December murders

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Plaque commemorating the December murders at Fort Zeelandia , unveiled on December 8, 2009 by President Ronald Venetiaan
Desi Bouterse, Commander in Chief of Suriname (1985)

The term December murders is used to describe the torture and murder of 15 opponents of the Surinamese military regime of Desi Bouterse on December 7th and 8th, 1982. From 2007 the criminal trial for this crime took place before a Surinamese military court . After the process had been delayed and obstructed for years, the main defendant Desi Bouterse, then Commander-in-Chief of the Army and President of the country since 2010, was sentenced to 20 years in prison on November 29, 2019 ; six other defendants were sentenced to 10 to 15 years in prison. None of the convicts were detained until April 2020 as the appeal options were not exhausted. The main defendant, Bouterse, also enjoys political immunity as the country's president .

The December murders

The Veere Bastion with bullet holes, some of which were made later during the investigation

On the night of December 7th to 8th, 1982, 14 prominent critics of the military regime in Suriname, the smallest country in South America with a population of just over 500,000, were taken from their homes and two others were taken out of prison. The men were taken to Fort Zeelandia , the then headquarters of the military administration near the capital Paramaribo . According to witnesses, the then Commander in Chief of the Army and Chief of the Military Council, Desi Bouterse, personally brought charges against the men in a “sham trial”. They were tortured and 15 of the 16 men were executed on the Veere Bastion in Fort Zeelandia.

That same night, the military destroyed the headquarters of the Moederbond union , two radio stations and the editorial offices of an opposition newspaper.

On December 8, 1982, Bouterse declared on Surinamese television that a coup had been planned for Christmas 1982 with the support of foreign forces, including the US CIA , and that this had been thwarted early on. He also claimed that the men were shot while trying to escape. A short film sequence was then shown showing inmate Jozef Slagveer, whose left half of his face was swollen and who was reading an explanation in front of the camera in the presence of fellow inmate Roy Horb. He actually planned to overthrow the regime in cooperation with foreign forces. André Kamperveen also made a similar statement, but since he showed even stronger traces of abuse, it was only broadcast on the radio. The film was only shown later during the criminal trial.

The killings were preceded by at least three unsuccessful attempts to overthrow the military regime and restore democracy, as well as mass demonstrations and strikes in November 1982 in response to the arrest of union leader Cyrill Daal.

The victims

Monument to André Kamperveen in front of the Paramaribo stadium
  • John Baboeram (36), lawyer
  • Bram Behr (31), journalist connected to the communist weekly Mokro
  • Cyrill Daal (46), chairman of Moederbond , then the largest union in Suriname
  • Kenneth Gonçalves, 42, lawyer and president of the local bar association
  • Eddy Hoost (48), lawyer
  • André Kamperveen (58), entrepreneur, owner of ABC Radio, former Minister for Youth, Sport and Culture and Vice-President of FIFA
  • Gerard Leckie (39), psychologist and dean of the business faculty of the University of Suriname
  • Sugrim Oemrawsingh (42), mathematician and natural scientist and former member of parliament of the Vooruitstrevende Hervormings Partij . His twin brother was Baal Oemrawsingh, a medical professor at the University of Suriname, whose bloody body was found after an attempted coup in March 1982.
  • Lesley Rahman (28), journalist for De Ware Tijd newspaper
  • Surendre Rambocus, 29, lieutenant who led the coup attempt against Bouterse in March 1982 and was sentenced to twelve years in prison in November 1982
  • Harold Riedewald (49), lawyer
  • Jiwansingh Sheombar, 25, a soldier who was accused of participating in the attempted coup in March 1982 and was sentenced to eight years in prison as a result
  • Jozef Slagveer (42), journalist and director of the Informa news agency
  • Robby Sohansingh, 37, an entrepreneur
  • Frank Wijngaarde (43), journalist and radio announcer at ABC Radio

All victims were members of the Suriname Association for Democracy . With John Baboeram, Eddy Hoost, Kenneth Gonçalves and Harold Riedewald, four of Suriname's most renowned criminal defense lawyers were among the victims. You served as defense counsel for the defendants Surendre Rambocus and Djiewansing Sheombar in the trial of a coup on March 11, 1982.

After the December murders, many family members of the murdered men emigrated to the Netherlands, which was the colonial power of Suriname until 1975.

Reports and preliminary investigations

Report of the Dutch Legal Commission

On February 14, 1983, the Dutch section of the International Commission of Jurists (NJCM) presented its report on the December murders in Leiden . He summarized the testimony of witnesses who had seen the partly mutilated bodies of the victims between December 9 and 13 in the morgue of the University Hospital in Paramaribo . After that, the faces of all victims showed signs of severe abuse, the bodies broken bones and other wounds that could not have been caused by gunshots. Experts also found that the shots in the chest and stomach were clearly fired from the front. The conclusion of the report was that the victims did not try to escape, but that they were severely tortured and then killed. Individual injuries were also listed: Cyrill Daal had been emasculated . Surindre Rambocus was stabbed by several bullets from his left foot to his neck, his tongue was cut out, and his face was covered with burns from cigarettes. Jiwansingh Sheombar's chest and stomach had gunshots in a crisscross pattern.

United Nations

Amos Wako (1984)

In 1983, the relatives of eight victims of the December murders called on the UN Human Rights Committee to condemn the executions in violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (IPbpR). In return, the Surinamese government demanded that the application be declared inadmissible. However, the committee ruled that the 15 victims had been "arbitrarily killed" in violation of Article 6 of the ICCPR and called on Suriname to investigate the murders and prosecute those responsible.

In 1984, the UN Human Rights Committee's Special Rapporteur, Amos Wako , visited Suriname and the Netherlands, the former mother country of the country, home to a large Surinamese community. He stated that on the night of December 7th to 8th, 1982, “civil or arbitrary executions” had taken place which had “a traumatic effect” on the Surinamese population, particularly with regard to the prominent status of the victims. Many Surinamans believe that an independent investigation and prosecution of the culprits is necessary.

In 1992 Desi Bouterse was sentenced in absentia to 11 years imprisonment for drug trafficking in the Netherlands. He was subsequently unable to leave the country because of an international arrest warrant, but has been protected by political immunity since his election as president in 2010 .

Judicial investigation

Bouterse as President of Suriname (August 12, 2010)

On November 1, 2000, shortly before the expiry of the statute of limitations, a preliminary judicial investigation was initiated under the direction of examining magistrate Albert Ramnewash. In December 2002, Ramnewash ordered an autopsy of the victims and the Nederlands Forensisch Instituut (NFI) was called in. In August 2004, the NFI forwarded the results of the forensic investigation to the Surinamese investigation team, which completed the preliminary investigation in early December 2004.

In 2000, John Dugard , longtime legal advisor to Bishop Desmond Tutu , concluded that the December 8th 1982 killings, including torture and executions, were a crime against humanity . In order to break the peaceful popular movement for law and democracy, its intellectual leaders were deliberately murdered. In the same year, the sole survivor, union leader Freddy Derby, reported that Bouterse had promised to let him live in order to calm the “rebellious” unions in Suriname.

Criminal prosecution

Beginning of the process

In March 2007, Desi Bouterse publicly apologized for the December murders . At the same time, he called for an amnesty for the perpetrators and their accomplices. Bouterse stated that he was only “politically responsible” for the murders: “It was them or us.” He was also not personally present in the fortress. In contrast, two eyewitnesses testified that the victims Paul Bhagwanda and Roy Horb were "interrogated" by him in Bouterse's office in Fort Zeelandia shortly before their death. Bouterse acted as a "judge" and pronounced the penalties. According to the statements of the two witnesses - two soldiers - the killings were prepared a month in advance. The original plan was to shoot the men on a patrol boat at sea.

On November 30, 2007, 25 years after the crime, the criminal trial for the December murders began in a military court in Suriname, presided over by Judge Cynthia Valstein-Montnor . 25 men were charged, and Desi Bouterse, then Commander in Chief of the Army, was the main defendant. A heavily secured courtroom was built in the Domburg district especially for this criminal case .

The process was slow, and Bouterse himself, who was elected President of Suriname in May 2010 despite the ongoing proceedings and thus now enjoyed immunity, never appeared before the court until his appeal hearing in January 2020. One of the 25 defendants, Ruben Rozendaal, stated on May 8, 2010 that Bouterse's attorney had given him $ 10,000 in gratitude for not making statements incriminating Bouterse. On March 23, 2012, he testified that Desi Bouterse shot dead the victims Cyrill Daal and Surendre Rambocus with their own hands. Bouterse was also responsible for the death of Roy Horb, his brother-in-law Guno Mahadew, Roy Tolud and Wilfred Hawker. Bouterse is also a drug dealer and arms dealer responsible for further murders in the 1980s. Rozendaal declared that he had not long to live because of a serious illness and that he wanted to clear his name before he died. His own role in the December murders consisted only in picking up André Kamperveen at home and taking him to Fort Zeelandia. He did not take part in the tortures and murders. Rozendaal committed suicide in December 2017 after the prosecutor had demanded ten years imprisonment for him a month earlier.

The amnesty law

On March 19, 2012, twelve members of parliament from the governing coalition of Bouterse submitted a proposal to expand an existing law on the amnesty of crimes during the Surinamese civil war so that the December murders would also be included. An adoption of this law would have meant that the process to the December murders had in December 2012 to an end. Despite massive criticism, it was passed in parliament on April 4, 2012 after three days of heated debate with 28 yes-votes and 12 no-votes. All opposition members present voted against the law. Bouterse said the ratification of the law would mark a "fresh start" for Suriname. At a subsequent celebration on the Onafhankelijkheidsplein in Paramaribo, Steve Meye, bishop of a Surinamese Pentecostal church and the spiritual advisor of Bouterse, described the opponents of the law as "enemies of the state" who must be identified and arrested.

In response to the passing of the law, the Dutch Foreign Minister Uri Rosenthal called the Dutch Ambassador Aart Jacobi from Suriname the next day . In addition, he had around 20 million euros in development aid for Suriname frozen. The Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (VVD) and Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA) advocated further economic sanctions. Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte called the amnesty law "difficult to bear" and Suriname would feel that it had made that decision. On June 24, 2012, Minister Rosenthal ordered an entry ban for the 25 defendants in the December murders. The United Nations, Amnesty International , Human Rights Watch , Reporters Without Borders and other human rights organizations also condemned the amnesty law.

In the parliamentary elections on May 25, 2015 , President Bouterse's NDP achieved an absolute majority with 26 out of 51 parliamentary seats.

Progress of the process and judgment

Plaque commemorating the victims of the December murders at Mozes en Aäronkerk in Amsterdam

On June 9, 2016, the military tribunal ruled that the amnesty law was illegal and that the process would be continued: the law had been passed during the ongoing process and should also have been reviewed by a constitutional court. Shortly thereafter, Bouterse sought to talk to judges and informed the army and police about a "constitutional crisis" in which the country is allegedly as a result of the judgment. Critics, including the Surinamese Bar Association (SOVA), viewed these events as an attack on the separation of powers . Bouterse also declared in parliament that there was a “constitutional crisis”. With reference to Article 148 of the Surinamese Constitution, he had the process temporarily interrupted, as it represented a “threat to the national security of Suriname”.

As a result, further sessions of the court were postponed several times. On January 30, 2017, the court announced that the trial against Bouterse and his fellow suspects would continue. It found that Bouterse had wrongly intervened in the process and could not invoke Article 148 of the Constitution. The verdict was due to be pronounced on February 9, but the session was adjourned because the prosecution appealed the court's decision. It was believed that this unexpected move was due to government pressure on the chief prosecutor. In May 2017, however, the Suriname Supreme Court ruled the appeal unfounded.

On June 28, 2017, public prosecutor Roy Elgin called for 20 years in prison for Bouterse and four other defendants for planned murder. Bouterse countered these demands by claiming that no judge could judge him because he was "appointed by God". Punitive claims for other defendants followed in the coming months.

After further delays, the court, consisting of three judges - Cynthia Valstein-Monthor, Suzanne Chu and Rewita Chatterpal - pronounced the verdicts on November 29, 2019, over twelve years after the start of the trial: Bouterse was sentenced to 20 years in prison. Six accomplices were also convicted: Benny Brondenstein, Ernst Gefferie and Iwan Dijksteel to 15 years each and Stephanus Dendoe, Kenneth Kempes and Lucien Lewis to 10 years in prison each. Ten defendants were acquitted. Six other defendants had died over the years.

The reading of the 120-page judgment by Cynthia Valstein-Montnor, which the Surinamese political scientist Hans Breeveld described as a “legal masterpiece”, took three hours. However, no arrest warrants were issued, since according to Surinamese law, arrests of convicts can only take place after all appeal options have been exhausted.

President Bouterse was on a state visit to China that day . His lawyer announced that he would appeal the verdict, especially since Bouterse had been convicted "in absentia". The verdict is clearly "politically motivated". The judges had made “a drama” out of the victims' interrogations.

For the appeal hearing on January 22, 2020, Desi Bouterse appeared in court for the first time, surrounded by ten bodyguards and to the loud applause of around 1,500 supporters of himself and his party, the Nationale Democratische Partij (NDP). These were brought to the courthouse by bus from all over the country by the NDP. Roads were cordoned off and schools closed. Since the prosecutor and a judge were absent due to illness, the session ended after a few minutes.

Jeff Handmaker , head of the independent observation mission of the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) and professor at Erasmus University Rotterdam , enumerated how Bouterse, his lawyer and his fellow party members did everything in their power to discredit the criminal process for the December murders terminate and / or delay. He also abused the law, for example with the illegal amnesty law of 2012. Handmaker also referred to the numerous public harassments against the judiciary and the attempts to undermine its legitimacy. Handmaker concluded that President Bouterse was guilty of lawfare (political persecution, the destruction of public reputation and the defamation of a political opponent through the unlawful use of legal instruments) in order to undermine the rule of law in Suriname.

In the opinion of the lawyer Gerard Spong, who was friends with the victims of the murders and who advised the public prosecutor on the indictment, Bouterse remains only “the political escape route”. His only salvation is the presidency. That is why Bouterse has a vital interest in winning the elections on May 25, 2020. As soon as he is no longer president and no longer enjoys immunity, Bouterse "of course" belongs "thrown" into prison.

memory

To commemorate the December murders , a plaque with the names was placed on the south wall of the Mozes en Aäronkerk in Amsterdam in 1992 . A memorial event is held there every year. The families of the murder victims founded the Stichting December 8, 1982 .

In 2009 a plaque with the names of the victims was unveiled in Fort Zealandia by then President Ronald Venetiaan . The bullet holes from the execution are preserved there.

The football stadium in Paramaribo was named after André Kamperveen in 2000 , and a statue of himself on the stadium reminds of him.

literature

Non-fiction

  • Sandew Hira: Balans van een coup: drie jaar Surinaamse revolutie . Futile, Rotterdam 1983, ISBN 90-6323-057-5 (Dutch).
  • Jan Sariman, with an afterword by Hendrick Chin A Sen : De Decembermoorden in Suriname: verslag van een ooggetuige . Het Wereldvenster, Bussum 1983, ISBN 90-293-9435-8 (Dutch).
  • Willem Oltmans: Willem Oltmans in private with Desi Bouterse . Jan Mets, Amsterdam 1984, ISBN 90-70509-15-6 (Dutch).
  • Harmen Boerboom / Joost Oranje: De 8 december moorden: slagschaduw over Suriname . BZZTôH, 's-Gravenhage 1992, ISBN 90-6291-762-3 (Dutch).
  • Theo Para: De schreeuw van Bastion Veere . Van Gennep, Amsterdam 2009, ISBN 90-5515-441-5 (Dutch).
  • Ivo Evers / Pieter van Maele: Bouterse aan de makes . De Bezige Bij, 2012, ISBN 978-90-234-7293-3 (Dutch).

Novels

Edgar Cairo wrote the novel De smaak van Sranan Libre in the days after the December murders . The text appeared in part in the newspaper Het Parool and was broadcast as a radio play by Radio Nederland Wereldomroep . In 2007 the novel was published as a book.

In 2005, Cynthia McLeod wrote the historical novel ... die Revolutie niet begrepen! ... , in which the December murders are also discussed.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c President of Suriname condemned. In: bote.ch. November 30, 2019, accessed April 16, 2020 .
  2. ↑ De waarheid , December 11, 1982, p. 1. In: delpher.nl. Retrieved April 1, 2020 (Dutch).
  3. ↑ a b c d Amos Wako: Summary or arbitrary executions: report / by Special Rapporteur, S. Amos Wako, appointed pursuant to resolution 1984/35 of 24 May 1984 of the Economic and Social Council. Annex V. In: digitallibrary.un.org. May 24, 1984, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  4. ↑ Gevonden in Delphians NRC Handelsblad. In: resolver.kb.nl. December 19, 1982, accessed March 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  5. ↑ D. Bouterse: oging dead staatsgreep voorkomen. In: Nederlands Dagblad . December 10, 1982, accessed March 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  6. ↑ De geschiedenis van de Decembermoorden in Suriname. In: isgeschiedenis.nl. December 9, 2019, accessed March 31, 2020 (Dutch).
  7. ↑ Kamperveen André in blog. In: werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl. Retrieved April 17, 2020 .
  8. ↑ Report on the human rights situation in Suriname van de Inter-Amerikaanse Commissie voor de Mensenrechte
  9. ↑ Suriname: Justice Under Fire. In: coha.org. April 17, 2020, accessed on April 17, 2020 (English).
  10. ↑ a b Zones of Suriname. In: 2doc.nl. Retrieved March 31, 2020 (Dutch).
  11. ↑ Chris de Cooker, Chairman: De gebeurtenissen in Paramaribo, Suriname, 8-13 December 1982: de gewelddadige dood van 14 Surinamers en 1 Nederlander . Ed .: Report van het Nederlands Juristen Comité voor de Mensenrechte. Leiden February 14th 1983.
  12. ↑ 'De heer Bouterse lust ik rauw'. In: groene.nl. January 6, 2010, accessed April 17, 2020 (Dutch).
  13. ↑ a b Matthijs le Loux: Alleen de Verkiezingen lijken Bouterse voor 20 jaar cel te can authorities. In: nu.nl. March 27, 2020, accessed April 15, 2020 (Dutch).
  14. ↑ Decembermoorden / Late lijkschouwing. In: trouw.nl. June 29, 2006, accessed March 31, 2020 (Dutch).
  15. ↑ a b Lawfare tegen Decembermoorden strafproces. In: starnieuws.com. April 16, 2020, accessed April 16, 2020 .
  16. ↑ 18 jaar na de decembermoorden: Fred Derby doet zijn verhaal ( Memento from June 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  17. ↑ Smet op Surinaams blazoen. In: nos.nl. February 19, 2010, accessed April 1, 2020 (Dutch).
  18. ↑ Ooggetuige Verklaart: decembermoorden van tevoren gepland. In: archief.ntr.nl. July 11, 2017, accessed March 31, 2020 (Dutch).
  19. ^ Ivo Evers, Pieter Van Maele: Bouterse aan de makes. ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  20. ↑ a b Tonny van der Mee: Krijgsraad is na zes minutes al klaar met Bouterse. In: ad.nl. January 22, 2020, accessed April 15, 2020 (Dutch).
  21. ↑ Rozendaal: Bouterse heeft mij US $ 10,000 given. In: starnieuws.com. March 23, 2012, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  22. ^ "Bouterse heeft Daal en Rambocus doodgeschoten". In: starnieuws.com. March 23, 2012, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  23. ↑ Rozendaal: Bouterse schoot Van Aalst dood. In: starnieuws.com. March 24, 2012, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  24. ^ Ruben Rozendaal is overled. In: starnieuws.com. December 2, 2017, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  25. ^ Voorstel: Amnesty suspected Decembermoorden. In: trouw.nl. March 20, 2012, accessed April 1, 2020 (Dutch).
  26. ↑ Bouterse maakt kans op amnestie voor betrokkenheid bij Decembermoorden. In: trouw.nl. March 21, 2012, accessed April 1, 2020 (Dutch).
  27. ↑ 'Amnestiewet Suriname warranted'. In: ad.nl. April 6, 2012, accessed April 1, 2020 (Dutch).
  28. ^ Bouterse: Amnestiewet is een nieuw begin. In: starnieuws.com. April 6, 2012, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  29. ^ Meye: Mensen die niet meewerken zijn staatsvijanden. In: starnieuws.com. May 6, 2012, accessed March 31, 2020 .
  30. ↑ Rosenthal schort hulp aan Suriname op. In: volkskrant.nl. April 11, 2012, accessed April 15, 2020 (Dutch).
  31. ↑ PVV moties Suriname beworpen , RNW Suriname, April 20, 2012
  32. ↑ Rutte: Suriname zal remember to be followed. In: volkskrant.nl. April 5, 2012, accessed April 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  33. ↑ Geen visum voor Surinaamse suspected 8 December. In: waterkant.net. June 25, 2012, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  34. ^ Suriname amnesty law threatens President's trial for human rights violations. In: amnesty.org. March 23, 2012, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  35. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: Refworld - Amnesty insult to memory of dictatorship's victims, including five journalists. In: refworld.org. April 5, 2012, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  36. ↑ Fracties - De Nationale Assemblée. De Nationale Assemblée, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  37. ↑ Bouterse praat met Rechtsers en leger over proces Decembermoorden. In: nos.nl. June 18, 2016, accessed March 31, 2020 (Dutch).
  38. ↑ Bouterse: crisis na vonnis krijgsraad. In: rd.nl. June 21, 2016, accessed March 31, 2020 (Dutch).
  39. ↑ Krijgsraad: strafeis tegen Desi Bouterse wordt op 9 februari Uitgesproken. In: volkskrant.nl. January 30, 2017, accessed March 31, 2020 (Dutch).
  40. ↑ Zitting Krijgsraad dead nader order uitgesteld. In: starnieuws.com. February 9, 2017, accessed March 31, 2020 .
  41. ↑ Geen strafeis tegen Bouterse na onverwacht hoger beroep OM. In: volkskrant.nl. February 9, 2017, accessed April 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  42. ↑ -December morders.html Again claims of 20 years in the process of the December murders
  43. ↑ Bouterse: God heeft me neergezet here, geen right hold me away. In: nos.nl. June 30, 2017, accessed April 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  44. ↑ Zwijgzame bewaker van de rule of law. In: trouw.nl. February 9, 2017, accessed April 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  45. ↑ Krijgsraad Suriname veroordeelt nog voor zes suspicions Decembermoorden. In: Volkskrant . November 30, 2019, accessed November 30, 2019 .
  46. ↑ Twintig jaar cel voor Bouterse. In: srherald.com. November 29, 2019, accessed April 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  47. ↑ Surinaamse president Desi Bouterse veroordeeld voor decembermoorden in 1982. In: hln.be. November 30, 2019, accessed April 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  48. ↑ Vrouwe Justitia weer bijna rechtop. In: starnieuws.com. November 30, 2019, accessed April 24, 2020 .
  49. ↑ De Zwijgende Meerderheid. In: starnieuws.com. April 24, 2020, accessed April 24, 2020 .
  50. ↑ a b c 'Het is een historical dag voor de Rechtsstaat Suriname'. In: trouw.nl. November 29, 2019, accessed April 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  51. ↑ Kanhai: Proces was politiek proces , Surinam Herald , November 29, 2019
  52. ↑ 20 years in prison for President Bouterse for “December murders”. In: blickpunkt-latein America.de. December 2, 2019, accessed April 16, 2020 .
  53. ↑ Kanhai: “Proces tegen Bouterse was politiek proces”. In: srherald.com. November 29, 2019, accessed April 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  54. ^ Historical dag in Suriname: Desi Bouterse oog in oog met de Krijgsraad. In: nos.nl. January 22, 2020, accessed April 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  55. ↑ Decembermoorden cooks in Amsterdam. In: historiek.net. March 21, 2016, accessed April 16, 2020 (Dutch).
  56. ↑ December 8th. In: decembermoorden.com. December 7, 2016, accessed April 18, 2020 .
  57. ↑ Monument Decembermoorden in Suriname onthuld. In: waterkant.net. December 9, 2009, accessed April 16, 2020 .
  58. ^ André Kamperveen Stadium - Suriname. In: academiadasapostasmz.com. Retrieved April 16, 2020 (Portuguese).