ELNA
The abbreviation ELNA stands for E ngerer L okomotiv- N ormen- A OMMITTEE . It is an established term in German railway history in the combination of words ELNA locomotive or ELNA steam locomotive . The ELNA was a subcommittee of A ENERAL L okomotiv- N ormen- A OMMITTEE . Both were part of a larger number of standardization committees. ELNA and ALNA were founded in 1917.
In the ELNA were representatives of the locomotive industry, the regional railways and later the Deutsche Reichsbahn, as well as the umbrella organizations of private and small railways, such as the Association of German Street and Small Railway Administrations (VDSKV). Under the management of Hanomag , a uniform designation of the locomotive parts as well as a standardization of the construction and thus an interchangeability of the locomotive parts should be achieved.
Types
| Type | Wheel alignment | Axle pressure |
Heating surface |
|---|---|---|---|
| ELNA 1 | C. | 12 t | 65 m² |
| ELNA 2 | 1'C | 12 t | 80 m² |
| ELNA 3 | D. | 12 t | 95 m² |
| ELNA 4 | C. | 14 t | 80 m² |
| ELNA 5 | 1'C | 14 t | 95 m² |
| ELNA 6 | D. | 14 t | 115 m² |
Starting in 1919, the first drafts of various types of locomotives for small and private railways were drawn up. Many small and private railways were forced to modernize their outdated vehicle fleet during this time. The ELNA tried to reduce the procurement and maintenance costs by standardizing the locomotives and to make inexpensive and robust machines available to the railway company . A first series of drafts provided for three- and four-axle locomotives as well as a two-axle type. However, these designs were not built.
The drafts were revised again and a total of six types of locomotives were then created for different purposes, and thus also with different numbers of axles. The largest locomotive envisaged in the ELNA program had four coupled axles . In addition to the different axle pressure (12 t and 14 t), all locomotives were available in superheated steam and wet steam versions . The common feature is the high-lying, freely accessible boiler without water tanks on the side. These were housed in the frame, the coal supplies behind the driver's cab. A few locomotives deviated from this at the customer's request.
The C-locomotives (ELNA 1 and ELNA 4) could be ordered as superheated steam or wet steam locomotives with either 1,100 mm or 1,200 wheel diameters. A total of 16 different designs resulted, between which small and private railways could choose.
The important wear parts were standardized and could therefore be replaced in the exchange process. However, there were deviations from the norm in various details on individual tracks.
The ELNA 6 was also included in the war locomotive program as KDL 4. The French locomotive manufacturer Schneider in Le Creusot delivered 67 locomotives from 1944 to 1946, which were taken over by the SNCF after the war as the 040 TX1 to 67 series. In 1946, Henschel assembled three machines of this type from spare parts, two of which were delivered to the Farge-Vegesacker Railway .
In 1944, Henschel received an order from Japan to supply nine ELNA 4 locomotives. The production took place as with the 60 ELNA-6 locomotives in France. After the war they were taken over by the SNCF as the 030 TX series.
Krauss design
The locomotive factory Krauss, since the acquisition of Maffei as Krauss-Maffei firmierend, built like locomotives with slight deviations from the ELNA standard parts for their own design. They differ in details such as the length over the buffers, most typically in the sequence of the boiler structures. With them, the steam dome with valve regulator sits on the front of the long boiler, behind the feed dome, which, however, hardly protrudes over the boiler. Sandpit with two downpipes on each side and a Ramsbottom safety valve complete the boiler structure. The chimney at Krauss is longer than according to the normals.
The reason for the design lies on the one hand in the ELNA standards, which defined the design of certain parts, but also gave every manufacturer freedom in design; and on the other hand in the previous Krauss developments. The standard standard design would only have been possible by Krauss after extensive rebuilding of the production. Therefore, the boiler superstructures and other details of the Krauss locomotives correspond to those of earlier Krauss developments.
Second series
The ELNA types 1–6 were less and less sufficient for local rail traffic. From the mid-1930s, the ELNA type range was to be expanded to include additional types.
| Type | Wheel alignment | Axle pressure |
1. Year of construction |
|---|---|---|---|
| ELNA 6 reinforced | D. | 16 t | 1927 |
| ELNA 7 | 1'C1 ' | 14/16 t | 1940 |
| * ELNA 8 | 1'D1 ' | 14/16 t | not built |
| * ELNA 9 | E. | 14 t |
Six vehicles with five coupled axles were delivered by Krauss-Maffei to the Kassel-Naumburg Railway (KN) in 1925 . One of them is still operational today as a museum at the Hessencourrier as HC 206 (former KN 206). Krauss-Maffei submitted the plans to ELNA for inclusion in the standard parts, but this was rejected. This was officially justified with "insufficient demand"; However, the real reason was that the lead companies Hanomag , Vulcan and BMAG Schwartzkopff only standardized their own designs. The locomotive would have been designated as "* ELNA 9" according to the extended type range.
Henschel developed a reinforced version of the ELNA 6, seven of which were delivered to him between 1927 and 1929. The recipients published before 1998 are incorrect. Axle pressures from 14 t and basic superheated steam design were standard in the built locomotives.
The Second World War prevented the implementation of the second type range. 1940–1942 Henschel delivered six locomotives as type "ELNA 7". Henschel had dominated the ELNA since 1926. With the archived construction drawings, the company was able to carry out the order from the Provincial Association of Saxony.
procurement
The ELNA steam locomotives were built from 1922 to 1946. Since the economic situation of many railways was unfavorable, a total of only about 150 machines were built by ten manufacturers, all except five as superheated steam locomotives. Most of the locomotives were built between 1925 and 1930 after the Great Depression, 108 locomotives in six years. Thus in 1944 the proportion of ELNA locomotives in the German small railroad locomotive fleet was around 20%.
80 locomotives went to railways of the AG for Transport ( Friedrich Lenz ), eleven of them to the Halle-Hettstedter Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft , seven to the Liegnitz-Rawitscher Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft and six to the Braunschweig-Schöninger Eisenbahn . In some cases, some locomotives later switched several times between the railways of this operating company. The largest independent customer was the Bentheimer Eisenbahn with seven locomotives.
The largest manufacturer was Henschel, followed at a distance by Krauss , Hanomag and Hohenzollern . The ELNA locomotives have proven themselves very well in operation. Some of them are still operational today at museum railways .
criticism
The dominance of Hanomag, Vulcan and BMAG Schwarzkopff as manufacturers and Lenzschen Bahnen as customers ensured that many manufacturers did not build according to ELNA standards. The rejection of Krauss's "* ELNA 9" and the Henschel special designs also show the dominance of certain manufacturers in the standards committee.
AEG , in
particular , did not participate in the ELNA program, but launched its own type program. This included a C h2t.14 locomotive (DR numbering 89 6479-81) and a 1'C h2t.14 (DR 91 6484-85). The AEG types did not contain any ELNA parts, but they were progressive new developments.
Preserved locomotives
| Company number | Construction year | Manufacturer factory no. |
Owner operator |
Location | Remarks | operational ? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
ELNA 5 No. 5 |
1927 |
Henschel 20818 |
MBS (NL) - |
Haaksbergen (NL) | 1927: Teutoburger Wald-Eisenbahn "152 TWE" 1956: Kleinbahn Kaldenkirchen – Brüggen "152 KKB" 1959: Jülich Kreisbahn "152 JKB" 1972: Museum Buurtspoorweg (NL) "5", marked as "152 TWE" |
Yes |
|
ELNA 6 No. 4 |
1930 |
BMAG 9963 |
Franconian Switzerland steam train | Ebermannstadt | New boiler, formerly Hersfeld Kreisbahn "2", Eschweiler Mining Association "Anna 10" | Yes |
|
ELNA 1 No. 3 |
1931 |
Hanomag 10672 |
private - |
Adorf | formerly WZTE - Wilstedt-Zeven-Tostedter Eisenbahn "8" or "350", Südzucker , Regensburg plant "3", Local Railway Working Group (LAG) Hof | No |
|
ELNA 6 ANNA 8 |
1938 |
Henschel 24396 |
Mining Museum Grube Anna II - |
Alsdorf | Formerly Hersfeld Kreisbahn "4", Eschweiler Mining Association "Anna 8" | No |
|
ELNA 5 158 KKB |
1940 |
Henschel 24917 |
CFV3V (B) - |
Mariembourg (B) | 1940: Teutoburger-Wald-Eisenbahn "154 TWE" 1954: Kleinbahn Kaldenkirchen – Brüggen "158 KKB" 1973: Stoomtram Goes-Borsele (NL) "7" 1983: Chemin de fer à Vapeur des Trois Vallées (B) "158 KKB" |
Yes |
|
ELNA 2 146 BLE |
1941 |
Henschel 24932 |
Bochum Railway Museum - Bochum Railway Museum Foundation |
Bochum | 1941: Kleinbahn AG Jauer – Maltsch (JM, Silesia) "142 JM" 1945: loan application KSE "142 JM", 1957 changed to "146 JM" 1959: loan application KSchE "146 JM" 1960: RRE , first loan application "146 JM" still in 1960 purchase from JM, renamed "146 RRE" 1964: Butzbach-Licher Eisenbahn "146 BLE" 1970: DGEG "146 BLE" 2011: Stiftung Eisenbahnmuseum Bochum "146 BLE" |
No |
|
ELNA 6 184 DME |
1946 |
Henschel 25657 |
Railway Museum Darmstadt-Kranichstein - German Museum Railway |
Darmstadt | 1946: German Railway Company "203 °" 1961: German Railway Company "184 °" 1967: Leiheinsatz RSte (to 1972), before BTh , FVE 1972: Railway Museum kranichstein "184 DME" |
Yes |
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hans-Dieter Rammelt, Günther Fiebig, Erich Preuß: Archive of German Small and Private Railways: History of Small and Private Railways. Development • Construction • Operation . extended Edition. Transpress Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-344-71007-9 , p. 239 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Manfred Weisbrod , Hans Wiegard: Railway Vehicle Archive 1.6, "Standard gauge private railway locomotives at the DR". transpress 1998. ISBN 3-344-71044-3
- ↑ Hdr: Kleinbahnen as pioneers of Einheitsloks - ELNA locomotives . In: railway magazine . No. 10 , 1974, p. 18 .
literature
- Karl-Ernst Maedel, Alfred B. Gottwaldt: Deutsche Dampflokomotiven , Transpress, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-344-70912-7
- Hans M. Koenner: ELNA steam locomotives , locomotive report , 1985, ISBN 3-921980-10-0
- Rolf Löttgers: Standard locomotives for private railways . In: eisenbahn-magazin 11/2011, pp. 6–11
- Hdr: Kleinbahnen as pioneers of the standard locomotive - ELNA locomotives . In: eisenbahn-magazin 10/1974, pp. 16-18