Ford Kent
Ford Kent is the name of a Ford engine series that was first introduced in 1959 in the Ford Anglia 105E. The Kent was built with minor changes until 2002, making it one of the longest built engines. The 1.6-liter variant was replaced by the CVH in 1983 , the 1.1-liter variant was discontinued in 1996 and the 1.3-liter variant was replaced by the Zetec Rocam as the last engine in the 2002 series .
history
The engine was developed for the Ford Anglia 105E and was produced from 1959. The name comes from the county of Kent in the south east of England , as Allan Worters, the chief engineer of the engine division, came from Kent. The engines were initially equipped with a counter-flow cylinder head and were offered with a displacement of 997, 1339, 1498 and later with 1198 and 1297 cm³. Because of the cylinder head, these engines are called pre-crossflow . The block with a displacement of 1.5 liters was also the basis for the Lotus Twin-Cam engine, which was offered in small numbers in the UK in the Ford Escort of the first series.
In 1967 the cylinder head was changed and the cross-flow cylinder heads gave the engine the name crossflow , also to distinguish it from the pre-crossflow variants. The first engines with the blocks of the type 681F had a displacement of 940, 1098, 1298 and 1599 cc. The types 691M, 701M, as well as A711 and A711M followed. The engine block of the 711 has been completely redesigned. The wall thicknesses were increased, the main bearings changed, the bumpers and the cams of the camshaft increased and the height of the block changed. The 711 is considered to be the most reliable of the Kent engines until the early 1980s.
In 1976 the Kent engine was adapted for transverse installation in the engine compartment of the new Ford Fiesta small car . The engine was shortened by 30 mm and the number of main bearings was reduced from five to three. From then on the engines were called Valencia . Although the basic design has remained the same, the extensive technical changes mean that hardly any parts can be exchanged between the engine types. The Valencia was initially offered with 957 and 1117 cc. The 1.6 liter variant was sold exclusively in North America , the 1.3 and 1.6 liter variants in Europe - u. a. in the Fiesta XR2 of the first series - there were still Kent crossflow engines. In order to be able to install the engines in the engine compartment of the Fiesta, the crankshaft was shortened and a different end cover was used. 1986 followed a Valencia with 1297 cm³ displacement to replace the 1.3-liter CVH in the Escort of the fourth series . The 1.3-liter Valencia was not offered in the Fiesta of the second series , the 1.3-liter CVH was replaced directly by the newer 1.4-liter CVH in 1986.
With the appearance of the third series of the Ford Fiesta , the new HCS was presented. This enhancement of Valencia - which therefore also Valencia HCS ( H igh C ompression S ; is wel high compression swirled) - had a different cylinder head with modified combustion chambers and inlet channels, the number of main bearing was again increased from three to five. Injection systems and an electronically controlled ignition system ("Ford-EDIS") with a double spark ignition coil were standard in order to meet modern emission regulations. From the beginning of 1989 the engines were also used in the Ford Escort and the Ford Orion . In countries with less stringent emissions regulations, HCS with carburetors and mechanical ignition distributors were also used in isolated cases . The engine was available with 999, 1118 and 1297 cc.
In the fourth and fifth series of the Fiesta , the engine was renamed Endura-E , the technology remained largely unchanged compared to the HCS. The engine was only available with 1297 cm³ and was also offered in the Ford Ka and the Escort / Orion. With the presentation of the sixth series of the Fiesta 2002, the production of the Kent engines ended. In the Fiesta and the KA these have been replaced by the Zetec-S (E) and the Zetec-Rocam . The Endura was no longer used in the new Ford Focus .
technology
The Kent engine and the further development Valencia are four-cylinder gasoline engines with an OHV valve control . The camshaft is located in the engine block - on the side next to the crankshaft - and is driven by this via a timing chain . Ancillary units such as the alternator and the water pump and later also the air conditioning compressor and the pump for the power steering are driven by a V-belt or a ribbed belt, depending on the year of construction. The hanging valves are moved via push rods, rocker arms and valve tappets, the valve clearance compensation is done mechanically. The engine block and cylinder head are made of gray cast iron. The first engines between 1959 and 1967 still had a counter- flow cylinder head , after which only cross-flow cylinder heads (" Kentcrossflow ") were used. All engines have a bore of 80.96 mm and different crankshafts are used depending on the displacement. All motors are designed as short-stroke engines . The oil pump is flanged to the outside of the engine block for easier maintenance.
The Valencia variants from 1976 onwards have a more compact design and only three instead of five main bearings , but otherwise have the same construction principle as the original Kentcrossflow motors. The bore is reduced to 74.0 mm.
From 1989 the Valencia engines were revised to meet modern emission regulations. Due to a modified combustion chamber, the motors were called from then on HCS ( h igh c ompression s wirl, engl. For high density turbulence), and are usually by injection, modern electronically controlled ignition systems with double spark coil equipped and a regulated catalyst. The bore of the 1.0 and 1.1 liter variant was further reduced to 68.7 mm, the bore of the 1.3 liter variant remained unchanged. Unlike the Valencia engines, the HCS engines are again equipped with five crankshaft bearings. The design of the engine was retained until production was discontinued in 2002, the control electronics and add-on parts were changed in order to implement the advances in exhaust gas cleaning.
Motorsport
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The Kent engine was very successful in motorsport, but the engine was mostly not used in its original form. Cosworth specialized early on in the development of cylinder heads with four-valve technology for series engines. The 16V variant of Kent called BDA ( b orld d riven A -Series), these were a two-piece cylinder head in light alloy with two overhead camshafts and four valves per cylinder. The camshafts are now driven by the crankshaft via a toothed belt ; the side camshaft is no longer required. The engines were only installed ex works in the Escort of the first series as the Escort RS1600 and in the second series as the Escort RS1800 . These vehicles were built in right hand drive only and sold in the UK . With the RS1800 were Björn Waldegård 1979, Ari Vatanen 1981 World Rally Champion. The displacement of the RS1800 was increased to 2 liters, the engine is made as around 180 kW (250 hp) at 7000 min -1 . The Ford Escort RS1700T with a turbocharged 1.7-liter BDA was also developed for the World Rally Championship, but this rear-wheel drive vehicle was abandoned before completion in favor of the Ford RS200 , which was built according to Group B regulations . The BDA with turbocharger was adopted for the RS200, and during the short period of use in the world championship between 1984 and 1986, the RS200 achieved a podium finish.
The BDA was also intended to replace the DFV during the turbo era in Formula 1 , but it turned out to be unable to cope with the thermal load and the high speeds due to its design.
Zakspeed used the BDA engine in the Capri Turbo in the DRM and won countless race victories and the championship with Klaus Ludwig in the 1981 season . The - depending on the application year - with one or two turbochargers of KK & K supercharged engines contributed from 1.4 or 1.7 liters capacity up to 441 kW (600 hp) at 9000 min -1 .
The 1.6 liter Kent was also used in Formula Ford. The engines developed around 85 kW (115 hp) at 7000 min −1 .
Further use
In addition to its use in series vehicles and in Ford's motorsport commitments, the Kent engine was also used in vehicles from other manufacturers. Some of these only took over the engine block in order to use it with other cylinder heads, such as the Lotus Twin-Cam or the Cosworth BDA . So is the Kent engine u. a. also in road and racing vehicles from Donkervoort , Westfield Sportscars , the Ford subsidiary Mercury , Lotus Cars , TVR , Sylva Autokits , Dri-Sleeve Car , Brabham and McNamara Racing . De Tomaso used a 1.5 liter Kent engine for its first road sports car , the De Tomaso Vallelunga . Equipped with a specially developed light metal cylinder head, a higher compression ratio and two double carburetors from Weber, the Kent built in as a mid-engine developed 74 kW (100 PS).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Kent engine on motor-car.net ( English ), accessed on July 9, 2019
- ↑ a b c d e Valencia HCS engine on motor-car.net, accessed on July 9, 2019
- ↑ Turbo F1 engines - how they started Reportage Part 1, English (Youtube), accessed on July 8, 2019
- ↑ Turbo F1 engines - how they started Reportage Part 2, English (Youtube), accessed on July 8, 2019
- ↑ The Zakspeed Capri Turbo on historicmotorsportcentral.com, accessed July 8, 2019