Waman Puma de Ayala

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Waman Puma de Ayala, self-portrait, while recording the stories of the people of Peru. The different robes indicate that they come from different regions and population groups.

Don Felipe Waman Puma de Ayala , also Guaman Poma or in Spanish spelling Huamán Poma de Ayala (* 1534 or around 1550 in San Cristóbal de Suntuntu, today's Lucanas province in the Ayacucho department ; † around 1615 ) was an indigenous translator , proto-ethnologist and Chronicler in the Spanish viceroyalty of Peru .

Guaman Poma de Ayala is best known for his work Primer Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno . The 1189-page manuscript contains 398 full-page drawings. It is written in Spanish , but also contains passages and terms in Quechua , Aymara and Latin . The work contains a description of the history of the Andean population before and under the Inca ( Primer nueva Coronica = First New Chronicle), as well as a critical description of the current Spanish government and the colonial structures ( Buen Gobierno = Good Government).

Life and sources

The main source of information about Guaman Poma's life and beliefs is the chronicle he wrote. In addition, only three other sources are known so far: a mention of Pomas as a translator in a document on land sale (1594), the files of a court case over land rights in the Chupas Valley near Huamanga , Peru (approx. 1560-1640), and a letter from Guaman Pomas to the King of Spain (1615).

Origin and year of birth

Guaman Poma's mother tongue was Quechua . As a child or teenager he learned the Spanish language , in which he also learned to read and write.

The time of his birth, like many aspects of his self-expression, is controversial. In 1613 he describes himself as eighty years old. Ossio discusses existing theories and, after analyzing further data from the Corónica and Viten of the people mentioned there, considers a birth around 1550 to be likely. A possible explanation for the alleged lie or exaggeration is offered by the Inca population division described by Guaman Poma in his work. Here there was the class of the "eighty-year-olds" (= very old people) who, according to Poma, were honored and viewed as role models and wise teachers.

In his work, Guaman Poma repeatedly emphasizes the high social rank of his family in order to present himself as a legitimate contact for his main addressee, the King of Spain . His mother was a daughter Topa Ynga Yupanques , his father his "second husband".

In the Corónica , places of two regions are mainly associated with families: the province of Lucanas in the Cierra Meridional (today's Ayacucho region ) and the region around Huánuco in the Sierra Central. Husson argues that Guaman Poma's father was a Mitma with Yaruvilka ancestors who were first relocated to one region and then to the second by the Inca (and who may have acted there as authorized representatives in the broadest sense). His mother could come from Cusco and be related on his father's side to one of the Inca noble houses (and thus be a "daughter of the house"). Guaman Poma may have used the general Spanish ignorance of indigenous kinship systems , naming and social structure to suggest a special closeness of his family to the rule.

In the Corónica , Guaman Poma mentions a mestizo half-brother named Martín who was an exemplary monk. He owes his education and the creation of the book to him. The fact that this name (in contrast to many relatives not mentioned in the Corónica ) appears neither in the family's land dispute nor in the archives of his alleged places of activity, suggests that Ossio is a fictional character.

Meaning and spelling of the name

The author of the Primer Nueva Coronica ... describes himself in his work as "Don Felipe [more rarely: Phelipe] Guaman Poma de Ayala". Before the Spanish name Felipe is the Spanish title Don and indicates high social status. Guaman Poma , falcon and puma, were the heraldic - or totemic - animals of Huánuco , the capital of the Yarowilca. According to Guaman Poma, the family name Ayala was given to his father or uncle for his faithful service in the fight against insurgent Spaniards. In the files of the land dispute led by Guaman Poma, his father and some siblings use the name Ayala , but he never himself. The court ruled that the plaintiff, Don Felipe Guaman Poma, was actually a simple Indian who was also known under the name “Lazaro”. Although he was recognized as such by the population, he did not have the right to call himself a Kazike .

Translating, fighting for his belongings

Guaman Poma worked as a translator and writer for a number of Spanish officials. He accompanied Cristóbal de Albornoz in his 1566–1570 campaign to “eradicate idolatry ” in rural regions of Peru, especially to combat native messianic movements such as the Taqui Onkoy.

There is also evidence of the work for the Mercedarian Martín de Murúa , for whose chronicle of the history of the Inca Guaman Poma u. a. drew some pictures. In his Nueva Corónica, Guaman Poma sharply criticized the monk several times, calling him an adulterous and irascible “executioner” and even depicting him in a white habit and with tonsure beating and kicking a seated indigenous weaver. He also criticized Murúa's historical work. From today's perspective, his own work, which he himself illustrated much more richly, is therefore to be understood as an alternative to the one-sided descriptions of his Spanish superior.

Guaman Poma appears as plaintiff in a lawsuit that began in 1560 over land in the Chupas Valley from the late 1990s. However, he lost all trials and was banned from the area for two years. This shameful defeat is only mentioned indirectly in his work, but it should also have contributed to his decision to inform the King of Spain about the conditions in the viceroyalty of Peru.

Waman Puma's main work: the Primer Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno

Classification: Chronicles of the Andean region

The work Guaman Pomas belongs to the genre of the colonial chronicle, which is characterized by stylistic and content-related similarities to the text forms of the narrative and the report (span. Relación, narración). Since the content was mostly closely linked to political developments, z. B. Chroniclers of the discovery (1524–1537), the conquest (1532–1537) and the civil wars (1538–1550) or the Toledo period distinguished. In addition, chronicles of various Catholic religious orders in the Andes were published in the 17th century.

Knowledge was passed on orally in the Andean cultures . Even the Inca did not use script, but knotted cords for the administration of their empire. The primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno is the only known writing by an indigenous author from the early colonial period. In 1615, the Spanish colonial government slowly consolidated in the Andean region, after 84 years of struggle between European invaders and residents, between rival conquistadors and finally between loyal and renegade settlers.

After its discovery, the work was initially often rated as linguistically and literarily below average and historically inaccurate (measured against Spanish-European standards of the time). In the meantime, the outstanding importance for researching indigenous culture, worldview and evaluation of historical events has been recognized. At the same time, the manuscript is also evidence of the intermingling and conflict of Andean and European cultures, e. B. with regard to their historical concepts, religious ideas, legal system, language and iconography.

Contents of the Primer Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno

Guaman Poma's manuscript El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno (“The first new chronicle and good government”) was written between 1600 and 1615. It contains 1189 pages, 398 of which have full-page drawings. In several prefaces (pp. 0-21) and also within the text, the author addresses various readership , but above all King Philip III. of Spain (1598–1621), to whom he portrays the injustices of colonial rule and shows alternatives. The work has three main parts:

The first part, entitled “Nueva Corónica” (pp. 22–369), tells the story of the Andean people, whose original Christianity and descent from Noah is claimed. Here, the author correlates four Andean ages of mankind with ages of biblical historiography. This is followed by chapters on Inca kings and queens as well as Inca captains and their wives. This is followed by a synchronous representation of society under Inca rule.

The second part (from p. 368 [370]) is only titled as Conquista on the manuscript pages , but does not appear in the table of contents. The meeting of indigenous peoples and Spaniards is portrayed as peaceful. Fights therefore only took place between loyal to the king and renegade Spaniards, with the local population supporting the loyal to the king.

The third and by far longest part (p. 435 [437] - o. Number [1189]) “Buen Gobierno” describes residents and actors of the Peruvian colonial society , accuses grievances and proposes far-reaching political reforms. A section on cities, infrastructure and geography also includes information on chronicles by other authors. On p. 1061f. the devastating (and globally effective) eruption of the Huaynaputina volcano in 1600 is also mentioned. In a travel and experience report by the author, the work is presented as an eyewitness report. After a calendar with agricultural information and Christian holidays, the work closes with a table of contents, information on the title and author and the coat of arms of the King of Spain.

The author expresses his preference for clear hierarchies in numerous places and emphasizes the need for (also racial ) gradations that emphasize his descent from the noble sex. In the Mapa Mundi world map in particular, the blending of European and Inca-Indian ideas about the state of the earth is already evident: his “messianic hope” is that after the fall of the Inca empire, the king in distant Spain will restore the lost universal order .

Language, text form

The manuscript follows the bibliographical conventions of the time and thus resembles a chronicle that has already been printed. What is unusual is the low use of punctuation marks and the high number of drawings and subjects covered. The text contains many self-referential statements about its use and direct “addressing” of the reader in the form of prologues. In addition to historiography, the forms used are also reminiscent of princes' mirrors , letters, vitae , (sometimes satirical) sermons, prayers, stories and poems. The manuscript is mostly written in Spanish, which is influenced by the Quechua substrate on all levels . Passages or individual words in Quechua , Aymara and Latin are partially translated or explained. The contents are chronological, but within them they are arranged thematically. The structure is partly reminiscent of oral presentations supported by mnemonic aids such as Quipus .

The painting

Like the text, the drawings are made in black ink. The representations correspond to the topics of the following text and are almost all provided with captions and often with inscriptions. The representation of people, biblical scenes, city and landscape views and coats of arms show a good knowledge of European pictorial tradition. Adorno first pointed out the peculiarities of the spatial composition of the image. The symbolic content, which has since been examined in detail, is unlikely to have been revealed to non-indigenous observers. The Corónica is the only early colonial text with illustrations of the life of the Inca before the Spanish conquest and is therefore an invaluable resource for historians, archaeologists and anthropologists.

Text and tradition history

Although Guaman Poma's manuscript apparently reached Europe, it is unclear whether the main addressee was King Philip III. ever took note of the text; its provocative content makes this unlikely. Guaman Poma himself expressed the hope twice in the text that the king would publish his book in print - which never happened. So the laboriously compiled work, which only existed in a single copy and for which its author had such high hopes, remained almost tragically unknown. In the 1650s, the Danish ambassador Cornelius Pederson Lerche bought the work and brought it to his homeland, where it found its way into the Danish Royal Library and is recorded under the shelf number GKS 2232 4 °.

It was not until the Göttingen librarian and historian Richard Pietschmann (1851–1923) became aware of the manuscript in the Royal Library in Copenhagen on the occasion of an orientalist congress; In 1908 he made it known to the scientific public for the first time, where it immediately caused a sensation. A first edition was published in Paris in 1936.

At the end of the 1980s the so-called "Naples Documents" became known, which supposedly explained the Quipu systems and the woven Tocapu patterns of indigenous costumes and also implied that the Nueva Cornica was written by the mestizo Jesuit Blas Valera (1545–1597). However, this is ruled out by specialists and the documents are identified as a forgery of later years.

Thanks to the online edition that has been available since 2001, the work is now, as Guaman Poma wished, available for “todo el mundo y cristianidad; hasta los ynfieles ” (roughly:“ for all the world and Christianity; even for the Gentiles ”).

Work editions

  • Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala: Nueva Corónica y buen gobierno (codex péruvien ill.) . Renseignements sommaires par Richard Pietschmann. 1168 S. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie 1936.
  • Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala: El primer nueva coronica i buen gobierno compuesto por Don Phelipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. La obra de Phelipe Guaman Poma de Ayala "Primer nueva coronica y buen gobierno" (escrita entre 1584 y 1614) . Ed. U. come over. by Arthur Posnansky. La Paz: Inst. "Tihuanacu" de Antropología, Etnografía y Prehistoria 1944. 1165 pp.
  • Huamán Poma (Don Felipe Huamán Poma de Ayala): Letter to a King. A Peruvian Chief's Account of Life under the Incas and under Spanish Rule . Arranged and edited with an Introduction by Christoper Dilke and translated from Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno . New York: Dutton 1978. Partial edition.
  • John Murra. Rolena Adorno . Jorge Urioste: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Nueva crónica y buen gobierno . Siglo XXI: Ciudad de México 1980.
  • The new chronicle and good government. Facsimile edition and translation on CD-ROM. Edited by Ursula Thiemer-Sachse , trans. by Ulrich Kunzmann. For the first time in German = El primer nueva coronica y buen gobierno by Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala. In collaboration with the Royal Library of Copenhagen . Berlin: Worm 2004. 1 CD-ROM (literature in context on CD-ROM. Vol. 21). Text German and Spanish - complete dte. Translation, with commentary, bibliography, ill. Of all pages, v. a. of the author's 399 pen drawings, and registers; an excellent edition, unfortunately only available as an e-document.
  • El sitio de Guaman Poma / The Guaman Poma website. A Digital Research Center of the Royal Library, Copenhagen, Denmark 2001 , online edition

literature

  • Juan M. Ossio A: En busca del orden perdido. La idea de la Historia en Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala . Lima: Fondo Ed. de la PUCP 2008. ISBN 978-9972-42-875-3
  • Rolena Adorno, Guaman Poma: Writing and Resistance in Colonial Peru . Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-292-70503-6
  • Rolena Adorno: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala: An Andean View of the Peruvian Viceroyalty 1565-1615 . In: Journal de la Societé de Américanistes, LXV: pp. 121-143. (= Dies. (1978): Las otras fuentes de Guaman Poma: sus lecturas castellanas . In: Historica 2,2: 137-163) (1978). doi: 10.3406 / jsa.1978.2159 . Online in the Persée portal
  • Rosario Navarro Gala: Lengua y cultura en la Nueua corónica y buen Gobierno . Valéncia: Artes Gráficas Soler 2003. ISBN 978-84-370-5676-0
  • Mercedes López-Baralt: Guaman Poma, autor y artista . Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru 1993.
  • Carlos González; Hugo Rosati; Francisco Sánchez: Guaman Poma. Testigo del Mundo Andino . Santiago: LOM Ediciones 2003. ISBN 956-282-560-4
  • Alfredo Alberdi Vallejo: El mundo al revés. Guaman Poma anticolonialista . Berlin: wvb 2010. ISBN 978-3-86573-494-5 , online as PDF
  • Manuel Garcia-Castellon: Guaman Poma de Ayala, pionero de la teologia de la liberación. Madrid: Pliegos 1991, electronic edition
  • Richard Pietschmann: Nueva Coronica y buen gobierno by Don Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. A Peruvian illuminated manuscript. Preliminary notices. In: News of the K. Society of Sciences in Göttingen. Phil.-Hist. Class. Göttingen 1908, pp. 637-659.
  • Leslie Bethell: Colonial Latin America. (The Cambridge History of Latin America. Vol. 1). Cambridge et al. a .: CUP 1984.
  • Horst Pietschmann (ed.): Handbook of the history of Latin America. Vol. 1: Central, South America and the Caribbean until 1760 . Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta 1994. ISBN 978-3-608-91495-5
  • Fiona Wilson: Latin Americanists of Denmark . In: Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, Vol. 72 (2002), p. 49. Online as PDF

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Online edition of the Primer Nueva Coronica ...
  2. ↑ See list on the Guaman Poma website
  3. ^ Travel agent Prado Tello online
  4. ↑ Carta al Rey online
  5. ↑ See the linguistic analysis of his work in Navarro Gala: Lengua y cultura ...
  6. ↑ Ossio: En busca del orden ... , p 65-75. Cf. also Alberdi Vallejo, which is based on the life span 1556 to 1644: Alberdi Vallejo: El mundo al revés. Guaman Poma anticolonialista , S.?
  7. ↑ Primer Nueva Coronica ... , p. 198 (200) f. [1]
  8. ↑ See e.g. B. the cover picture of the work in which Poma and his coat of arms are depicted under Pope and King, Primer Nueva Corónica ... , p. 0 [2] , or the "letters" to p. 13 to Pope, King and the "Christian Reader".
  9. ↑ See e.g. B. Primer Nueva Corónica ... , p. 15 [3]
  10. ↑ Jean-Philippe Husson: En busca de las fuentes indígenas de Waman Puma de Ayala. Las raíces incas yaruwillka del cronista indio: ¿Invención o realidad? In: Historica 19,1, 1995, pp. 29-71. Cf. also Ossio: En busca del orden ... , pp. 75–129, 150–158.
  11. ↑ Ossio: En busca del orden… , pp. 71–74, 86f.
  12. ↑ See e.g. B. Primer Nueva Coronica ... , p. 5 [4]
  13. ↑ Cf. González; Rosati; Sanchez, Testigo ... , p. 36.
  14. ↑ See Rolena Adorno: Waman Puma de Ayala Author and Prince . In: Review. Latin American Literature and Arts 28, pp. 12–15, here: p. 14.
  15. ↑ See Primer Nueva Coronica ... , pp. 1032 (1040) [5] , 736 (750) [6] .
  16. ↑ Juan Ossio: En busca del orden ... , pp. 160-163.
  17. ↑ Guaman Poma: Primer nueva corónica ... , p. 701 (715) [7] ; Nelson Pereyra Chávez: Un documento sobre Guaman Poma de Ayala existente en the Archivio Departamental de Ayacucho . In: Historica , Vol. XXI, No 2, Dec. 1997, pp. 261-270 [8] ; Ossio: En busca del orden ... , pp. 130-132.
  18. ↑ See e.g. B. Adorno 1978: An Andean View ... , pp. 134f.
  19. ^ Rolena Adorno, Ivan Boserup: The Making of Murúa's Historia General del Piru . In: Thomas Cummins, Barbara Anderson (eds.): The Getty Murúa. Essays on the Making of Martin de Murúa's' Historia General del Piru , J. Paul Getty Museum Ms. Ludwig XIII 16. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute 2008, pp. 7–75, here pp. 11, 19–23, 43. Manuel Ballesteros Gaibrois: Relación entre Fray Martín de Murúa y Felipe Huaman Poma de Ayala , in: Roswitha Hartmann and Udo Oberem (eds.): American Studies (= Collectanea Instituti Anthropos 20), San Augustine 1978. Vol. 1 .; Rolena Adorno: The polemics of possession in Spanish Americas narrative . New Haven et al. a. : Yale UP 2007, v. a. Chapter 2
  20. ↑ Guaman Poma: Primer nueva corónica ... , p. 517 (521) [9] , 647 (661) ff. [10] and p. 906 (920) [11] : “Even my wife wanted me to have a Mercedarian monk Take away Morúa in the locality of Yanaca ”.
  21. ↑ Guaman Poma: Primer nueva corónica ... , p. 10180 (1090) [12] ; Maret Keller, history and current status of the indigenous Andean population in the chronicles Martín de Murúas (1616) and Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayalas (1615) , in: Judith Becker / Bettina Braun (eds.): The encounter with strangers and the historical consciousness . Göttingen [u. a.] 2012, pp. 59–78. ISBN 978-3-525-10112-4 .
  22. ↑ Ossio: En busca del orden ... ; Pp. 82-85; Husson 1995: En busca de las fuentes ...
  23. ↑ Guaman Poma: Primer nueva corónica ... , p. 904 (918) [13]
  24. ^ Cf. Raúl Porras Barrenechea : Los cronistas del Perú (1528-1650) , Lima 1986 (1945): Banco de crédito del Peru, pp. 13-14. See also Kathleen Ross: Historians of the conquest and colonization of the new World: 1550-1620 , in: Roberto González Echevarría (ed.): The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature. Discovery to Modernism 1 . Cambridge (et al.), 1996, pp. 101-142. ISBN 978-0-521-34069-4
  25. ↑ See e.g. E.g. Dilke's introduction to the 1978 edition.
  26. ↑ Cf. the studies listed here under “Literature”, cf. also the bibliography of the online edition .
  27. ↑ Handbook d. Business Latin America, Vol. 1 , pp. 471, 475
  28. ↑ See Primer Nueva Corónica ... , pp. 983–984 [1001–1002] [14]
  29. ↑ Bethell: Colonial America , pp. 234 ff.
  30. ↑ See Navarro Gala: Lengua y cultura en la Nueua Corónica , p. 2
  31. ↑ Navarro Gala: Lengua y cultura en la Nueua Corónica
  32. ↑ On Guaman Poma's references to this office, cf. Ossio: En busca del orden ... , pp. 142–150. See also Fernando Prada Ramirez: The dance around the letter. The semantic systems of the 16th century in the Andes . Regensburg: Roderer 1994
  33. ^ Cf. Rolena Adorno: The Language of History in Guaman Poma's Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno ” In: Adorno (ed.): From Oral to Written Expression: Native Andean Chronicles of the Early Colonial Period . Syracuse, NY, pp. 109-173; Rolena Adorno: Paradigmas perdidos: Guamán Poma examina la sociedad española colonial. In: Revista Cungará 13. Santiago Editorial Universitario 1984, pp. 67–91.
  34. ↑ López-Baralt: Guaman Poma, author y artista . Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru 1993; López-Baralt: La metáfora como traslatio: del código verbal al visual en la crónica ilustrada de Guaman Poma . In: Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 36.1. Colegio de México 1988; González; Rosati; Sánchez: Guaman Poma. Testigo del Mundo Andino 2003
  35. ↑ Rolena Adorno , probably the best expert on Guaman Poma's work, gives a lecture on the mode of action and effects of prior state censorship (manuscripts) and ecclesiastical inquisition (finished printed works) at http://www.librosperuanos.com/archivo/rolena-adorno.html
  36. ↑ Cf. Rolena Adorno: A Witness unto Itself: The Integrity of the Autograph Manuscript of Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno (1615/1616) , in: Fund og Forskning, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen 2002, there Chapter 2.2: The Nueva corónica y buen gobierno in the Royal Library: (Re) discovery and Provenance . Online text
  37. ↑ See e.g. B. the analysis by Xavier Albó Correns: La "Nueva corónica y buen gobierno": "¿obra de Guaman Poma o de jesuitas?", In: Ortiz Rescaniere, Alejandro (ed.). Anthropologica 16, 16 . Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú 1998, pp. 307-348 PDF . See also Galen Burton Brokaw: Transcultural Intertextuality and Quipu Literacy in Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala´s Nueva Coronica y Buem Gobierno . Ann Arbor: UMI Dissertation Services 2001, pp. 12-15.
  38. ↑ Primer Nueva Corónica ... , p. 1168 [1178] [15]
personal data
SURNAME Waman Puma de Ayala
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Felipe Waman Puma de Ayala; Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Peruvian writer
DATE OF BIRTH uncertain: 1534 or 1550 or 1556
PLACE OF BIRTH uncertain: San Cristóbal de Suntuntu, today Lucanas Province, Ayacucho Department or Andamarka, Huamanga
DATE OF DEATH uncertain: 1615 or 1644
Place of death unsure: Lima