Eduard König

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Friedrich Eduard König (born November 15, 1846 in Reichenbach im Vogtland , † February 10, 1936 in Bonn ) was a German Protestant theologian , biblical scholar , linguist and professor in Leipzig , Rostock and Bonn who dealt with the question of Panbabylonism in the Babel Biblical dispute was particularly committed as an opponent of Friedrich Delitzsch , as he was convinced of the historicity of the Bible as an Old Testament scholar.

Live and act

The son of a cloth maker from the Saxon textile city of Reichenbach can switch to a grammar school in Plauen after extraordinary achievements in the community and secondary school , so that a later study opportunity is opened to him. There he was even allowed to skip a class, and in 1867 he passed the high-school diploma with distinction as the best in his class.

At the University of Leipzig he first enrolled in history and classical philology , then switched to theology and oriental studies , but also attended all kinds of courses that could be useful for a biblical scholar in the broadest sense: history of scripture, comparative linguistics and phonetic physiology , psychophysics , Arabic studies , Syriac, Indology , German studies, geography of Palestine, even mineralogy.

After completing his licentiate in theology in 1871, König began teaching religion at a secondary school in Saxony, and was awarded a doctorate a year later. phil. with the dissertation "Thought, sound and accent as the three factors of language formation, comparatively and physiologically presented in Hebrew" from the field of Semitic linguistics , which will be an essential focus throughout his entire later life. In the same year he married Alwine Löfler, who gave him four daughters. In 1876 he taught religion at the Thomasschule in Leipzig , studied ancient Ethiopian and related South Semitic languages, and then published his second linguistic work on writing, pronunciation and general theory of forms, drawn from the sources, explained comparatively and physiologically .

On the basis of his habilitation thesis "De criticae sacrae argumenti e linguae legibus repetitio historia, natura, vi" (i.e. the language evidence in biblical criticism, its history, its nature and its authority ) he received the Venia legendi in 1879 as a private lecturer at the theological faculty in Leipzig and becomes an associate professor there in 1885. Three years later, the University of Erlangen honored the 42-year-old with a Dr. hc of theology ( "D" ), and he receives an appointment to the theological faculty of the University of Rostock . In 1900 he became professor for exegesis of the Old Testament at the University of Bonn and worked as director of the Old Testament seminar until his retirement in 1926. In 1914, he was appointed a second honorary doctorate by the Prussian king as a secret consistorial councilor from the Dutch Reich University of Groningen with the title “ Doctor litterarum Semitticarum “awarded.

As a linguist, König tried the phonetic and physiological methods of modern philology also on Semitic languages ​​such as Hebrew and Ethiopian in works such as Thought, Sound, and Accent as the three factors of language formation (1874), the New Studies on Writing, Pronunciation, and General To apply the theory of forms of Ethiopian (1877) and the three-volume historical-critical teaching structure of the Hebrew language (1881–1897). However, König was also incredibly productive as an Old Testament Bible exegete , as the long list of his publications shows, but he took a very unconventional and detailed position on almost everything that moved the time, from anti-Semitism to panbabylonism , the broad public at the beginning of the 20th century stirred up, up to Oswald Spengler's downfall of the West , blasphemy trials and National Socialism. It was rejected many times, it was often ahead of its time, and in some areas it is already outdated. His numerous biblical historical and exegetical works have also hardly received undivided appreciation. In linguistic terms, his work has received more lasting recognition overall.

In a review of my work in the field of linguistics and religious studies, König himself divided his writings into three groups:

  1. Writings on literary criticism and exegesis using the language evidence
  2. Writings on the discussion of the concept of religious achievement in faith.
  3. Writings against the Babylonization of the Old Testament and against anti-Judaism

Publications

  • Thought, sound and accent as the three factors of language formation, presented comparatively and physiologically in Hebrew . Diss. Leipzig 1872, printed by Böhlau, Weimar 1874
  • New studies on writing, pronunciation and general theory of forms in Ethiopian . JC Hinrichs, Leipzig 1877
  • De criticae sacrae argumento e linguae legibus repetito. Ratione ducta maxime Geneseos capp. 1-11 eius historiam, naturam, vim examinavit Friedericus Eduardus Koenig . JC Hinrichs, Leipzig 1879. ATLA fiche 1985–1964.
  • De criticae sacrae argumento e linguae legibus repetito. Commentatio historico-critica quam summe venerandi theologorum ordinis auctoritate in Academia Lipsiensi . Habil. Writing, JC Hinrichs, Leipzig 1879.
  • Historical-critical teaching structure of the Hebrew language with constant reference to Qimchi and the other authorities. JC Hinrichs, Leipzig, 3 volumes 1881–1897. Reprint: Georg Olms, Hildesheim-New York 1979
  • The concept of revelation in the Old Testament . JC Hinrichs, Leipzig 1882
  • The main problems of the ancient Israelite history of religion, highlighted for the development theorists . JC Hinrichs, Leipzig 1884
  • Doctrine of writing, pronunciation, pronouns and verbs. Reprint: Olms, Hildesheim 1979
  • The Christian act of faith is examined according to concept and foundation . A. Deichert, Leipzig 1891
  • Introduction to the Old Testament, including the Apocrypha and the Old Testament pseudepigraphs. (= Collection of theological handbooks. Part 2: Old Testament, Section 1) E. Weber, Bonn 1893.
  • False extremes in recent Old Testament criticism . Alexander Edelmann, 1885
  • with Dawid Qimḥî: Completion of the special theory of forms and general theory of forms. JC Hinrichs, Leipzig 1895. Reprint: Olms, Hildesheim 1979
  • with Dawid Qimḥî: Historical-comparative syntax of the Hebrew language: the final part of the historical-critical teaching structure of Hebrew . JC Hinrichs, Leipzig 1897.
  • Five new Arabic landscape names in the Old Testament with an excursus on the question of paradise . Reuther & Reichard, Berlin 1901.
  • Hebrew and Semitic; Prolegomena and basic lines of a history of the Semitic languages ​​along with an excursus on the pre-Josuan language of Israel and the Pentateuch source PC. Reuther & Reichard, Berlin 1901.
  • The significance of the Old Testament for Christian life of faith .HG Wallmann, Leipzig 1901.
  • Latest principles of Old Testament criticism . Edwin Runge, Berlin 1902
  • Bible and Babel: a cultural-historical sketchhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Dbibelundbabelein00knuoft~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3Dn4~doppelsided%3D~LT%3D%27%27Bibel%20und%20Babel%3A%20eine% 20Cultural-historical% 20Sketch% 27% 27 ~ PUR% 3D . Warneck, Berlin 1902. 10th editionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Dbibelundbabelei00deligoog~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3Dn6~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D10.%20Auflage~PUR%3D
  • Attempts to Babylonize the Patriarchs and Kings of Israel . C. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1903
  • Old Testament criticism and belief in revelation. Lectures given in the “Course for Christian Religious Science” in Dortmund on October 7th and 8th, 1903 Runge, Berlin 1903
  • The miracles of disbelief. Authorized translation from English with additions by F. Ballard. Erwin Runge, Berlin 1903
  • The Babel Bible Question and the Scientific Method; at the same time a criticism of Delitzsch's third Babel Bible work . Erwin Runge, Berlin 1904
  • Traces of credibility in the Old Testament Erwin Runge, Berlin 1903
  • In the battle for the Old Testament . Runge, Berlin 1903-05
  • The Bible and Babylon: Their Relationship in the History of Culture . The Religious Tract Society, 1905
  • The Babylonian Captivity of the Bible . M. Kielmann, Stuttgart 1905
  • "Old Oriental World View" and Old Testament: Last Main Problem of the Babel-Bible Debate . E. Runge, Berlin 1905
  • The historical source value of the Old Testament discussed in lectures to teachers . Hermann Beyer & Sons (Beyer & Mann), Langensalza 1905
  • The older prophetism: except for the heroic figures of Elia and Elisa . (= Biblical questions of the time and controversial issues for the clarification of the educated Series 1, Issue 9) Edwin Runge, Berlin 1905.
  • Modern views on the origin of the Israelite religion: in lectures to teachers . H. Beyer & Sons, Langensalza 1906.
  • Prophet ideal Judaism and Christianity: the main problem of the late Israelite religious history. JC Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906
  • Talmud and New Testament . E. Runge, Berlin 1907
  • Ahasver, “ the Eternal Jew ”, considered according to his original idea and his literary exploitation . Bertelsmann , Gütersloh 1907
  • Talmud and New Testament . E. Runge, Gr. Lichterfelde-Berlin 1907
  • Hebrew grammar for teaching with practice pieces and dictionaries. JC Hinrichs, Leipzig 1908
  • History of the Kingdom of God: except for Jesus Christ M. Warneck, Berlin 1908
  • Babylonia's influence on cultural history . New yearbooks from 1908. BG Teubner, Leipzig 1908
  • Hebrew and Aramaic dictionary on the Old Testament with inclusion and analysis of all forms that are difficult to recognize, interpretation of proper names as well as the Masoretic marginal notes and a German-Hebrew word indexhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Dhebrischesunda00knuoft~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3Dn4~doppelsided%3D~LT%3D%27%27Hebr%C3%A4isches%20und%20aram% C3% A4isches% 20W% C3% B6rterbuch% 20zu% 20Alten% 20Testament% 20with% 20einschalt% 20und% 20analysis% 20aller% 20hard% 20recognizable% 20forms% 2C% 20interpretation% 20der% 20 own names% 20asowie% 20der% 20massoretischen% 20undremarks 20einem% 20deutschhebr% C3% A4ischen% 20Wordregister% 27% 27 ~ PUR% 3D . Dieterich, Leipzig 1910
  • Old Testament prophethood and modern historical research . Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1910
  • Babylonia and the Interpretation of the Old Testament C. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1911
  • Legend and myth relating to the "eternal Jew" . In: Nord und Süd 36th Vol. 141, Issue 452 (May 1912)
  • Criticized history of Old Testament religion. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1912
  • Historiography in the Old Testament . (= Biblical Time and Disputes Series 8; Book 10) E. Runge, Berlin-Lichterfelde 1913
  • Hebrew Rhythm. The laws of the Old Testament construction of verses and stanzas are presented critically . Bookshop of the orphanage, Halle 1914
  • The modern criticism of the Pentateuch and its latest fight . A. Deichert, Leipzig 1914
  • The main anti-Semitic dogma . A. Marcus and E. Weber, Bonn 1914
  • History of the Old Testament Religion . Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1915
  • Hermeneutics of the Old Testament: with special consideration of the modern problems A. Marcus & E. Webers, Bonn 1916
  • Canon and Apocrypha. A historical Representation . Contributions to the Promotion of Christian Theology Vol. 21, Issue 6, Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1917
  • The Deuteronomy . A. Deichert, Leipzig 1917
  • Bible text and Bible interpretation in religious education . (= Time Issues in Protestant Pedagogy 2, H. 1) Zillessen, Berlin 1917
  • The first report in the blasphemy process of Fritsch, illuminated by E. König , Ader & Borel, Dresden 1918
  • Canon and Apocrypha: a historical account . C. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1917
  • The Genesis . C. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1919
  • Israel's religion according to its position in the intellectual history of mankind. (= Christianity and Judaism Series 1, Book 2) Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1919
  • Religious bankruptcy: a fateful catchphrase of our time . (= Answer to current questions No. 9) Rauhes Haus, Hamburg 1920
  • Is religion really a "private matter"? (= Booklets of the Martin Luther Adult Education Center, letter 3) Zillessen, Berlin 1920
  • Friedrich Delitzsch's “The Great Deception” . C. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1920
  • How far is Delitzsch right? : Answered by critically examining the second part of Delitzsch "The Great Deception" . CA Schwetschke, Berlin 1921
  • Oswald Spengler 's “The Decline of the Occident”, judged particularly psychologically and in terms of religious history . H. Beyer, Langensalza 1921
  • The so-called popular religion of Israel, one of the most questionable dimensions of Old Testament theology . Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1921
  • Sexual and related cutting edge Bible interpretations. (= Friedrich Mann's educational magazine H. 892) H. Beyer & Söhne, Langensalza 1922
  • Theology of the Old Testament, presented critically and comparatively. C. Belser, Stuttgart 1922
  • The modern Babylonization of the Bible in its most recent form (Delitzsch's “Babel and Bible” 1921) . C. Belser, Stuttgart 1922
  • Spengler's “Downfall of the West”, judged particularly psychologically and in terms of religious history. In consideration of Spengler's 2nd part and his latest critics, increased edition. (= Friedrich Mann's pedagogical magazine, issue 838) H. Beyer & Söhne, Langensalza 1923
  • Modern stumbling blocks on the way to Bible faith, examined in a generally understandable way . G. Ihloff, Neumünster i. Holstein 1924
  • Is the current assessment of the Hebrew historical sources justified? In: Historische Zeitschrift 132 (1925) pp. 289-302
  • The Genesis initiated . Bertelsmann, Gutersloh 1925
  • The book Isaiah C. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1926.
  • The Psalms, C. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1927
  • The double Wellhausenianism in the light of my source research. A look back at my work in the field of linguistics and religious studies . C. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1927
  • The Book of Job . Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1929
  • The truth of the Old Testament religion . (= Contributions to the Promotion of Christian Theology, Vol. 32, Issue 5) C. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1929.
  • Central place of worship and cult centralization in ancient Israel . (= Contributions to the promotion of Christian theology; Vol. 34, Issue 3) C. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1931
  • Is modern Pentateuch criticism based on facts? To illuminate the very latest claims . Belser, Stuttgart 1933

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ New studies on writing, pronunciation and general theory of forms in Ethiopian . JC Hinrichs, Leipzig 1877
  2. ^ Title quoted from: Karen Engelken:  König, (Friedrich) Eduard. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 4, Bautz, Herzberg 1992, ISBN 3-88309-038-7 , Sp. 264-279.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive ) ; printed under the title De criticae sacrae argumento e linguae legibus repetito. Commentatio historico-critica quam summe venerandi theologorum ordinis auctoritate in Academia Lipsiensi . JC Hinrichs, Lipsiae 1879
  3. ↑ cf. Oskar Unknown: What gain can the believing community have from the results of the excavations to which the Bible-Babel dispute has drawn general attention? Positive Union, Berlin 1906
  4. ↑ The first opinion in the blasphemy process Fritsch, illuminated by E. König . Ader & Borel, Dresden 1918
  5. ^ The double Wellhausenianism in the light of my source research. A look back at my work in the field of linguistics and religious studies . C. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1927

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personal data
SURNAME King, Edward
ALTERNATIVE NAMES König, Friedrich Eduard; King, Friedericus Eduardus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German theologian and linguist
DATE OF BIRTH November 15, 1846
PLACE OF BIRTH Reichenbach in Vogtland
DATE OF DEATH February 10, 1936
Place of death Bonn