White-naped hummingbird

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White-naped hummingbird
White-naped hummingbird (Florisuga mellivora flabellifera)

White- naped hummingbird ( Florisuga mellivora flabellifera )

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Tribe : Topazes (topazini)
Genre : Florisuga
Type : White-naped hummingbird
Scientific name
Florisuga mellivora
( Linnaeus , 1758)

The white- naped hummingbird or Jacobin hummingbird ( Florisuga mellivora ) is a species of bird in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) native to Mexico , Belize , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Brazil , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Trinidad and Tobago occurs. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

White-naped hummingbird ♀

The white-naped hummingbird reaches a body length of about 11 to 12 cm, with a weight of about 7.4 and 9 g for males and about 6 and 9.2 g for females. The beak and feet are black. The male has a blue head and chest. A broad white sickle adorns the neck. The rest of the top is light green including the elongated upper tail-coverts. The belly and most of the tail is white with tight black borders and speckles. The plumage of the female varies individually. About half to two thirds of the females have the typical plumage with a blue-green breast that is heavily decorated with white scales. The belly is dull white. The top is completely green, only the mostly green tail has blue spots. The outer control feathers have white edges and tips. The other females have a similar plumage to the males and can only be distinguished from them by a longer beak, shorter wings and shorter tail. The females can differ significantly from both young and males. The differences in size vary in part depending on the geographical distribution area, so that further research is required. In young males, the plumage varies from similar to the female, with a little more white on the tail, to similar to the male with a little more black on the tail. Both young males and females sometimes have yellow-brown stripes on the ear covers and in the middle of the rump . Young females also vary, but have a little less white on the tail. The throat and chest are often bronze in color.

Behavior and nutrition

The white-naped hummingbird gets its nectar from the flowers of different trees. These include the gentian plants belonging type lisianthus axillari that the woolen tree plants belonging kind Pseudobombax septenatum , Inga , coral trees , Bauhinia , vochysia who Clusiaceae belonging genus Symphonia , and epiphytes like to Norantea belonging kind Norantea guianensis belonging to the Gesneriengewächsen belonging to the genus Columnea and bromeliads . He also makes use of the undergrowth and heliconias that can be found on the edges of forests and in clearings. Many specimens gather on flowering trees. Here it is very aggressive, but not very territorial . Both sexes hunt insects for long periods of time. They buzz and peck them high above watercourses and in clearings or break out from their seats high in the treetops to hunt. It collects less often in the foliage, but females occasionally in the undergrowth. The arthropods they prey on are mainly small two-winged and hymenoptera . Some reports describe ants as prey.

Vocalizations

The white-naped hummingbird is rather calm. The singing consists of a long series of bright tones that they emit at a frequency of around 0.7 to one tone per second. These sound like TSII ... TSII ... TSII ... TSII ... . He also gives a short tsik or a double tsi-sik . Occasionally a light-sounding suit and a waning sui-sui-sui can also be heard from him during hostile interaction.

Reproduction

The breeding season of the white-naped hummingbird is the dry and early rainy seasons . In Costa Rica and Panama this is from January to June, occasionally until July. In the north-west of Colombia there are breeding activities from February to May, in the east of the country from June to November, in the south of Venezuela in March and in the Amazon region of Brazil from December to March. A female was once discovered in Brazil in July with an egg in her fallopian tube. The nest is a soft, flat, matted calyx, made of light-colored plant shed and cobwebs. He places this on the flat surface of undergrowth palm trees, for example of the genus Geonoma or Asterogyne , which are protected by other leaves. The nest is one to three meters above the ground. sometimes near rivers. The nests are approx. 40 mm high. The outer radius is approx. 75 mm, the inner radius approx. 27 mm. The female performs uncontrolled ascending and descending butterfly-like flights to distract possible predators from the location of the nest. During the breeding season, the males scare and courtship in the treetops and along their edges, but they do not form any leks .

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the white-necked hummingbird

The white-naped hummingbird inhabits the treetops of moist forests and their edges. The brood takes place in the undergrowth. It can also be found in semi-open habitats of various types such as more open forests, coffee and cocoa plantations, high secondary vegetation and in gallery forests . It usually moves high in the trees, a little deeper at the edges and clearings of the forest. It is found at altitudes from sea level to 900 meters, very rarely up to 1500 meters and more.

migration

Migration behavior has not been well researched. In many areas it seems to be relatively frequent seasonally and then again rarely to absent at other times. But there is no clear pattern to be seen. In a study in the Colombian Amazon, it was abundant from July to October when the coral trees Erythrina fusca were in bloom. Otherwise he was seen only occasionally in the area for the rest of the year. The nominated form was probably spotted for the first time as a random visitor in Argentina in February 2016 . He has also been seen as a stray guest on Aruba and the Grenadines .

Subspecies

So far, two subspecies are known:

  • Florisuga mellivora mellivora ( Linnaeus , 1758) is distributed from southern Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, as well as on Trinidad.
  • Florisuga mellivora flabellifera ( Gould , 1846) occurs only on Tobago. The subspecies is slightly larger than the nominate form .

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the white- naped hummingbird was in 1758 by Carl von Linné under the scientific name Trochilus mellivorus . He mistakenly named India as the country of origin of the type specimen . In 1850 the new genus Florisuga was introduced by Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte for the white- naped hummingbird . The name "Florisuga" is derived from the Latin words "flos, floris" for "flower" and "sugere" for "suck, suckle". The species name »mellivora« is a Latin word formation from »mel, mellis« for »honey« and »-vorus, vorare« for »-essend, devour«. "Flabellifera" is derived from the Latin "flabellum, flabra, flare" for "small fan, air breeze, to blow" and "-fera, ferre" for "-bearing, to carry".

literature

  • Frank Garfield Stiles III, Guy Maxwell Kirwan, Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie, Eduardo de Juana: White-necked Jacobin (Florisuga mellivora) in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Carl von Linné: Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis . 10th edition. tape 1 . Imprensis Direct Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm 1758 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting three new species of the family of Trochilidae, which he thus characterized . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 14 , no. 158 , 1846, pp. 44-45 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte: Conspectus generum avium . tape 1 . EJ Brill, Leiden 1850 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : White- naped Hummingbird ( Florisuga mellivora )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Frank Garfield Stiles III u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ↑ a b Carl von Linné, p. 121.
  4. ^ John Gould, p. 45.
  5. ↑ Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte, pp. 73-74.
  6. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 162.
  7. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 249.
  8. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 160.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Bonaparte also had Mellisuga surinamensis ( Stephens , 1826) a synonym for the nominate form, Trochilus ater ( Wied , 1829)), a synonym for the black hummingbird ( Florisuga fusca ( Vieillot , 1817) and Florisuga mellivora flabellifera ( Gould , 1846) of the new Assigned to genus.