David's psalm
A Psalm of David is a psalm from the biblical book of Psalms , which in its first verse refers to the Israelite King David . Davidization of the Psalter describes the connection of the Psalms with the life and work of David, so that the reader can see David as a model, whose portrayal was poeticized in return.
The information is in the Hebrew version מִזְמוֹר לְדָוִד( mizmor l e david ). The expression is traditionally understood as an indication of authorship ("le-auctoris") and translated as "by David" (for example in the standard translation and the Luther Bible ). The prepositionלְ( l e ) can also refer to the direction, so that the expression is to be rendered as “for / about David” or “belonging to David”. This then expresses the messianic meaning of the Psalm for the Jewish people. In fourteen of the David psalms this information is supplemented by biographical information about David according to the Samuel books . As a result, David is not only portrayed as a figure of identification for the psalmist, but also as a poetized David. In editorial history research since the 19th century, these psalm headings are usually classified as secondary.
The David psalms are the largest group of psalms marked by name before the twelve Asaf psalms and the eleven Korach psalms .
Collection and structure
Hebrew Bible
73 Psalms in the Hebrew Bible are referred to as "David Psalms"; their position within the psalter is structured:
- Psalm 3–41 (Psalter of David I)
- Psalm 51-72 (Psalter of David II)
- Psalm 86
- Psalm 101-103 (Psalter of David III)
- Psalm 108-110 (Psalter of David IV)
- Psalm 138-145 (Psalter of David V)
More detailed biographical references contain the following fourteen psalms (translation according to the text-critical Elberfeld Bible )
- Psalm 3 : "when he fled from his son Absalom " (cf. 2 Sam 15: 13-17 EFB )
- Psalm 7 : "that he sang to the Lord because of the Benjaminite Cush" (cf. 2 Sam 16,5 EFB ; 19,16)
- Psalm 18 : "on the day when the Lord delivered him from the power of all his enemies and from the hand of Saul " (cf. 2 Sam 22 : 1-51 EFB )
- Psalm 30 : "for the consecration of the temple" (cf. 2 Sam 5:11, 12 EFB ; 6:17)
- Psalm 34 : "when he went mad before Abimelech and he drove him away and he went" (cf. 1 Sam 21 : 11-16 EFB )
- Psalm 51 : "when the prophet Nathan came to him after he had come to Bathsheba" (cf. 2 Sam 12: 1-15 EFB )
- Psalm 52 : "when the Edomite Doëg came to Saul and reported to him: David has gone into the house of Ahimelech" (cf. 1 Sam 22,9-10 EFB )
- Psalm 54 : "when the Sifites came and reported to Saul that David is hiding with us" (cf. 1 Sam 23:19 EFB )
- Psalm 56 : "when the Philistines seized him in Gath" (cf. 1 Sam 21 : 11-12 EFB )
- Psalm 57 : "when he fled from Saul into the cave" (cf. 1 Sam 22.1 EFB ; 24.3)
- Psalm 59 : "when Saul was sent and the house was guarded to kill him" (cf. 1 Sam 19:11 EFB )
- Psalm 60 : "when he fought with the Arameans of Mesopotamia and the Arameans of Zoba and when Joab turned back and defeated the Edomites in the Salt Valley, twelve thousand men" (cf. 2 Sam 8,3-13 EFB )
- Psalm 63 : "when he was in the desert of Judah " (cf. 1 Sam 23,14 EFB or 2 Sam 15,23-28 EFB )
- Psalm 142 : "when he was in the cave" (cf. 1 Sam 22.1 EFB ; 24.3)
Septuagint
In the Greek translation, the Septuagint , ten other psalms are named as "David psalms" ( ψαλμὸς τῷ Δαυίδ , psalmos tō Dauid ); so a total of 83.
Psalm 151 , which is included in the Septuagint manuscripts , is also referred to in the (Hebrew) Great Psalm scroll 11QPs a of Qumran as the “ Psalm of David”. It also says that David wrote 3,600 songs of praise (tehilim).
Davidization can therefore be seen as a process that ascribes psalm writing to David as well as wisdom to King Solomon .
New Testament
In the New Testament , quotations from other Psalms are cited in some places with reference to David: Acts 4,25 EFB from Psalm 2 , Acts 2,25-28 EFB from Psalm 16 , Rom 4,6-8 EFB from Psalm 32 , Rom 11 , 9 EFB from Psalm 69 , Heb 4.7 EFB from Psalm 95 , Mt 22.43-44 EFB and parallel passages as well as Acts 2.34-35 EFB from Psalm 110 .
Theological profile
Most of the David psalms are individual lament and supplication prayers in hostile distress, which are always assigned praise and thanksgiving psalms that describe the answer to the lament or salvation from need. The praying ego of the David psalms is different: sometimes royal-sovereign with a YHWH image of the same kind, salvation from the temple is hoped for, sometimes the persecuted ego stands there as poor and just, which hopes that JWHW will enforce justice.
Time of origin
There is consensus in research that the David psalms were not written by David. However, the actual time of origin of the David psalms is very controversial and usually cannot be clarified with absolute certainty. In part, it is believed that they originated in the exilic and post-exilic period.
reception
The David psalms or the "Psalms of David" collectively for the entire Psalter are the subject of settings, rewrites and other artistic works, see the overview under Psalms of David .
literature
- Frank-Lothar Hossfeld , Erich Zenger : The Psalms I. Psalm 1-50 . (= NEB.AT 29) Würzburg 1993. ISBN 3-429-01503-0
- Frank-Lothar Hossfeld, Erich Zenger: The Psalms II. Psalm 51-100 . (= NEB.AT 40) Würzburg 2002, ISBN 978-3-429-02359-1
- Frank-Lothar Hossfeld, Erich Zenger: Psalms. Psalm 51-100 . (= HThKAT ) 3rd edition. Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-451-26826-7
- Frank-Lothar Hossfeld, Erich Zenger: Psalms. Psalm 101-150 . (= HThKAT) Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-451-26827-4
Individual evidence
- ↑ See Erich Zenger : The Book of Psalms . In: Erich Zenger u. a. (Ed.): Introduction to the Old Testament . 8th edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart a. a. 2012, ISBN 3-17-020695-8 , pp. 428–452, here 433 f . ( Online: Google Books (7th edition) ).