Elongation h

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The Dehnungs-h is a sign of the German spelling. It represents an identification of the vowel length. However, the vowel length as such is not generated by the expansion h, but only emphasized. In addition to the existing vowel length, it indicates to the reader that a vowel is to be read long (cf. ‹names - frames›). In the written word it is immediately after the vowel of the stem syllable and directly before one of the four voiced consonants ‹l, m, n, r› at the beginning of the following syllable (cf.Mühle, tame, deh-nen, Oh- ren ›). It's about half the time it could be at first glance. In the case of structured word material, it is about two thirds of the possible cases.

General

The stretching h (also mute h, syllable final h, syllable h, postvocal h ) is an orthographic type within the class of German core words. The German core word ( hereditary words plus structurally identical, assimilated loanwords ) has a trochaic (two-syllable, stressed on the first syllable) verse foot , consisting of the stressed main syllable (first syllable) with a full vowel in the syllable core (nucleus, syllable apex) and the unstressed reduction syllable ( second syllable) with the Schwa as a syllable core. The Schwa-Laut (reduced vowel) is written in German with the letter ‹e›. This means that in a written German core word, the letter ‹e› is always in the syllable core of the second written syllable. An exception to this is for normal syllables, which can also have vowel letters other than ‹e›. Monosyllabic German words basically adopt this structure when they are brought into the two-syllable form by inflection : ‹Hund / Hun-de, Wort / Wör-ter, blau / blau-es, Schwer / Schwerer›.

The extension h is at the end of the main syllable. It is always followed by one of the four voiced consonants ‹l, m, n, r›: ‹feh-len› ‹lah-men› ‹leh-nen› ‹boh-ren›. The first syllable plus the starting edge of the reducing syllable form the root of the word : ‹fehl-› ‹lahm-› ‹lehn-› ‹bohr-›

The Dehnungs-h is an element of the Dehnungsgraphie of the orthography of German core words; it does not occur in the foreign word area. In this context, stretching is used synonymously with “long vowel ”. The length or shortness of a vowel, the vowel quantity , is usually determined in German by the end margin (coda / coda, end of syllable, syllable end, syllable tail) of the main syllable. If the end edge of the syllable is empty, as in 'Nasre', the vowel is read long, if it is consonantic as in 'Fold', it is read briefly. The length and shortness of a vowel of the main syllable is therefore determined solely by its surroundings. The linguistics speaks of marking: The end edge of the main syllable marks the vowel quantity.

The elongation-h is the only exception to this regularity: Although it occupies the end margin of the main syllable in the written syllable, the vowel is read long. It is not announced in the spoken language, hence the term "dumb ‹h›". It is therefore exclusively an element of the written syllable and not the spoken syllable. (Accordingly, it is not notated in the phonetic transcription either .) The elongation h must be distinguished from the syllable initials ‹h› (also syllable fugues -h, syllable boundaries -h, connection -h, Hiattilger , Hiattrenner, Hiat-avoiders, syllable opening or syllable separating ‹ h › ). The syllable initial ‹h› is at the beginning of the syllable (onset, syllable attachment, syllable beginning, syllable initial sound, syllable head) of the reduction syllable and thus has no influence on the vowel quantity (however, the vowels of the main syllable of words with syllable initials ‹h› are always to be read long because the The end edge of the main syllable of these words is basically vacant.). It is also not announced in standard pronunciation. It is pronounced in a targeted manner in an overlaid based on the typeface (read-write sounds ; in contrast to standard, spoken and explicit sounds ) and in some forms of singing. For comparison: 'lean' and 'walk'.

The term stretch-h is misleading in that it is redundant for marking the length of a vowel . The stretch-h is an orthographic over-marking of the vowel length: If you were to write ‹Fo-len› instead of ‹Foh-len› * or ‹lo-nen› instead of ‹loh-nen› *, the vowel would be due to the syllable regularities (here the unoccupied End margin) even without reading the elongation h.

Regularities

The spelling of the German core words is highly structured. The expansion h represents the greatest irregularity within this. It behaves irregularly on two levels: On the one hand it occupies the end edge of the first syllable and yet the vowel of the main syllable is pronounced long. Second, its appearance is irregular in the words it might be in. There are no known reliable criteria as to when an elongation h should be written. Within the conditions in which an elongation h is possible, it is realized in two thirds of the possible cases. However, there are regularities that indicate when it is not or hardly placed, and tendencies that indicate when it is set:

The elongation h stands:

  1. Only in front of the letter ‹-l-› ‹-m-› ‹-n-› ‹-r-›.
  2. Only in inflected words (for exceptions see point 4)
  3. Only in words with simple initial margins (one or no consonant in the initial margin of the spelling syllable - with the exception of the 17 mentioned exceptions).
  4. With the non- declinable words: ‹without›, ‹more› and ‹sehr›.

The stretch h is not:

  1. If there is more than one consonant ( also: consonant accumulation, complex initial margin ) in the initial margin of the spelling syllable, with the following 17 exceptions (plus their derivatives): ‹Drone, dronen, Krähl, Pfahl, Pfuhl, Pfühl, brag, Prahm, Stahl, stehlen, groan , Strähl, beam, strand, chaser, chair, Zwehle ›
  2. If a word begins with ‹t› (see door, sound)
  3. After diphthongs
  4. After ‹-ie-›. Unless the ‹h› is morphologically determined: ‹steal / steal›
  5. After ‹" - i - "› - except in the following forms of the personal pronoun : ‹him, her, him, them, hers, hers›. (The spelling of the personal pronouns is an independent orthographic topic, so this spelling is not counted under the topic of elongation h.) The only exception is the extremely uncommon term ‹Ihle› (Hering, who has already spawned.).
  6. Present paradigm: If the present tense of a verb does not have an extended h, it is not in other forms either: [ˈnɑːm] “took” because of “take (n)”, but [ˈkɑːm] “came” because of “come (n)”.

The stretching h is only in front of sonorants and in inflected words with a simple starting margin. Here again it is in about two thirds of the words in which it could be.

particularities

The following words are wrongly mentioned as exceptions to the ‹lmnr› rule: ‹seam, wire and feud›. In some publications the unusual words ‹wire, Mahden, Mähder, Föhrde (Fjord / Förde ), Fährde, Zährte and Lehde › are used. The common word “track” also belongs in this list. Peter Eisenberg places the following words etymologically and morphologically in the syllable initial ‹h›.

  1. Seam / seams of ‹ sewing ›
  2. Wire / wires / wires from ‹dre-hen›
  3. Mowing / mowing / mowing from ‹ mä-hen ›

Feud comes from the Middle High German ‹vehede› or Old High German ‹fehida›, meaning “enmity, argument”. The word was reintroduced in the 19th century.

The two verbs ‹ahn-den› and ‹fahn-den› behave in an apparently irregular manner. Without the ‹-h-›, the vowel would have to be pronounced briefly in accordance with the syllable regularities. Here the ‹h› takes on a necessary stretch indicator in the two-syllable form. (In their "irregularity" they correspond to ‹Mon-de›, where the vowel would have to be pronounced briefly. Moon is derived from month, the vowel length was handed down.) With these two verbs, the ‹h› actually takes on a stretching function. According to Eisenberg <penalize> from the Old High German word <ANADO> with long <a> comes from, the vowel length was handed down . Eisenberg describes 'searching' as an intensive form of 'finding'. The noun ‹Öhmd› or the verb ‹öhmden› - in Southwest German it denotes the cut of grass after the hay harvest and is etymologically derived from ‹Mahd› - could also be read with a short vowel without ‹h›. The word ‹Lehn›, which occurs mostly in compound words like ‹Lehnsherr›, comes from ‹Le-hen› with a syllable initial ‹h›.

Distinguishing spelling: In written language, the expansion h can perform the function of making identical words ( homophones ) visually distinguishable and thus supporting the reading process: ‹choice - whale›.

Linguistic explanations

Despite numerous research efforts, a rule that specifies when the elongation h has to stand definitely and when not has been found and does not seem to exist. However, statistical evaluations show in which constellations the strain h occurs with which frequency or is not set at all. Therefore, there are statements about when it does not occur, and tendencies can be indicated in which constellations it occurs with what probability.

The vowel length in German is systematically regulated by the syllable structure: open syllable = long vowel, closed syllable = short vowel. In the context of this system, the stretching h is redundant, represents an over-marking, an additional marking of the vowel length. Since it is at the end of the first syllable in the hyphenation, Eisenberg finds it more coherent to call it a syllable “h”. (The word stretch-h offers the charming aspect that 'stretch-' itself contains a stretch-h.)

The constellations in which the strain h can occur has been shown in the previous chapter. Answers to the question of why the elongated h appears or does not appear in a word can be sought either in the research field of etymology or in external interventions in the form of spelling reforms or in a possible supporting function for the reading process. Another possibility, which may have contributed to the establishment of spellings with or without the stretching h, are the preferred spellings of prominent writers such as the German spelling in a phase in which the German orthography was unstable and inconsistent. B. Goethe or Schiller.

So far, linguistics have developed the following answers:

Support in the reading process: The most popular explanation variant in terms of linguistics understands the stretch h as a 'reading aid sign', which also emphasizes the length of the preceding vowel. This assumption is based on the following reading experience: A sonorant (‹l, m, n, r›) often produces complex end margins (more than one consonant) in the monosyllable after the vowel, the vowels are accordingly to be read briefly, cf. ‹Market, sand, serious, dull›. The function of the ‹h› would therefore be to indicate that the preceding vowel should be read long despite a sonorant. It would therefore be used to quickly extract information while reading.

This thesis corresponds to the following basic reading experience: German core words with a short vowel follow a typical, preferred structure according to the syllable contact law. This cross-lingual regularity of the structure of words means that the syllable boundary between two syllables is preferably between the largest sonority distance (sonority / voicing). Therefore, a sonorant (‹l, m, n, r›) is preferred in the end edge of the first syllable and an obstruent in the beginning edge of the second syllable . The word ‹fooling› [al.bɐn] is a prime example of this, because the sonority distance between the voiced sonorant [l] and the voiced obstruent [b] is maximal. Within this basic structure, the sonorant letters ‹l, m, n, r› after the vowel signal to the reader that the preceding vowel should be read briefly. At this point, the stretching h prevents any interpretations in the reading process and makes it clear that the vowel should be read long.

Function in inflected verb forms: In verbs, the stretch h has an additional function if the verb is inflected. The spellings “missing, lame, yawned, bored” are conjugated forms of the verbs “missing, lame, yawn, bored”. If you now write this without the stretch-h, these words would look like this: * ‹felte, lamte, yawn, border›. In the reading process, the reader would at first glance offset the sonorant against the end margin of the first syllable and thus incorrectly interpret the vowels as short vowels. The stretch-h in these spellings protects against such misinterpretations or lengthy (lengthy in the context of a quick reading process) word analyzes (necessary return to the root form) and thus sustainably supports a speedy reading process. There are only seven verbs in German with a simple initial margin (i.e. with only one consonant before the vowel) and sonorant in the initial margin of the second syllable that do not have an extended h. The conjugated forms of “fetch and hear” - “fetched, heard” - are therefore susceptible to interference in the reading process and are in principle more difficult to read than a theoretical * “hollow, heard”.

The meaning of the initial margin: The stretch h is not (with the 17 exceptions mentioned) in words with a complex initial margin (2-4 letters). Words such as ‹scissors, narrow› are perceived as difficult to spell; one speaks of syllable weight . The unit in which the gravity of a syllable is measured is called mora . For aesthetic reasons, which were particularly asserted at the end of the 18th century, the orthographic complexity of a word is not increased by the stretching h (* ‹Schehre, Schmahle›). This has led to the fact that the stretching h has been taken back from words. These aesthetic criteria of word optics, which prefer a well-formed word, were also applied to spelling light words: a word such as ‹Ehre› compared to * ‹Ere› is, as it were, visually enhanced by the elongated h. Adelung (1782) speaks of a harmonious "weight relation" or the "dignity" of the words "for the eye".

The T-regularity means that the elongation h is not in a word that begins with ‹t›.

‹Th› is a graphic from the Greek that was able to establish itself in Latin in the Middle Ages through the use of technical terms and through this found the acceptance of German scribes who then used them as stretching graphics.

The th spelling was common in Germany until 1901. At that time it was written ‹Tore› instead of ‹Tore› today. At the beginning of German words, the ‹th› indicated that the following vowel should be read, and at the end of the word that the previous vowel should be read long. Therefore, for example, “depth” or “ink” were written without “th”. (There are almost always exceptions: ‹Tee› was written ‹Thee›; possibly to give the word the minimum length of four letters, which was then considered necessary.) As Graecism , the th-Graphie in German also often used "high value words" such as ‹ Throne ›or ‹rath› as the official designation in ‹Geheimrath›.

The Orthographic Conference of 1901 categorically abolished the th spelling in the area of ​​German core words. It only "survived" in ‹throne / thrones›. The distinction between 'thon' (loam) and 'clay' (from Latin tonus), which had existed up to that point, was thus dropped. The th spelling in foreign words such as 'theater' was retained, so 'th' has been a clear foreign word marking since then. In 1901, however, only the ‹h› after the ‹t› was deleted, in the course of which the possible stretching h was not inserted between the vowel and the sonorant. Therefore, today 'gates' and not * 'doors' are written. The fact that nowadays after ‹t› for the five affected words ‹Tal, Taler, Tor, Tür and Ton (-erde)› there is no possible stretching h, is in this respect the consequence of a political decision.

The stretch h as a syllable marker: The shapes of the letters differ in their length and the degree of their curvature. In the four-line scheme, in which the line is divided into three writing zones (lower, middle and upper length area), the vowels and the three sonorants (mnr) are in the middle zone. The consonant letters (svwxz) are slanted in the middle zone. The consonant letters (bdfhkt) occupy the middle and ascender area, the consonant letters (gpq) the middle and descender area. If one examines the structure of the syllables of the German core words on the basis of the letter forms, the results can be summarized as follows in the syllable construction law: The longer a letter, the further outside it is in the syllable. The following applies to the syllable core: straight long (bdfghklpqt) ›oblique (zswvx)› straight short (mnriu) ›curved (oae). The length decreases continuously towards the syllable nucleus, reaches its minimum in the nucleus and then increases again. The consonant letter ‹l› is the only exception.

For the trochean two-syllable, the verse foot of the German core words, the following applies: In the end margin of the first syllable and / or in the beginning margin of the second syllable there is a letter that extends beyond the middle area in its length. Syllable boundaries are made visible through length contrast. Hiate like (sä-en) are the exception here.

The letter ‹h› is much more often written than spoken. Two variants of the ‹h› that are not announced are the stretching h (also a syllable-closing h) and the syllable initial “h” (also a syllable-opening or syllable-separating h). The elongation h is at the end of the first syllable, the syllable initial ‹h› at the beginning of the second syllable, but both are at the edge of the syllable and are thus also optical markers of the syllable boundary.

didactics

Successful didactic decisions are based on linguistic knowledge. The concrete didactic modeling, in turn, does not have to be an exact representation of linguistic models.

Regardless of which didactic decision is made, it cannot be avoided that the learner ultimately has to learn the spelling of words by heart. The didactics differ mainly in the knowledge base on which they are memorized and how large the volume of learning words is.

Memorizing the words with the stretch-h differs in the employment context. In every context of acquisition, it has been clarified beforehand that the vowel of the main syllable of the word in question is also read long without the expansion h. The ‹lmnr› regularity is part of every didactic.

Different contexts of acquisition for memorizing the words:

  • It is done relatively independently of other orthographic topics.
  • It takes place in the context of the topic of strain graphs (double vowel letters, ‹-ie-›).
  • It follows the sequence of five orthographic types (1st open syllable, 2nd closed syllable, 3rd syllable joint spelling, 4th syllable initial ‹h›, 5th stretching h and double vowel letters) of the spelling of German core words.

If the didactic decision is to work exclusively on the basis of reliable rules (rules that apply without exceptions), then the Dehnungs-h is a case for the learning card index from the start . All words with the stretch-h are memorized , the regularities of not spelling the stretch-h are not dealt with.

If the structural knowledge is to be conveyed, in which constellations there is no strain h and in which it could be with a high degree of probability, then the regularities are made known and appropriately justified. In a final step, the pure learning words are learned by heart.

The lowest learning volume (34 learning words in primary school) results from the following didactic concept:

  1. Teaching of the orthographic types 1 to 4 (open / closed syllable, syllable joint spelling and syllable initials ‹h›).
  2. Teaching the basic spelling of German (part of the didactics of orthographic types).
  3. Mediation of the i-spelling (this clarifies the i-spelling of the pronouns, including those of: ‹him, him, them, her, hers, hers›).
  4. Didactic reduction of the word material to the words relevant for school lessons (34 of the 127 stretching h-words are not relevant to the lesson).
  5. Distinction: meal / time, grind / paint, choice / whale, sole / sole, clock / ur, hollow / hol, true / commodity, teach / empty, moor / moor, stretcher / bar, jackdaw / dole, stretch / which, true / was, were / would be, noble / her. In the course of u. a. also dealt with style / stem and mine / expression.
  6. Stretch h only before ‹l, m, n, r›.
  7. Words with a complex starting margin are written without the extension h. Exceptions are the ten teaching-relevant learning words ‹drone, boom, stake, brag, steel, steal, moan, beam, strand, chair›
  8. Words that begin with ‹t› are written without the expansion h (T-regularity).
  9. Words that cannot be inflected are written without the extension h. Exceptions are the three learning words ‹without, very, more›.
  10. Memorization of the 21 words (core and foreign words) of the flashcard index: bar, bear, lady, cathedral, dune, even, ferment, brat, fetch, listen, giant, cure, name, oil, pole, pore, pulen, pure, rare , Seed, zone

Lists of words with stretch h

In German, there are 128 word stems in the core spelling area that have an elongation h. All 128 words are part of the corpus of the 25th edition of the Spelling Student. The words Brühl , dahlen, Göhl , Hahl, Quehle and Uhle , which are not part of the Duden corpus, were not included in this. The words danger (approximately) and consort (married), which do not have a trochaic verse and therefore do not belong to the core word range, were not counted, as were the three syllables listed below.

The following words were used in linguistic treatises under the strain h. Whether one evaluates them as derived from another word form or counts them individually is in some cases controversial. They are not counted here. The etymological reference comes from Kluge 2011 and is in key words in brackets after the respective word: pleasant / acceptable (take), suspicion (delusion), behave (take away, take), preserve (preserve), prove (true, prove true), tell (enumerate, count, number), fail (missing, mistake), approve (approve, take what can be taken), aware (true), guarantee (aware, true), get used to (live), although / both ( well), powerlessness (without power), spit (scar), sinew (tendon), intercourse (turn), harm (a lot), reconcile (atonement), noble (take), perceive (preserve), currency (guarantee, preserve) .

Qualitatively - related to the word stems - the number of core words is 128. Thus, 3.8% of all 3343 stems of core words have an extension h.

Quantitatively, the number of stretching h-words is greater due to the word formations that result from the stems: The noun ‹Höhle› derives z. B. from the adjective ‹hohl›, the noun ‹well› from the adjective ‹wohl›, the verb ‹praise› from the noun ‹Ruhm›, the verb ‹zahl› from the noun ‹Zahl›, the noun ‹Fühler› from the verb ‹ to feel ›, the noun ‹fehler› from the verb ‹fehlen› etc.

81 (63%) of the stretching h-words are nouns, 29 (23%) verbs, 12 (9%) adjectives, the remaining 6 (5%) are distributed among the other parts of speech.

69 (54%) stems are verb-capable, so they can form verbs. 101 (79%) tribes are substantive. 54 (42%) stems are both verb and noun capable.

39 of the 81 noun stems are two-syllables, 14 of which can be used as verbs. 42 of the stems are monosyllables, 20 of which can be verbal.

Among the 50 words with the highest frequency in German-language texts, the following three have an extension h: ‹year, clock, take›.

Distinction: ‹meal / time, grind / paint, choice / whale, sole / sole, clock / ur, hollow / hol, true / commodity, moor / moor, stretcher / bar, jackdaw / dole, stretch / which, true / was , while / were, noble / her, teach / empty ›The official regulation of the German spelling leads in § 8 to the distinction‹ more / sea ›and‹ teach / empty ›. The distinctive spelling is only very weakly motivated with ‹more / sea› and that is solely due to the less frequent word "a more", otherwise the upper and lower case here creates the uniqueness in the reading process. In the case of ‹teach / empty›, on the other hand, the differentiation is motivated by the forms ‹taught / empty›, which both benefit from a stretch mark in the reading process, which is not the case with ‹teaching / empty› (teaching denotes a measuring tool).

all word stems with an extension h: Whether or not word forms are set off under a stem is a matter of dispute in some cases. ‹Hahn› (water tap) and ‹Hahn› (animal) are counted as two tribes here. The 'cock' is represented here by the 'chicken'. “Failure” and “Fault” are offset under “Missing” and “Tend” under “String”. 'Flour', 'Mill' and 'Grinding' are each counted once.

43 words (32.5%) before the sonorant ‹l›  : ‹Ahle, Bohle, Bühl, Buhle, Dähle, Dohle, pale, missing, foal, feel, gehl, hehlen, hollow, Ihle, hooting, kahl, throat, Kohl, coal, Krähl, cool, Kuhle, meal, grind, flour, mill, pile, Pfuhl, Pfühl, brag, sole, steel, steel, beam, Strähl, Strehler, chair, wallow, choice, well, dig, figure, Zwehle ›

10 words (8%) before the sonorant ‹m›  : ‹Kahm, lahm, clay, aunt, take, prahm, cream, frame, fame, tame›

41 words (32%) before the sonorant ‹n›  : ‹Ahn, ahnen, similar (from similar), train, bean, polishing, groyne, stage, stretch, Dohne, drone, booming, flag, Fehn, foehn, yawning, Rooster, mockery, chicken, him, kahn, bold, lahne, back, wage, mane, admonish, poppy, without, rahn, cream, sinew, son, moan, streak, atonement, delusion, live, wuhne, tooth, ten ›

34 words (26.5%) in front of the sonorant ‹r›  : ‹Ear, bier, drill, honor, drive, pine, lead, listen, noble, year, sweep, doctrine, teach, mahr, mare, more, moor, Carrot, nourish, ear, eye, pipe, dysentery, stir, very, sohr, watch, true, true, while (while), defend, Wuhr, Zehren, consume ›

77 (60%) of the stems of elongated h-words precede the nasal sonorants ‹m, n›, 51 (40%) come before the liquid (or oral) sonorants ‹r, l›.

Distribution of the vowels (percentages rounded, therefore 99.5%): 36 (28%) ‹a›, 25 (19.5%) ‹e›, 24 (19%) ‹o›, 12 (9%) ‹ u ›, 2 (1.5%) ‹i›, 12 (9%)‹ ä ›, 11 (8.5%)‹ ü ›and 6 (5%)‹ ö ›.

Etymological assignment:

  • 8th century: (56) resemble, ear, bean, Bühl, stretch, honor, pale, flag, drive, foal, lead, yawn, gehl, hollow, noble, hollow, him, year, bare, throat, sweep, Cabbage, coal, Krähl, lame, clay, backrest, teach, wage, admonish, mare, more, Mohr, nourish, take, without, ear, pfühl, pipe, fame, stir, son, steal, beam, chair, atonement, Delusion, true, last, defend, well, live, number, tooth, teeth, ten
  • 9th century: (22) ancestor (s), bier, pine, feel, ear (s), rooster (animal), scorn, cool, bold, grind, mane, flour, poppy seeds, carrot, auntie, sinew, very much , Sole, choice, true, tame, Zwehle
  • 10th century: (6) awl, drill, hair dryer, mill, stake, steel
  • 11th century: (9) doctrine, meal, mahr, eye, cream, frame, dysentery, strands, digging
  • 12th century: (4) foresee, railway, buhle, pool
  • 13th century: (7) stage, jackdaw, missing, hooting, Kahm, Strähl, feed
  • 14th century: (6) cream, cream, moan, clock, clock
  • 15th century: (6) Bohle, Dohne, Hahn (water tap), Kahn, sohr, Wuhne
  • 16th century: (1) brag
  • 17th century: (4) Groyne, drone, boom, wallow
  • 18th century: (1) polishing
  • 19th century: (1) Kuhle
  • 20th century: (1) Ihle

Of the 80 tribes that come from Old and Middle High German, eleven record an ‹h› in the inside of the word, which could then be used in Early New High German for the function of the stretching h: Ähre (ahd. Ehir mhd. Rather), Bühl ( ahd. buhil, mhd. buhel), jackdaw (mhd. tahe), wages (ahd. lon, mhd. wages), mare (ahd. mer (i) ha, mhd. merhe), poppy seeds (ahd. mow, mhd. mow), carrot (ahd. moraha, mhd. more), steel (ahd./mhd. stahel), tough (ahd. zahar, mhd. zaher), ten (ahd. zehan, mhd. toe), zwehle (ahd. dwehila, mhd. twehl (e))

Three syllables that cannot be traced back to a two-syllable, since the second morpheme (word component) is a unique morpheme : ‹command / recommend, desire, dispense, experience, mention, due, get used to (used), imitate, marry›

Words that could be preceded by an elongated h before ‹l, m, n, r›, but not:

36 hereditary words with a simple starting border: ‹bar, bear, dole, feme, gar, ferment, brat, malice (from malicious), fetch, hear, giant, whore, kar, kören, elector, mal, paint, fairy tale, mären, name, nölen, None, Öl, Pale, pulen, Same (n), Sole, Tal, Taler, Töle, Ton (loam), Tor (der / das), Tür, Ur, Wal, Ware ›

9 loanwords with a simple starting margin: ‹Dame (16th century it. Dama), cathedral (14th century French dome), dune (16th century nndl. Duin), Kur (16th century lat. Cura) , Lore (19th century English lorry), Mole (16th century it. Molo), Römer (16th century nndl. , Roman, drinking glass), rune (17th century Danish rune), Tsar ( 9th century Bulgarian v. Caesar) ›

62 inheritance and loan words with a complex starting margin: ‹flower, corridor, fron, gnome, grail, gram, gran, roar, green, clear, clone, klönen, kram, crane, crown, crumb, plan, tarpaulin, torment, across, scarf, shell, shame, crowd, skerry, stool, schema, scissors, narrow, stew, cord, beautiful, spare, schooner, school, stir up, swan, swan, swear, smolder, heavy, swear, sultry, chip, save, Spor, spore, coil, rinse, track, feel, star (the bird), strength, stele, sturgeon, disturb, current, Stromer, stubborn, tran, tear, trine ›

20 foreign words: amen (no Schwa), Elen (no Schwa), miserable (wretched), Flor (floral / flourish), Gen (20th century, genetics), Golem (no Schwa), Harem (no Schwa), Mime (i), mine (i), nouns (nouns), omen (omina), pole (polar), pore (porous), pure (purity), rar (rarity), star (celebrity, no black), style (i ), Sound (music, tonal), zone (zonal)

Strain-h in Japanese proper names

Japanese proper names are rewritten in passports according to the Hepburn system in the Latin alphabet. Since the diacritical mark ( macron ) provided for long vowels in the Hepburn transcription is not reproduced, お う / オ ウ (OU) can be reproduced as OU or OH on request, deviating from the Hepburn system (Ō). The rarer お お / オ オ (OO) is therefore also often transcribed as OH. Therefore stir z. B. the spellings Satoh for Satō , Ohta for Ōta or Tohyama for Tōyama .

literature

  • Gerhard Augst (2000): The mightiness of word families - quantitative evaluations of the "word family dictionary of contemporary German language". In: Barz, Irmhild / Schröder, Marianne / Fix, Ulla (eds.): Practice and integration fields of word formation research. Heidelberg, University Press Winter. Pp. 1-18
  • Gerhard Augst (1998): Word family dictionary of contemporary German. Tubingen, Niemeyer
  • Gerhard Augst (1985): Dehnungs-h and Geminate in the graphematic structure. In: Augst, Gerhard (Hrsg.): Graphematik und Orthographie. Frankfurt am Main. Pp. 112-121
  • Gerhard Augst (1980): The graphematic expansion designation and the possibilities of a reform. In: German language 4/1980. Pp. 306-326
  • Duden (2009): The grammar. 8. completely rebuilt. and exp. Edition. Mannheim
  • Duden (2010): The German spelling. 25. completely redesigned. and exp. Edition. Mannheim
  • Peter Eisenberg (2011): Basics of German spelling. In: Ursula Bredel , Tilo Reißig (Hrsg.): Further acquisition of orthography (German lessons in theory and practice 5). Baltmannsweiler. 83-95
  • Peter Eisenberg (2006): Outline of the German grammar: The word. 3rd edition Stuttgart
  • Peter Eisenberg (2005): The letter and the writing structure of the word. In: DUDEN. The grammar. 7th edition Mannheim. 61-94
  • Peter Eisenberg (1989): The writing syllable in German. In: Eisenberg, Peter / Günther, Hartmut (eds.): Writing system and orthography (series Germanistische Linguistik 97). Tübingen. 57-84
  • Fuhrhop, Nanna / Buchmann, Franziska (2009): The hierarchy of length: For the construction of the graphematic syllable. In: Linguistic Reports 218, 127–155
  • Peter Gallmann (1985): Graphic elements of the written language. Basis for a reform of the orthography. Tübingen
  • Günther, Hartmut (1988): Written Language. Structures of written words and their processing when reading. Tübingen
  • Hinney, Gabriele (2004): The concept of the writing syllable and its didactic modeling. In: Bredel, Ursula / Siebert-Ott, Gesa / Thielen, Tobias (eds.): Acquisition of written language and orthography (discussion forum Deutsch 16). Baltmannsweiler. 72-91
  • Hinney, Gabriele (1997): Redefinition of learning content for spelling lessons. Frankfurt am Main
  • Jansen-Tang, Doris (1988): Aims and possibilities of a reform of the German orthography since 1901 (European university publications: series 1, German language and literature; BD. 1033). Frankfurt am Main, New York, Paris
  • Kohrt, Manfred (1989): The miraculous tales of the syllable-separating h '- attempt at a rational reconstruction. In: Eisenberg, Peter / Günther, Hartmut (eds.): Writing system and orthography (series Germanistische Linguistik 97). Tübingen. 179-228
  • Utz Maas (2012): WHAT IS GERMAN? - The development of the linguistic situation in Germany. Munich
  • Utz Maas (2011): On the history of German orthography. 10-47. In: Bredel, Ursula / Reissig, Tilo (Hrsg.): Further acquisition of orthography (German lessons in theory and practice 5). Baltmannsweiler
  • Utz Maas (2006): Phonology - Introduction to the functional phonetics of German. Goettingen
  • Utz Maas (1997) Orthographic regularities, rules and their deregulation. Using the example of the stretch marks in German. In: Augst, Gerhard (Ed.): On the new regulation of German orthography - justification and criticism. Tübingen. 337-364
  • Utz Maas (1992): Basic features of German orthography (Germanistische Linguistik 120 series). Tübingen
  • Utz Maas (1989): Stretching and sharpening in German orthography. In: Eisenberg, Peter / Günther, Hartmut (eds.): Writing system and orthography (series Germanistische Linguistik 97). Tübingen. 229-250
  • Martin Neef (2000): The distribution of the [h] in German: written pronunciation and phonology. Convivium. 271-286
  • Dieter Nerius, Jürgen Scharnhorst: Theoretical problems of German orthography. (East) Berlin 1980.
  • Christina Noack, (): The syllable as access content during the reading process. In: Bredel, Ursula / Günther, Hartmut (Hrsg.): Orthography theory and spelling lessons. Tübingen 2006, pp. 181-196.
  • Noack, Christina (2010): Orthography as reading instruction. The services of written language structures for the decoding process. In: Bredel, Ursula / Müller, Astrid / Hinney, Gabriele (eds.): Writing system and writing acquisition: linguistic-didactic-empirical. Berlin. 51-170
  • Jakob Ossner (2001): The ‹h› graph in German. In: Linguistic Reports 187, 325–351
  • Beatrice Primus (2000): Suprasegmental graphematics and phonology: The stretch marks in German. In: Linguistic Reports 181. 5-34
  • Primus, Beatrice / Neef, Martin (2001): Mute Witnesses of Autonomy - A Replica to Ossner. Linguistic Reports 187. 353-378
  • Röber, Christa (2009): The achievements of children in learning to read and write. Basics of the syllable analysis method. Baltmannsweiler
  • Weingarten, Rüdiger (2004): The syllable in the writing process and in the acquisition of written language. In: Bredel, Ursula / Siebert-Ott, Gesa / Thelen, Tobias (eds.): Acquisition of written language and orthography. Baltmannsweiler. 6-21

Web links

Wiktionary: Strain-h  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Röber, Christa .: The achievements of children in learning to read and write: Basics of the syllable analysis method; a workbook with exercises . Schneider-Verl. Hohengehren, Baltmannsweiler 2013, ISBN 978-3-8340-0618-9 , pp. 42 .
  2. ^ Nanna Fuhrhop (2011): Spelling in foreign words. In: Bredel, Ursula / Reissig, Tilo (eds.): Further acquisition of orthography (German lessons in theory and practice 5), 2011. Baltmannsweiler. P. 154.
  3. ↑ In the context of unsystematic didactic access to the word-internal h-spelling, the following is often recorded as a mnemonic: "Extension h and syllable initial ‹h› never appear in one word at the same time - * ‹-hh-›." The statement is correct, but just as redundant.
  4. ^ A b Peter Eisenberg (2011): Basics of German spelling. In: Bredel, Ursula / Reissig, Tilo (eds.): Further acquisition of orthography (German lessons in theory and practice 5), 2011. Baltmannsweiler. P. 89.
  5. ^ Utz Maas (1992): Fundamentals of German orthography. Tübingen. P. 318.
  6. ^ A b Peter Eisenberg (2006): Outline of the German grammar: The word. 3rd edition Stuttgart. P. 322 and p. 427.
  7. ^ Peter Eisenberg (2006): Outline of the German grammar: The word. 3rd edition Stuttgart. P. 427.
  8. ^ Elmar Seebold (2011): Kluge. Etymological dictionary of the German language. 25th edition, Tübingen. P. 667.
  9. ^ Peter Eisenberg (2011): Basics of German spelling. In: Bredel, Ursula / Reissig, Tilo (eds.): Further acquisition of orthography (German lessons in theory and practice 5), 2011. Baltmannsweiler. P. 90.
  10. ^ TU Berlin, Institute for Language and Communication: Syllable phonology. . Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  11. ↑ These seven verbs do not have an extension h: ‹ferment, fetch, hear, choose, paint, march, pulen›, in contrast to these 23: ‹polish, drill, stretch, drive, lack, feel, lead, yawn, steal, hoot, sweep, teach, grind, admonish, take, nourish, stir, protect, defend. live, live, rummage, consume ›
  12. ↑ Guido Nottbusch: Orthography. Dehnung ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Guido Nottbusch's website. Retrieved November 30, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.guido-nottbusch.de
  13. ^ According to Fuhrhop / Buchmann (2009): The hierarchy of length for the construction of the graphematic syllable
  14. ↑ Fuhrhop / Buchmann p. 153
  15. ↑ Seebold, Elmar. Kluge - Etymological dictionary of the German language. 25th edition 2011.
  16. ^ Duden (2009): The German orthography. 25., completely new. and exp. Edition. Mannheim. Pp. 158-159.
  17. ↑ The list claims to be complete.
  18. ↑ The list does not claim to be complete.
  19. ↑ The list seems to be complete with regard to the hereditary words, but does not claim to be complete.
  20. ↑ The list appears to be complete with regard to the loanwords, but does not claim to be exhaustive. The etymological background is indicated in brackets.
  21. ↑ The list appears to be complete with regard to the complex words, but is by no means exhaustive.
  22. ↑ The term foreign word is used here structurally (synchronously) and not historically (diachronically). A word is considered a foreign word if - in contrast to the loan word - it has not fully assimilated the structure of the hereditary word. The reason for the foreign word marking is indicated in brackets in the form of phonetic, prosodic, grammatical or orthographic differences. Since the expansion h is a marker for German core words, it cannot be used in foreign words. At first glance, these foreign words can be confused with core words due to their structure "sonorant after vowel".
  23. ↑ 氏 名 に 「オ ウ」 音 等 長 音 を 含 む 方 (パ ス ポ ー ト) - 愛 知 県. In: www.pref.aichi.jp. Retrieved March 4, 2016 .