Driving simulator

This article describes the technical driving simulator. For the computer game genre, see: racing simulation and racing game

Driving simulator in a driving school

A driving simulator is simulation software or technical equipment that is used to simulate the driving process. They are used in teaching , entertainment , product development / improvement and research .

Driving simulators are available for different vehicles such as automobiles , buses , trains , motorcycles , agricultural and military vehicles and trucks . For the air transport there are special flight simulations and for the waterway ship simulations . Reasons for the use are mostly cost savings and allowing special scenarios that would otherwise not be possible, too complex or risky.

Input and output

Replica of the vehicle in a simulator

Driving simulator as a slot machine

A steering wheel , pedals and joysticks are usually used as peripherals . However, some systems can also be operated with the mouse , keyboard , gamepad or joystick . Some systems use force feedback for a more realistic driving experience. Elaborate systems try to reproduce the control area as true to the original as possible.

In addition to output via one or more monitors, newer systems also offer output in virtual reality with a head-mounted display . In the field of neuropsychology , eye tracking and the measurement of brain waves can be used ( electroencephalography ).

Applications

Driving simulators are used in the following areas, among others:

Driving simulator with the use of a head-mounted display

Nürburgring , around 1975, one of the oldest driving simulators

• Driver training and advanced training for drivers, for example as part of a driving school and driver safety training . The aim is to train the control of the vehicle, the perception, the proper assessment and recognition of road traffic in accordance with the traffic regulations and the development of awareness of dangers and vehicle technology . In addition, many providers support the possibility of error analysis and driving reactions.
• As a test or exam to assess a person's driving ability. (e.g. to check the fitness of seniors to drive or in vocational training )
• In crisis management z. B. of ambulances , ambulances , police cars , ADAC and fire fighting vehicle and the accident simulation and accident research
• In military simulations (e.g. in tank control)
• As an entertainment machine , toy or analog game (e.g. in amusement parks or department stores )
• Developing new products and improving them (e.g. when testing a prototype or for unusual environments)
• transport science research
• realistic racing simulations as a computer game or exergame . See also: racing simulation
• Training for racing
• Training for people with physical or other limitations
• In the development of self-driving vehicles (e.g. when testing an artificial neural network on simulated routes with simulated cars)
• Remote sensing e.g. B. through Google Maps

Research and effectiveness

There is not yet enough research on the effectiveness of driving simulators in training. Although the simulations are becoming more and more realistic, can save costs and allow many application scenarios, some aspects cannot be reproduced originally, which raises doubts about the validity in real road traffic. For example, when checking the fitness to drive of senior citizens, the validity is questioned and results have to be compared with real samples. It is scientifically investigated how driving dynamics can be guaranteed in order to better represent what is happening.

The simulator primarily examines driving and error behavior on the road and the influence of intoxicants and medication , fatigue , stress , the general physical and mental condition and other distracting factors such as electronics and how to ensure driving safety from these findings . Concepts from traffic pedagogical , traffic medical , neuropsychological and traffic psychological research can be examined in this way. They are also used in fitness to drive diagnostics and psychometrics .

Well-known driving simulators

The world's largest driving simulator is currently operated by Toyota in Japan. Other well-known driving simulators are the one from Daimler AG in Sindelfingen , one from Renault in the German Aerospace Center in Braunschweig, and the National Advanced Driving Simulator at Iowa State University in the United States.

literature

German:

• Andreas Schmidt: Modeling of vehicle drives based on measurement data from the coupling operation between the driving simulator and the drive train test bench. Springer, 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-13472-3 .
• Viet Dung Dao: Development and implementation of a virtual driving environment in the driving simulator: Development and realization of virtual environment for the driving simulator. Technical University of Darmstadt , 2017.
• Willibald Brems: Lateral dynamic property evaluation in a driving simulator. Springer, 2018, ISBN 978-3-658-22787-6 .
• Nadir Attar: Driving Simulators - An Overview. GRIN Verlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-656-19110-0 .
• Bernhard Wandtner: The effect of traffic safety messages in the driving simulator - a feasibility study. Federal Highway Research Institute , 2016, ISBN 978-3-95606-247-6 .
• Gregor Hiesgen: Efficient development of a human-centered lateral guidance assistance system with a driving simulator. 2011.

English:

• Donald L. Fisher, Matthew Rizzo, Jeffrey Caird, John D. Lee: Handbook of Driving Simulation for Engineering, Medicine, and Psychology. CRC Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4200-6101-7 .
• Hichem Arioui, Lamri Nehaoua: Driving Simulation. 2013, ISBN 978-1-118-64864-3 .
• J. Greenberg, B. Artz, L. Cathey: The Effect of Lateral Motion Cues During Simulated Driving. Driving Simulator Conference North America 2003 Proceedings, Dearborn, Michigan, October 8-10, 2003. CD-ROM, ISSN  1546-5071 .
• AM Heras, TP Breckon, M. Tirovic: Video Re-sampling and Content Re-targeting for Realistic Driving Incident Simulation. November 2011.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Stefanie Eckardt: KIT project "Driving Simulator": Realistic training drives through a virtual environment . ( elektroniknet.de [accessed on November 27, 2018]).
2. ^ ^{A b} Burkhard Madea: traffic medicine : fitness to drive, driving safety, accident reconstruction . Deutscher Ärzteverlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-7691-1285-6 ( google.de [accessed November 27, 2018]).
3. ↑ BILD visiting the laboratory - VW is researching the car of the future here . In: bild.de . ( bild.de [accessed on November 27, 2018]).
4. ↑ Audi Virtual Reality: New driving simulator in the test - video . In: FOCUS Online . ( focus.de [accessed on November 27, 2018]).
5. ↑ CAVE: Renault's virtual reality driving simulator. In: heise online. Retrieved November 27, 2018 . 
6. ↑ What happens when the eye is at the wheel? In: Salzburger Nachrichten . ( sn.at [accessed on November 27, 2018]).
7. ^ Driving a car in old age: Study explores driving skills . In: Ruhr news . ( ruhrnachrichten.de [accessed on November 27, 2018]).
8. ↑ The simulator saves additional driving lessons: Learner drivers practice driving a car on the computer . ( handelsblatt.com [accessed November 27, 2018]).
9. ↑ This is where new tram guides learn to drive - STIMME.de. Retrieved November 27, 2018 . 
10. ↑ tara: Altenholz: Blue light simulator: How firefighters learn to lawn . In: shz . ( shz.de [accessed on November 27, 2018]).
11. ↑ Driver training on the new ADAC driving simulator. Retrieved November 27, 2018 . 
12. ↑ This is how Bern police officers practice driving with flashing lights . In: securnews.ch . November 8, 2018 ( securnews.ch [accessed November 27, 2018]).
13. ^ Panzer marsch: Reservists from Diemelstadt train on the Leopard 1 simulator . In: Lokalo24.de . November 10, 2018 ( Lokalo24.de [accessed November 27, 2018]).
14. ↑ Hans-Christoph Diener: Stroke: How to find courage again . Georg Thieme Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-8304-3223-2 ( google.de [accessed on November 27, 2018]).
15. ↑ Chang Zhang: Robust control for a self-driving driving simulator . 2016 ( google.de [accessed on November 27, 2018]).
16. ↑ Christoph Stockburger: Artificial intelligence in self-driving cars: The thinking sports car . In: Spiegel Online . February 4, 2017 ( spiegel.de [accessed November 27, 2018]).
17. ↑ Real-time driving simulator for Google Maps . In: URBANSHIT . December 16, 2015 ( urbanshit.de [accessed November 27, 2018]).
18. ↑ Willibald Brems: Transverse dynamic property evaluation in a driving simulator . Springer-Verlag, 2018, ISBN 978-3-658-22787-6 ( google.de [accessed November 27, 2018]).
19. ^ Design and Development of Car Driving Simulator (DDSIM) under the 12th Five Year Plan Network Project. CSIR - Central Road Research Institute, accessed November 27, 2018 . 
20. ↑ Michael Stevens: SSN 774 Virginia Class Submarine (SSN 774) . Defense Technical Information Center, Fort Belvoir, VA November 1, 2015, doi : 10.21236 / ad1019531 .
21. ^ Z. Li, P. Milgram: An Investigation of the Potential to Influence Braking Behavior Through Manipulation of Optical Looming Cues in a Simulated Driving Task. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ,. Volume 49, No. 17, 2005, pp. 1540-1544.
22. ↑ RW Matthews, SA Ferguson, X. Zhou, C. Sargent, D. Darwent, DJ Kennaway, GD Roach: Time-of-Day Mediates the Influences of Extended Wake and Sleep. In: Chronobiology International. Volume 29, No. 5, 2012, pp. 572-579.
23. ↑ SD Baulk, SN Biggs, KJ Reid, CJ van den Heuvel, D. Dawson: Chasing the silver bullet: Measuring driver fatigue using simple and complex tasks. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention. Volume 40, No. 1, 2008, pp. 396-402.
24. ↑ YES Telner, DL Wiesenthal, E. Bialystok: Video Gamer Advantages in a Cellular Telephone and driving task. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Volume 53, No. 23, 2009, pp. 1748-1752.
25. ↑ YES Telner: The effects of linguistic fluency on performance in a simulated cellular telephone and driving situation. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 2008. pp. 1748-1752.
26. ↑ MJ Rapoport, B. Weaver, A. Kiss, C. Zucchero-Sarracini, H. Moller, N. Herrmann, K. Lanctôt et al: The Effects of Donepezil on Computer-Simulated Driving Ability Among Healthy Older Adults: A Pilot Study. In: Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. Volume 31, No. 5, 2011, p. 587.
27. ↑ University of Kassel is researching a system that recognizes stressed or overtired drivers . In: hersfelder-zeitung.de . September 4, 2018 ( hersfelder-zeitung.de [accessed November 27, 2018]).
28. ↑ Andreas Schmidt: Modeling of vehicle drives based on measurement data from the coupled operation between the driving simulator and the drive train test bench . Springer, 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-13472-3 ( google.de [accessed November 27, 2018]).