ice drift and were supplemented by three new partial barriers. The Amiral Murgescu , Romania and Dacia were also involved in this action, with operations off Sulina, the Bosporus and in the Eupatoria Bay. The ships went on these missions under Romanian leadership, but according to German plans.
In May 1944, all Romanian ships that were ready to sail took part in the evacuation of Romanian and German troops from the Crimea. The Navy was involved in "Operation 60,000" with security and transport tasks. The Dacia and Amiral Murgescu were part of the last convoy to leave Chersonese . Subsequently, the ship is said to have fallen into German hands in the course of 1944, was again badly damaged by a Soviet air raid on August 20 and is said to have been abandoned by the Germans.
In the Soviet Black Sea Fleet
In August 1944, Soviet troops had recaptured large areas, and on August 23, 1944, the coup d'état took place in Romania , as a result of which Romania surrendered to the Soviet Union and the first Soviet naval units reached Constana on August 30. On September 5, Soviet troops boarded the ships in port, interned the crews and confiscated all ships - including the Dacia .
Some ships were later returned to Romania, but the Dacia was not. She was towed into a Russian port and put into service on November 4, 1944 as the training ship Desna of the Black Sea Fleet . As early as 1951, the ship was reclassified as a Wohnhulk . On September 9, 1960, it was finally removed from the fleet list and scrapped a year later in the Gulf of Inkerman in the Crimea.
literature
- Jürgen Rohwer , Gerhard Hümmelchen : Chronicle of the naval war 1939-1945 . Published by the Working Group for Defense Research and the Library for Contemporary History . Manfred Pawlak Verlagsgesellschaft, Herrsching o. J. [1968], ISBN 3-88199-009-7 , extended online version
- Donald A. Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell: World War II Sea War . Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies . Bertke Publications, Dayton OH 2012, ISBN 978-1-937470-03-6 , Naval-history.net.
- Donald A. Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell: World War II Sea War . Volume 6: The Allies Halt the Axis Advance , Bertke Publications, Dayton OH 2014, ISBN 978-1-937470-09-8 , Naval-history.net.
- Karl von Kutzleben, Wilhelm Schroeder, Jochen Brennecke : Mine ships 1939–1945. The mysterious missions of the “midnight squadron” . Köhler, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-7822-0844-7 .
- Pierre Hervieux: The Royal Romanian Navy at War, 1941-1944 . In: Warship 2001-2002 . Conway Maritime Press, London.
- Cristian Craciunoiu, Mark Axworthy: Romanian Minelaying Operations in the Second World War . In: Robert Gardiner (Ed.): Warship 1991 . Conway Maritime Press, London, ISBN 0-85177-582-9 , pp. 146-159.
- Nicolae Koslinski, Raymond Stanescu: Marina Română în Al Doilea Razboi Mondial: 1939–1945 . Editura Făt-Frumos, Bucharest 1997, ISBN 973-552-033-8 .
- Reinhart Schmelzkopf: Foreign ships in German hands 1939–1945 . Strandgut-Verlag, Cuxhaven 2004.
Web links
- Navires a Vapeur et a Moteurs . (PDF) Lloyd's of London (1939-1940). plimsollshipdata.org; accessed on January 18, 2018
- navypedia.org.Retrieved December 25, 2017
- navypedia.org.Retrieved January 18, 2018
- naval-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved January 18, 2018
- naval-history.net accessed on January 18, 2018
- worldwar2.ro accessed on January 17, 2018
- historia.ro accessed on January 18, 2018
- timetableimages.com accessed January 20, 2018
- marinarii.ro.Retrieved January 20, 2018
Footnotes
- ↑ Navires a Vapeur et a Moteurs . (PDF) Lloyd's of London (1939-1940). plimsollshipdata.org; accessed on January 18, 2018. Schmelzkopf, p. 59, worldwar2.ro historia.ro , accessed on March 30, 2020.
- ↑ worldwar2.ro historia.ro marinarii.ro
- ↑ Schmelzkopf, p. 59, worldwar2.ro historia.ro different: navypedia.org
- ↑ worldwar2.ro historia.ro
- ↑ Schmelzkopf, p. 59, worldwar2.ro naval-history.net historia.ro
- ↑ worldwar2.ro marinarii.ro timetableimages.com
- ↑ Schmelzkopf, p. 59, Bertke, Volume 4, p. 72, wlb-stuttgart.de worldwar2.ro navypedia.org
- ↑ Bertke, Volume 4, p. 323f., Craciunoiu, p. 153, wlb-stuttgart.de worldwar2.ro
- ↑ worldwar2.ro
- ↑ Craciunoiu, p. 154, wlb-stuttgart.de Bertke, Volume 6, p. 268, worldwar2.ro Schmelzkopf, p. 59
- ↑ Craciunoiu, p. 154, worldwar2.ro
- ↑ Kutzleben, p. 229
- ↑ Craciunoiu, p. 157, worldwar2.ro naval-encyclopedia.com wlb-stuttgart.de naval-encyclopedia.com
- ↑ Schmelzkopf, p. 59, also on August 20: navypedia.org worldwar2.ro
- ↑ Schmelzkopf, p. 59, navypedia.org