Flagellaria
| Flagellaria | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flagellaria indica , illustration |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the family | ||||||||||||
| Flagellariaceae | ||||||||||||
| Dumort. | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Flagellaria | ||||||||||||
| L. |
Flagellaria , also called whip leaves, is the only genus of the family of the Flagellariaceae , also called whip leaf family, within the order of the sweet grass-like (Poales). It includes only five species in the Paleotropic .
description
Habit and leaves
The flagellaria species are perennial climbing plants with sympodial rhizomes . Secondary growth in thickness is absent. All parts of the plant are hairless. The sympodial, hard stems can become very long and are equally dichotomously branched in the upper area. No side buds are formed.
Its simple leaves , arranged alternately and in two rows on the stem, are divided into leaf sheath, petiole and leaf blade. The tubular leaf sheath envelops the stem. The petiole is very short. The grass-like leaf blade ends in a simple, sensitive, relatively hard tendril that is rolled up like a clock spring, with which these climbing plants hold on to the base (for example trees). The leaf margin is smooth. The stomata are paracytic, so they have two secondary cells parallel to the guard cells.
Inflorescences and flowers
The sessile flowers stand together in relatively large, terminal, paniculate inflorescences . The relatively small, mostly hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual flowers are threefold and radial symmetry . There are two circles, each with three free, corolla-like, membranous, whitish bracts , with those of the inner circle being larger. There are two circles with three stamens each, which are not fused with each other or with the bloom cladding sheets. Sometimes one to three stamens are reduced to staminodes . The stamens protruding over the bracts have thin stamens . The tetrasporangiate anthers are basifix. The ulcerated pollen grains (with a rounded germ pore at the distal pole) resemble those of sweet grasses . Three carpels have become a top permanent, blunt triangular ovary grown. The three ovary chambers each contain only one ovule . The very short style ends in three culled scars.
Fruits and seeds
When ripe they form red or black drupes ; they usually contain one, rarely two seeds. The spherical to more or less flat seeds have a starch- rich endosperm . The embryo is tiny and only rudimentary when the seed is ripe .
Chromosome number and ingredients
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 38. The flavonoid kaempferol is formed.
Systematics and distribution
The flagellaria species are found in the tropics and subtropics of Africa , South and Southeast Asia and northern Australia as well as on some islands of Oceania . The most common species is Flagellaria indica .
The genus Flagellaria was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 333. The family was set up in 1829 by Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in Analysis des Familles de Plantes , pp. 59-60. The botanical genus name Flagellaria is derived from the Latin word flagellum for whip and refers to the shape of the leaves.
The Flagellariaceae family used to be a bit larger, with the two additional genera Hanguana and Joinvillea , which today represent the independent, also monogeneric families Hanguanaceae and Joinvilleaceae. It belongs to the order of the sweet grass-like (Poales) within the monocotyledons .
There are five species of Flagellaria :
- Flagellaria collaris Wepfer & HPLinder : It occurs in the Fiji Islands and was first described in 2014.
- Flagellaria gigantea Hook. f. : The homeland ranges from the Bismarck Archipelago to the islands in the southwestern Pacific.
- Flagellaria guineensis Schumach. : The homeland is tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius and Sri Lanka.
- Indian whip leaf ( Flagellaria indica L. ): The home extends from southern Tanzania to Mozambique and the islands in the western Pacific. One can distinguish the following six varieties:
- Flagellaria indica var. Australiensis Wepfer & HPLinder : It occurs in Borneo, Australia and from Papuaia to the islands in the western Pacific.
- Flagellaria indica var. Bifurcata Wepfer & HPLinder : It occurs from Indochina to northeastern Australia.
- Flagellaria indica var. Borneensis Wepfer & HPLinder : It occurs in Sumatra and Sarawak .
- Flagellaria indica var. Gracilis H.Perrier ex Wepfer & HPLinder : It occurs in eastern Madagascar.
- Flagellaria indica var. Indica : It occurs from southern Tanzania to Mozambique and on islands in the western Pacific.
- Flagellaria indica var. Minor (flower) Hook.f. : It occurs from Indochina to southwest China and northern Queensland.
- Flagellaria neo-caledonica Schltr. : The homeland ranges from the Solomon Islands to New Caledonia .
use
All species are hardly used. Sometimes the long stems are used for braiding various objects. The medical effect was examined.
swell
- The Flagellariaceae family on the AP website. (English)
- The Flagellariaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson and MJDallwitz.
- Guofang Wu & Kai Larsen: Flagellariaceae at the Flora of China , Volume 24, 2000, p. 1: Online. (Section description)
- Leslie Watson: Flagellariaceae in the Western Australian Flora : Online, 2008.
- Hans-Jürgen Tillich & E. Sill: Morphological and anatomical studies on Hanguana flower (Hanguanaceae) and Flagellaria L. (Flagellariaceae), with the description of a new species, Hanguana bogneri spec. nov. in Sendtnera , 6, 1999, pp. 215-238.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Guofang Wu & Kai Larsen: Flagellariaceae at the Flora of China , Volume 24, 2000, p. 1: Family and genus - Online.
- ↑ a b c d Leslie Watson: Flagellariaceae at the Western Australian Flora : Online, 2008.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Degeneria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 22, 2018.
