Civitella del Tronto fortress

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Civitella del Tronto fortress
Civitella del Tronto fortress from the SP 52 road

Civitella del Tronto fortress from the SP 52 road

Creation time : 1564-1576
Castle type : Hilltop castle
Conservation status: partially restored
Construction: Quarry stone , mainly travertine
Place: Civitella del Tronto
Geographical location 42 ° 46 '21.2 "  N , 13 ° 39' 54.6"  E Coordinates: 42 ° 46 '21.2 "  N , 13 ° 39' 54.6"  E
Height: 623  m slm
Civitella del Tronto fortress (Abruzzo)
Civitella del Tronto fortress

The fortress Civitella del Tronto is a renaissance fortress located near a ridge above the center of the Italian municipality of Civitella del Tronto in the province of Teramo and serves as a cornerstone for the control of the territory with tactical and defensive functions.

The defense complex represents one of the most important strongholds of the Kingdom of Naples during the time of the Spanish viceroyalty and is an imposing work of military engineering realized on the soil of medieval Italy. In terms of its size, it is comparable to the Brunetta Fortress , which the Piedmontese built near the city of Susa , and to the Hohensalzburg Fortress , with which it entered into a partnership in 1989. Their buildings extend over 500 meters in length and an average width of 45 meters, while they cover an area of ​​25,000 m².

With its 45,000 visitors per year (2016 figure) it is the most visited monument in Abruzzo .

The complex is mainly known as the last bulwark of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , which rose against the Piedmontese on March 20, 1861, three days after the coronation of the King of Italy , Vittorio Emanuele II .

location

The fortress was built at over 600 meters above sea level near the border line between the counties of Ascoli Piceno and Abruzzo and rises in a dominant position over the center of the village at an altitude between the Vibrata stream and the Salinello river . From the glacis you have a beautiful panoramic view that extends from the Salinello valley over the Vibrata valley to the Trontotal . You can also see the Monti Gemelli , the Gran Sasso , the Monti della Laga , the Majella , the Monte Acensione and the Adriatic Sea .

  • The village of Civitella del Tronto from the fortress panoramic path

  • Panorama from the fortress to the Montesanto monastery and Monte Acensione

  • panorama

  • panorama

history

Historical sources attest to the existence of writings from the 11th century. The year 1001 is mentioned when an act of donation , signed by Raterio , son of Giuseppe , describes the “curtis” of “Tibitella”, a guard on the border of Salinello between the areas of Ascoli Piceno and Abruzzo . This was followed by another act of donation in 1069, signed by Siolfo , son of Trasmondo and nephew of Trasmondo , who ascribed ownership of the castle "Civitellae" to Stefano , Bishop of Ascoli .

Civitella was a border guard on the Salinello, and in the centuries that followed, the vicissitudes of the defensive garrison would alternate between retreating and advancing the territorial borderline that separated the sovereignty of the two jurisdictions.

On January 30, 1255, Pope Alexander IV. Teodino , Bishop of Ascoli, confirmed power over the fortress and exhorted the Ascolans to fortify and strengthen the castle of Civitella.

As a result, Charles I of Naples , who was striving for a defensive alignment of the kingdom, decided to upgrade some castles, which in 1269 also included the repair of Civitella.

In the 12th and 13th centuries the fort saw an increase in staff, from thirty in 1269 to sixty in 1271. In 1273, advanced ammunition and siege engines were brought there for the capture of Castel Manfrino . A document from 1276, drawn up during the rule of the Anjou , refers to a "just built" castle, which is believed to mean information about the preservation and renovation of Suevian buildings.

Two scrolls that are kept in the State Archives of Ascoli prove that after 1387 thirteen arbitrators from Civitella met publicly and named two ambassadors who were to be deployed in Ascoli to negotiate with the local “Consiglio degli Anziani” so that their homeland could be “ obedience, protection and defense “of the city judiciary. From 1426 there is a document that "four master carpenters and two porters from Ascoli" confirmed the payment of a wage for the transport of a bomb to the fortress.

Around the middle of the 15th century, in 1442, the rule of the castle passed from the Anjou to the Aragonese . Alfonso I ordered the fortification and expansion of the fortress, and by 1450 the defense complex had its five towers. During these years, with the commissioning of protective structures erected at the eastern end of the fortress, changes were made that gave the complex the appearance of a “fortified citadel of the early Renaissance ”.

In the following years, the population of Civitella del Tronto did not always have optimal relationships with the castellans . In 1475, a formal request was made to King Ferrante I of Naples to recall the commandant Leone Gazull . In 1481 the University of Civitella del Tronto collected donations to restore the walls, while in 1485 Alfonso I of Aragon, Duke of Calabria , went to inspect the fortress. Four of the five towers of the fortress were destroyed by the inhabitants of Civitella del Tronto in 1495 because of widespread dissatisfaction and “so that they would not suffer from the insolence of the castellans”.

Odet de Foix , commander of the French troops, occupied Civitella del Tronto in February 1528, when the fortress only had a single tower suitable for defense, as the other four had not yet been rebuilt. These were repaired in the following years and in 1557 the restored fortress was ready to face the war on the Tronto . It was besieged in 1557 under the leadership of Francis of Lorraine, Duke of Guise , and Antonio Carafa, Marquis of Montebello .

In 1734 the Bourbons established themselves as the new masters of the fortress, replacing the previous rule of the Habsburgs ; they carried out further structural changes that enabled the fortress to defend itself against the sieges of the French and Piedmontese.

In 1798 and 1806, during the Italian campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte , the fortress was besieged by French troops until 1820 the fortress was completely restored, maintaining its Renaissance character. The last siege, mentioned in historical chronicles, took place in 1860 and 1861 and marked the beginning of the end of the garrison function.

These vicissitudes led to the fortress losing its function, followed by a long period of neglect and progressive dismantling of the defensive complex. Thefts also occurred, committed by the same residents of Civitella del Tronto who used the ruins as a "quarry for building materials".

The fortress benefited from ongoing restoration work carried out from 1975 to 1985 thanks to the patrons of the Sopraintendenza delle Belle Arti dell'Aquila , the Cassa del Mezzogiorno and the local council. In addition to re-enabling large parts of the use of the fortress and its surroundings, this has meant that the character of a fortified citadel from the beginning of the Renaissance was preserved, which was particularly important for the historical, cultural and military importance of the fortress.

  • Photos of the fortress exhibited in the Army Museum.

  • Symbolic lily of the Kingdom of Naples on the paneling of the interiors.

  • FERT of the House of Savoy near the Army Museum.

  • Papal helmet from 1848, which the troops of Pius IX. near the Army Museum.

The sieges

Siege of 1557

The French troops, under the leadership of the Duke of Guisa, Francis I Stefan , general of King Henry II , an ally of Pope Paul IV , and Antonio Cerafa, Margrave of Montebello and nephew of the Pope, subjected the castle that preceded the fortress heavy siege that began on April 24, 1557 and ended on May 16 of the same year. This armed episode sanctioned the strategic importance of the complex. The fortress, more powerful than before, managed to repel the attackers.

There are three perspective engraved floor plans of the camp of the besiegers, which provide a good approximation of the structure of the camp at that time. The complex appears to have been surrounded on three sides by an interrupted, crenellated wall at the usual distance, for which there were five crenellated towers with overhangs in perfect condition. The east side showed a surrounding wall, partly without battlements, passageways, a large tower with a sloping base and a bastion that protected the entrance. Behind the entrance gate there were older structures that were enclosed within the walls.

Siege of 1798

The siege of 1798 took place on the night of December 7th to 8th of that year, when command of the garrison was handed over to the French from Giovanni Batista Rusca to the military governor Giovanni Lacombe .

Siege of 1806

On January 22nd, 1806, another French siege was initiated. The fortress was then commanded by the Irish soldier Matteo Wade , who was doing his military service with the royal Neapolitan troops. The major had 19 cannons, a mortar , 323 men and food for three months. He turned down offers of surrender from the French generals who punished the fort when they captured it on May 21st.

Siege of 1860/1861

The siege of 1860/1861 was led by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Curci , who had 400 Garibaldi volunteers in his entourage , and Naval Major Renzo Carozzi , who led another 400 men. The fortress was headed by Major Luigi Ascione with 430 men. The state of siege lasted from October 26, 1860 to March 20, 1861, when the Bourbon militias surrendered after brave resistance three days after the proclamation of the unity of Italy.

description

There is no trace of how the oldest construction of the city defense garrison was organized and carried out. It is believed, however, that there was a fortified core, enclosed in a wall ring. The fortress took on real stability during the Suebi period and even more so under the reign of the House of Anjou , as the proximity of the border between the Kingdom of Naples and the emerging Papal State gave it an important strategic position.

From 1564 the structure of the fort underwent alterations and extensions until it assumed its present state. This happened at the behest of the king of Spain and Naples, Philip II of Habsburg , who had the previous Angivin fortifications and the Aragonese castle reinforced by ordering the construction of the fortress.

The Angiviners added the flanking round towers at the corners and along the straight walls to adapt and modernize the existing Suevi buildings by adapting them to their strategies and military engineering. Perhaps these towers were also provided with battlements and projections with a separating function, as was done in the late Middle Ages , some remains of which can still be seen today.

In the time before the siege in the Tronto War in 1557, the fortress walls were adapted to the requirements of modern fortress construction and equipped with bastions, reinforcements and contrescarpen , as was required by the introduction of firearms and recorded in the chronicles and engravings of the camp. From 1639 to 1711 repair and maintenance work was carried out on the settlement.

Today's fortress is a complex defensive organism designed to meet technical and functional requirements. Its entirety is made up of buildings from different epochs, which extend over different levels, which are connected by ramps from the 18th century. The building has an elliptical floor plan and covers the entire top of the hill. It was built mainly from square travertine blocks and consists of wide weapon areas , battlements , covered passages, entrenchments, bastions, the Batteria del Carmine , prison cells such as the Calabozzo dle coccodrillo (German: crocodile dungeon ) from the Aragonese period, cisterns, magazines, horse stables, offices and writing rooms, accommodations for soldiers and officers, ammunition dumps, dining rooms and kitchens, an oven, a small Barbara chapel , protection devices for artillery, a church and a residential palace.

From an architectural point of view, the building can be divided into two parts, a residential part and a part intended for defense purposes. The latter is on the east side of the fortress, where it is more likely to be attacked, as the hill is less steep there. On this flank there are numerous terraces and two defensive bastions, St. Peter and St. Andrew, to resist the enemy. Further protective barriers consist of three covered corridors that form narrow passages that attackers absolutely had to pass if they wanted to conquer the fortress. The defense also served a moat formed by a partially aufzuziehende bridge was spanned and protected by great guard groups through loopholes controlled with light weapons, the access ramps up arms courses.

The entrance to the fortress is from the east in the basement from the side of the St. Peter's bastion, where there was a guard, surrounded by the moat with the drawbridge.

In the highest area of ​​the fort, behind the church, is the Gran Strada , where the ruins of the accommodation for soldiers and NCOs and the oven are located. There are also paths that lead to the westernmost point of the complex, where the Capella del Carmine is located.

The sidewalk on the west side allows an overview of the village of Civitella del Tronto and its special complex with groups of parallel fixed houses , divided by ascending longitudinal paths with narrow curves and cross paths, consisting of ramps and stairs. Such a system of paths forms narrow, long blocks of houses that are arranged lengthways so that they form a series of fortress walls.

  • Access ramp to the fortress

  • First sentry

  • Hohensalzburg Gate

  • Barbara Chapel

  • Gran Strada, old residential area inside the fortress

  • Remains of the old oven

  • Sewerage

  • Lower wall of the fortress from the south battlements

  • Horse stable in an outbuilding

  • Ruins of the accommodations

  • Ruins inside the fortress

  • cistern

Piazza del Cavaliere

This is the first weapon place after entering the fortress. It is found after passing the second covered walkway and is protected by the Saint Andrew and Saint Paul bastions. It is called "del Cavaliere" because the tomb of the Irish major Matteo Wade , who commanded the troops during the French siege in 1806, stood there until 1861 . The marble work, created by Tito Angelini and erected at the behest of Francis I in 1829, was placed by the Piedmontese inside the village of Civitella del Tronto, where it still stands today. The Piazza del Cavaliere was used for exercise in peacetime and now houses the entrance to a cistern.

Every year, especially in summer, various events take place on it. Until 2006 there was the seat of the historical reenactment in historical costumes, which took place in the fortress called “A la Corte de lo Governatore”.

  • Piazza del Cavaliere.

  • Entrance to the first cistern.

Piazza d'Armi

After the third pass, you step onto the fortress’s second arms square, called “Piazza d'Armi”, where the Saint John's bastion and the ruins of the military accommodation are located. This place was used for the daily flag-raising ceremony.

During the rule of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the arsenal was redesigned so that it could supply the garrison stationed in the fortress with water. One of the five cisterns in which rainwater was collected and filtered was installed under the accessible area of ​​the square. The collected water was directed to a central well through a network of drainage channels. Due to the gradient, it arrived in the cistern after filtering through coal and layers of gravel and collected in an underground reservoir.

  • Piazza d'Armi from the Gran Piazza.

  • Bell dedicated to the fallen of all wars.

Gran Piazza

If you follow the walkway, you will reach the octagonal Saint James bastion, which is called the “Gran Piazza” on the third and last weapon square and is at the highest point of the fortress. It is the largest arsenal in the fortress; there stood the citadel, where the two most important buildings inside the defensive structure were erected: the governor's palace and the St. Jabob church.

Governor's Palace

This building is the symbol of political power and was the seat of the fortress commander. Inaugurated in 1574, the two-story building housed the governor and his family. Inside there are storage rooms for food, a cistern and a stove. Carlo Pisacane lived in his outbuildings from 1841 to 1843 .

  • Remains of the facade of the Governor's Palace.

  • Ruins inside the palace.

Saint Jacob Church

The church dedicated to Jacob de Marchia was the symbol of religious power. It was built next to the Governor's Palace in 1585 and consecrated in 1604. Today's cleanup has changed the functions of the lines and partially the characteristics of the original construction. Her liturgical space was shortened and the plaster of her vault was removed. Inside there was a main altar and three side altars, dedicated to the Rosary , Jacob de Marchia and Saint Barbara , in which the castellans were buried. Under this building there were corridors hewn out of the rock, probably from the Middle Ages.

  • View of the Church of St. Jacob

  • Interior of the church

Army Museum and Museum of Old Maps

The Museo delle Armi e delle Mappe Antiche was inaugurated in 1988 in the interiors of the fortress of Civitella del Tronto, which originally served as the kitchen and dining room . Old maps, weapons and other pieces from the history and the various vicissitudes of the fortress are shown in four exhibition rooms.

In the room dedicated to Giorgio Cucentrentoli di Monteloro there are more modern exhibits, including a papal helmet from 1848 that was worn by Pope Pius IX's troops. belonged to a diplomatic uniform of the Holy See, documents and weapons of Garibaldi's followers and the House of Savoy.

In Risorgimentoraum weapons are issued the Bourbon and Savoy armies. A depiction of Civitella del Tronto from 1557 is of particular interest.

The third room shows a boundary stone in the middle . The column marked the demarcation line between the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. In the highest part of the stem are engraved the keys of Saint Peter and the year 1847, the Bourbon lily and the consecutive number 609.

The oldest weapons in the exhibition are in the Renaissance hall. Fuse rifles from the 15th century, flintlock pistols from the 16th century and images of the fortress from the 18th and 19th centuries are housed there.

On August 28, 2015, the museum was dedicated to Major Raffaele Tiscar at an inauguration ceremony . Present were the notables of Civitella del Tronto and the great-grandson of the major, Piergiorgio Tiscar . The sign posted at the entrance to the museum states:

“In memory of the last siege of the fortress, a proud bulwark over the centuries, the municipality of Civitella del Tronto dedicates the Army and Fortress Museum to the Major RAFFAELE TISCAR, a Bourbon officer who, true to the oath he took at the side of Commander La Piazza stayed until he, as ordered by King Francis II, had to sign the surrender of the fortress to the Piedmontese commander who was besieging it. This happened on March 20, 1861. "

  • Showroom

  • Showroom

  • Showroom

Partnerships

The fortress Civitella del Tronto has been partnered with the Austrian fortresses of Salzburg , Mauterndorf and Werfen since 1989 .

The fortress in the snow

  • The village of Civitella del Tronto from the fortress

  • Piazza d'Armi during snowfall

  • Piazza d'Armi

  • Governor's Palace

  • Fortress ruins

swell

  • Giorgio Cucentrentoli: Morire a Civitella. I 200 drammatici giorni della Fedelissima Civitella del Tronto (8 September 1860–20 March 1861) . Centro Toscano Studi Conservatori E. Alberi, La Perseveranza, Bologna 1997.
  • Antonio de Santis: Ascoli nel Trecento , Volume II: 1350-1400 . Collana di Pubblicazioni Storiche Ascolane, Grafiche D'Auria, Ascoli Piceno 1988.
  • Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Claudia Vultaggio: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello: dizionario topografico e storico . Volume IV. 3rd edition. Carsa, Pescara, 1996.
  • Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Gaetano Ronchi: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello . Volume IV. 1st edition. Carsa, Pescara, 1996.
  • Carino Gambacorta: Storia di Civitella del Tronto . Volumes I – II. Edizoni Grafiche Italiane (Edigrafital), Teramo 1992.
  • Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia 2009.
  • Gaetano Ronchi: Briganti. L'ingresso nell'Abruzzo teramano: eroi coraggiosi o feroci assassini . Carsa, Pescara, 2014.
  • Gabriele Rosa: Disegno della storia di Ascoli Piceno . F. Fiori, Brescia 1869.
  • Giovanni Todaro: Guida alla fortezza di Civitella del Tronto . Media Free Time e Aurelio Coppola, Genoa 2006.
  • Vasco Vichi: Civitella del Tronto. La città dei 5 assedi. L'ultima fortezza Borbonica . Roberto Chiaramonte, Torino 2006.

Web links

Commons : fortress Castello del Tronto  - collection of images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Claudia Vultaggio: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello: dizionario topografico e storico . Volume IV. 3rd edition. Carsa, Pescara 1996. p. 706.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 10.
  3. ↑ a b c d Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 21.
  4. ↑ Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 7.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Fortezza e Museo delle Armi . Fortezzadicivitella.it. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  6. ↑ a b Civitella del Tronto - Fortezza di Civitella . AbruzzoBeniculturali.it. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  7. ↑ A Civitella del Tronto un quinto dei visitatori della fortezza è straniero . In: Abruzzo . Il Messaggero. February 25, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  8. ^ Civitella del Tronto l'Abruzzo da non dimenticare . Russia News - Novosti Rossii. May 29, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Gaetano Ronchi: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello . Volume IV. 1st edition. Carsa, Pescara 1996. p. 42.
  10. ↑ a b c d Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Claudia Vultaggio: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello: dizionario topografico e storico . Volume IV. 3rd edition. Carsa, Pescara 1996. p. 710.
  11. ^ Gabriele Rosa: Disegno della storia di Ascoli Piceno . F. Fiori, Brescia 1869. p. 98.
  12. ↑ Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia 2009. p. 114.
  13. ^ Antonio de Santis: Ascoli nel Trecento , Volume II: 1350-1400 . Collana di Pubblicazioni Storiche Ascolane, Grafiche D'Auria, Ascoli Piceno 1988. p. 482.
  14. ^ Antonio de Santis: Ascoli nel Trecento , Volume II: 1350-1400 . Collana di Pubblicazioni Storiche Ascolane, Grafiche D'Auria, Ascoli Piceno 1988. p. 478.
  15. ↑ a b Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Gaetano Ronchi: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello . Volume IV. 1st edition. Carsa, Pescara 1996. p. 43.
  16. ↑ a b Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Gaetano Ronchi: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello . Volume IV. 1st edition. Carsa, Pescara 1996. p. 44.
  17. ↑ a b Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Gaetano Ronchi: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello . Volume IV. 1st edition. Carsa, Pescara 1996. p. 45.
  18. ↑ a b c d e f Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Gaetano Ronchi: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello . Volume IV. 1st edition. Carsa, Pescara 1996. p. 46.
  19. ↑ a b c Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 23.
  20. ↑ a b Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al Borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 39.
  21. ↑ a b Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Gaetano Ronchi: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello . Volume IV. 1st edition. Carsa, Pescara 1996. p. 82.
  22. ↑ Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Claudia Vultaggio: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello: dizionario topografico e storico . Volume IV. 3rd edition. Carsa, Pescara 1996. p. 718.
  23. ↑ a b c Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Claudia Vultaggio: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello: dizionario topografico e storico . Volume IV. 3rd edition. Carsa, Pescara 1996. p. 720.
  24. ↑ a b c d Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 12.
  25. ↑ Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 14.
  26. ↑ Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 15.
  27. ↑ Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 121.
  28. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Luisa Franchi dell'Orto, Claudia Vultaggio: Le valli della Vibrata e del Salinello: dizionario topografico e storico . Volume IV. 3rd edition. Carsa, Pescara 1996. p. 709.
  29. ↑ a b c d e f Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 29.
  30. ↑ Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 27.
  31. ↑ a b c Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 32.
  32. ↑ a b c d e f Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 33.
  33. ↑ L'Araldo Abruzzese . Vintage XXXVI. No. 13 September 6, 1939.
  34. ↑ Michele Farinacci: Delitto d'onore a Civitella del Tronto. Don Carlo Pisacane e Gaetana Michilli . Duende, Teramo 2015.
  35. ↑ a b Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al Borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 40.
  36. ↑ Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 41.
  37. ↑ a b c Marialuce Latini, Paola Franci, Paride Cialini: Civitella del Tronto - Guida storico-artistica alla fortezza e al borgo . Collana Gli Scrigni, Intese Grafiche, Carsa, Brescia, 2009. p. 42.
  38. ^ Carino Gambacorta: Storia di Civitella del Tronto . Volume 2. Edizioni Grafiche Italiane (Edigrafital), Teramo 1992. pp. 304-306.