Battles in Mogadishu since 2010

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Battles in Mogadishu since 2010
Somalia
Somalia
date August 23, 2010 until ongoing
place Mogadishu , Somalia
output open
Parties to the conflict

Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia

Allies:

Supported by:

Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2.svg Al-Shabaab

  • radical Islamist militias

The fighting in Mogadishu since 2010 describes an armed conflict in Mogadishu that has been going on since August 2010 between the fighters of the Al-Shabaab militia and the forces of the Somali government and their allies in the context of the Somali civil war . The conflict is characterized by isolated military clashes between the conflicting parties and attacks by Al-Shabaab in the urban area of ​​Mogadishu.

Al-Shabaab offensive

Al-Shabaab launched an offensive on August 23, 2010 when its fighters began to attack increasingly troops of the Somali Interim Government and the African Union Mission in Somalia in Mogadishu . These were viewed as invaders by the al-Shabaab militias. According to the AU command, the offensive had failed and the leaders of al-Shabaab fled the city after Ramadan .

Fight 2010

Attack on the Hotel Mona

At least 32 people were killed in an attack on a hotel in Mogadishu on August 24, 2010, including six MPs, four government officials and Deputy Prime Minister Abdirahman Hajji Adab Ibbi .

On September 7, 2010, the United Nations announced that at least 230 people had been killed in the fighting so far. 20,000 people have fled the city.

Attack on the airport

On September 9, 2010, Mogadishu airport was attacked. First a suicide bomber blew himself up at a checkpoint in front of the airport. Then there was an exchange of fire between additional attackers and UN soldiers and the airport area was shot at with a mortar. The AMISOM speaks of five slain attackers and two dead peacekeepers and civilians. An AFP journalist reported two additional women killed. At the time of the attack, the Somalia special envoy from the UN and the AU, Augustine Mahiga and Boubacar Diarra, were at the airport.

market

On November 17, 2010, sixteen civilians were killed in fighting over the bustling Bakara Market in the south of the city. AU troops took the market under shell fire as one of their convoys was hit by an explosive device dumped on the roadside. According to information from a local dealer, at least nine grenades struck. On the same day, five more civilians died in crossfire elsewhere in the city.

Fights 2011

festival

In February, a music festival organized by Mayor Mohamoud Ahmed Nur resulted in shootings in which three civilians were killed. The fire opened five soldiers trained by the Somali transitional government. According to Ahmed Nur, they were acting on the orders of the warlord and former mayor of Mogadishu Mohammed Omar Habeb Dhere, who was subsequently arrested by soldiers of the African Union .

Fazul Abdullah Muhammad

According to the Somali interim government, Fazul Abdullah Muhammad , the alleged leader of al-Qaeda in East Africa, was killed in a gun battle at a roadblock in the south of the city on June 8 . Presumably in revenge, a suicide bomber killed Somali Interior Minister Abdi Shakur Sheikh Hassan .

Relief supplies

On July 28, there was heavy fighting between AMISOM and al-Shabaab. According to Amisom spokesman Paddy Akunda , in order to protect the aid supplies after previous provocations in the wake of the hunger crisis, al-Shabaab troops were fired at with heavy equipment around the centrally located Bakaara market. Almost 30 civilians were injured in the process. According to the report, AMISOM captured three positions and controls the entire southern half of the city. Of the 16 neighborhoods, three were held by al Shabaab. In eight the AMISIOM was in control. The remaining five were the sites of fighting.

On August 5, troops of the transitional government stormed a food distribution station of the United Nations World Food Program (WFP) in the Badbaado refugee camp, looted two vans and shot at least ten people.

Al-Shabaab withdraws

An African Union Casspir armored vehicle in the Bakaara market in September 2011
An AMISOM soldier at the Mogadishu Stadium in September 2011

On August 5 at around 11:00 p.m., al-Shabaab launched an offensive to recapture positions at the stadium in Yaadshiid and at the Baraka market in the Hawl Wadaag district . The two areas had been conquered by AMISOM a week earlier. It inflicted heavy losses on al-Shabaab, repulsed the attack and launched a counter-offensive at 3:00 a.m. on August 6, which ended with the occupation of the two positions. The stadium is strategically important because all arterial roads converge here. The baraka market is an important source of income due to the taxes paid by the traders and the system of cash transfers established there. As a result, AMISOM took over the rest of Mogadishu without a fight. All militia positions were completely evacuated and neither weapons nor ammunition were found. On the part of the AMISOM, the suspicion was expressed that the attacks during the night were a diversionary maneuver to cover the withdrawal.

According to al-Shabaab, the withdrawal is the result of a changed strategy. However, government spokesmen described the development as a “golden day” and claimed the withdrawal as a victory for the government troops . Observers also suspect funding and recruitment problems for the militia as a result of the hunger crisis.

According to eyewitnesses, al-Shabaab is said to have withdrawn to Baidoa , the provincial capital of Afgoye .

On the night of August 8, there were repeated individual firefights in Mogadishu. A few kilometers outside Mogadishu, also on August 8, a vehicle loaded with explosives exploded.

On August 17, there was fighting in the city, including grenades and anti-aircraft guns. As a result, an SOS Children's Village and the associated clinic had to be evacuated because of shelling.

Assassination attempt on the Ministry of Education

On the morning of October 4, there was an attack on the Ministry of Education, which is located in a government complex. A truck loaded with explosives exploded at a checkpoint in a crowd. At least 82 people died, mainly students considered themselves on there to a Turkey - scholarship to apply. Soldiers and civilians are also found among the dead. Over 150 people were injured. Al-Shabaab confessed to the attack through its spokesman Ali Mohamud Rage . The main building of the government complex was destroyed.

President Sheikh Sharif Ahmed announced a response from the transitional government and the United Nations Security Council condemned the attack.

Fights and massacres in Dayniile

On October 11th, Fred Mugisha , an AMISOM general, announced that the entire center of Mogadishu was in the hands of UN soldiers . An AU soldier and eight civilians were killed in the fighting over the last position. There are still activities in the outskirts in the east and north of the city.

On October 20, the government troops claimed to have captured Deynile , a district in the northwest. There were several injured. There have been reports of massive refugee movements from the affected district. According to AMISOM, Deynile was largely under their control after the fighting. The next day, on October 21, al-Shabaab presented corpses wearing AMISOM uniforms in Alameda , 18 kilometers from Mogadishu. According to witnesses, there should be at least 63. Ali Mohamud Rage , spoke of 70 to 150 killed soldiers, the majority of whom are said to come from Burundi . An armored vehicle column was ambushed in Dayniile and shot at. The AU only confirmed ten dead AMISOM soldiers and spoke of Somali victims in disguise.

Attacks

On the night of November 17-18, al-Shabaab soldiers attacked four positions in Mogadishu. In the battles that followed, machine guns and mortar shells were used. According to the transitional government, they repulsed the attackers.

Fight 2012

AMISOM conquers a district

On March 2, AMISOM claims that it recaptured a suburb of the city from al-Shabaab. The quarter was first bombarded with artillery and then occupied by tanks and ground troops. The reason for the attacks was given to protect civilians who are said to have been attacked from the neighborhood.

Attacks on the presidential palace

On March 14, a suicide bomber blew himself up on the premises of the presidential palace. While al-Shabaab announced the deaths of 30 people, AMISOM said four and the local police said five.

On the night of March 18-19, at least six civilians were killed in an attack on the presidential palace , according to the Shabelle Media Network . The mortar shells missed their target and hit a nearby refugee camp.

Suicide attack on theater

A suicide bomber blew herself up on April 4 at the one-year celebration for the establishment of a Somali TV satellite network, killing at least seven people. The ceremony took place in the historic National Theater, which only reopened in March after 20 years. Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali , who gave a speech at the moment of the detonation, and several of his ministers survived the attack unscathed. According to the government, the president of the Somali Olympic Committee, Aden Yabarow Wiish , and the head of the national football association, Said Mohamed Nur, are among the dead .

Attack on comedian Abdi Jeylani Malaq Marshale

On July 31st, strangers shot and killed the radio host Abdi Jeylani Malaq Marshale while leaving his job at the Kulmiye radio station . Marshale was known, among other things, for his jokes about the al-Shabaab militias. He was also involved in various youth initiatives and worked for the Somali exile broadcaster Universal TV .

AMISOM soldier at the port of Mogadishu in August 2012

Constitutional amendment

On August 1, the Constituent Assembly in Mogadishu passed a new interim constitution for Somalia. This paved the way for the election of a new transitional government. The federal transitional parliament has been replaced by the federal parliament of Somalia . On September 10, 2012, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was elected as its new president.

Attack on the President

An attack was carried out on the hotel in which the new president Hassan Sheikh Mohamud resided on September 12th. Kenyan MPs and Kenyan Foreign Minister Sam Ongeri Mohamud were also in the building at the time. The President and the Kenyan delegation were not injured in the two explosions. One Ugandan and two Somali soldiers were killed. The AMISOM assumed three suicide bombers. Al-Shabaab confessed to the attack.

Double stop on restaurant

According to the state radio station Radio Mogadishu , 14 people were killed in a double attack on a luxury restaurant on September 20. 20 were seriously injured. According to the authorities, first a suicide bomber blew himself up in the bar and then a second one directly in front of it. The restaurant was run by a Somali who had returned from British exile and was seen as a sign of the improvement in the security situation in Mogadishu. Al-Shabaab confessed to the attack.

Suicide attack on luxury hotel

On November 3, two suicide bombers blew themselves up at an intersection in front of a hotel, killing themselves, a police officer and a passerby and injuring ten other people. They had previously tried to get past the security barriers into the luxury hotel, which is frequented by numerous government officials.

Fights 2013

Attack on the Prime Minister

On January 29, a suicide bomber blew himself up between the Ethiopian embassy and the residence of Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon Saaid . He killed five other people with him. Several people were also injured. The prime minister was not injured.

The guards described the assassin as an apostate from al-Shabaab, who was regularly on the square and had a permit to do so. An explosive vest was discovered during a routine check.

Attack on security chief

On March 18, a terrorist set off an explosive device in a car on the boulevard between the Presidential Palace and the National Theater. The Somali security chief Khalif Ahmed Erig and nine other people were killed. Several people were injured, and a minibus and several tea rooms caught fire.

Suicide attack on courthouse

On April 14, several armed attackers and suicide bombers stormed a courthouse at lunchtime. 38 people were killed and 58 injured. The attack lasted three hours. According to a Somali intelligence officer, six of the attackers blew themselves up and three others were shot dead by security forces. Somali soldiers and police officers as well as members of AMISOM were involved in the eviction. The Al-Shabaab militias confessed to the action, but admitted only five attackers were dead.

Stop near the airport

Also on April 14, shortly after the attack on the court, a car bomb exploded near the Mogadishu airport, killing five people. The destination was probably a convoy of the Turkish Red Crescent that was just passing the place. According to other reports, soldiers from Turkey and the African Union passed the place where a Somali secret service is located at the time of the crime.

Suicide attack on Qatari delegation

On May 5, a suicide bomber used a car bomb to attack a convoy that was carrying a delegation from Qatar . He killed 15 and injured 18 people. Since several bus routes cross at the point, mainly civilians were killed. The delegation was unharmed. According to eyewitnesses, shootings broke out after the attack. The street had previously been closed for three days due to attack threats. The Al-Shabaab militias took responsibility for the attack.

Attack on the office of the UN development program

On June 19, a suicide bomber blew himself up in front of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) office several hundred meters from Mogadishu Airport . Then seven or eight men, armed and dressed in military uniforms, broke into the building. The subsequent shooting lasted more than an hour. Al-Shabaab confessed to the attack.

According to doctors, 18 people died. Of these, at least eight are UN employees and three are civilians. Several attackers are also among the dead. There were also 18 injured.

Suicide attack on the Turkish embassy

On July 27, three suicide bombers drove in a vehicle in front of a residential building belonging to the Turkish embassy in Somalia. The guards noticed them and opened fire, killing two of the attackers. The third blew himself up in front of the building, killing one policeman and injuring two others. The attack was carried out because, according to al-Shabaab, Turkey “supports the government of the 'apostate' in Somalia and is thus preventing the implementation of Sharia law ”. Overall, Turkey is too secular and deviated too much from Islam.

Attack on restaurant

On September 7, terrorists blew up a vehicle parked in front of the luxury restaurant “The Village” near the National Theater, killing 18 people and injuring 20 others. A few minutes later, a suicide bomber blew himself up in the midst of the crowd that had come to the aid of the victims. The neighboring Hotel Mona was also hit. Burned corpses lay lined up in front of the restaurant, the injured were transported away in the ambulance, soldiers fired into the air, apparently to restore order after a crowd had formed in front of the restaurant. According to the account of the al-Shabaab militias, “key representatives” of the authorities were killed in the attack, according to eyewitnesses, only normal civilians were killed. Most government employees and journalists frequent the restaurant "The Village".

Attack on the Maka al-Mukarama Hotel

A bomb exploded in front of the entrance to the Maka al-Mukarama Hotel on November 8th. Between four (according to the government) and eleven (according to the local police) people were killed. In addition, 15 people were injured. The hotel's restaurant and café, one of the most expensive in town, is particularly popular with the political elite. Several government employees are said to have been in the hotel at the time of the attack. According to the government, the Somali ambassador in London, Abdulkadir Ali Dhuub , was among the dead. In addition, a man with an explosive vest was arrested in front of the hotel.

Attack on restaurant

On December 27, seven people died in a bomb attack on a restaurant that was also popular with government officials. According to the Ministry of Defense, these included four soldiers.

Fight 2014

Car bomb attack on hotel

On the night of January 1-2, al-Shabaab terrorists blew up two cars, each with a bomb hidden in them, in front of the Jazeera Palace Hotel . 11 people were killed and another 18 injured. Human body parts were lying around everywhere. Government soldiers were also among the victims. The Jazeera Palace Hotel, which is often used for conferences and celebrations among the political elite, was the target of an attack back in 2012 when President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud held his first press conference there.

Attack on UN convoy

On February 13, a car loaded with explosives exploded in front of the airport. The target of the attack, in which seven people were killed and around 15 injured, was apparently a UN convoy.

Attack on the presidential palace

On February 21, a car bomb explosion hit the presidential palace. Before that, he had rammed the gate. Afterwards, armed men with explosive vests and grenades attacked the building. Among the dead were a minister and a former intelligence chief .

Explosion in the city center

A bomb explosion in a car or on the side of the road near the city center killed at least seven people on May 3, police said. Four civilians and three police officers were among the victims.

Attack on Parliament

On May 24th, a suicide bomber blew himself up in his vehicle in front of Parliament. At the same time, armed men, some of whom were dressed like Somali soldiers, attacked the security forces. The fighting and explosions lasted five hours and claimed at least 24 lives, including two AU officials, nine Somali security forces and 13 attackers. Al-Shabaab confessed to the attack.

Interior Minister Abdikarim Hussein Gulled announced his resignation on the same day.

Murder of a parliamentarian

On the way to parliament, members of the Al-Shabaab shot and killed a member of the parliament whom they accused of " behavior hostile to Islam ". It was the fourth parliamentarian to be murdered in the past six months.

Car bomb on parliament

After being stopped for an inspection, a suicide bomber set off a car bomb in front of the Parliament building on July 5. Three Somali soldiers and the assassin died. Another five people, including four members of the security services, were injured.

Attack on the presidential palace

On the evening of July 8th, at least nine people attacked the presidential palace. They first detonated a bomb at the back of the palace and then tried to enter the building through another entrance. After a firefight there were eight explosions, which were probably triggered by the attackers' explosive vests.

The day after the incident, Somalia's President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud dismissed the police and secret services. According to information minister Mustafa Duhulow, the former secret service chief Khalif Ahmed Ereg has been appointed as the new minister for national security.

Struggles

On August 15, AU units and Somali government forces fought against militiamen. At least 14 people were killed. Grenades were used from both sides during the fighting.

Attack on intelligence headquarters

In an attack by Shabab fighters on the secret service headquarters on August 31, 12 people - including seven of the attackers - were killed. The fighting was preceded by an AU offensive in which the city of Bulomar was captured.

Ahmed Abdi Godane is killed

On September 1, 2014, Al-Shabaab's leader Ahmed Abdi Godane was killed in a US air strike south of Mogadishu.

Suicide attack on AU convoy

On September 8, a suicide bomber blew himself up in Elasha Biyaha , 15 kilometers from Mogadishu, killing at least 12 civilians. The target of the attack was an AU troop convoy, but primarily a minibus occupied by civilians was hit. When the Somali intelligence chief was visiting the scene, another suicide bomber attacked and injured him slightly. The week before - September 1 - al-Shabaab's leader, Ahmed Abdi Godane , was killed in a US air strike.

Attack on Café Orame

According to the security forces, 15 people were killed and 20 others were injured in a car bomb attack on the “ Orame ” café near the parliament building on October 13. The car was parked in front of the cafe. Al-Shabaab confessed to the crime and stated that the attack was aimed at " supporters and sympathizers of the Somali government ".

Assassination attempt on secret service officials

On October 15, a senior intelligence official's vehicle exploded outside a restaurant in the northern part of the city, killing five people, including the officer himself. Ten people were injured and the explosion caused extensive damage to surrounding buildings.

Find of containers with explosives

On the evening of October 28, a container with explosives and military uniforms was seized in the port of Mogadishu.

Attack on United Nations convoy

Five people were killed in a suicide attack on a United Nations convoy near Aden Ade International Airport on December 3. According to security officer Mohamed Hassan, the dead were two security guards, two civilians and the assassin. According to Abdiazis Abu Muscab, a spokesman for al-Shabaab, the militia was responsible for the attack.

Fights 2015

Attack on the Hotel SYL

On January 22, 2015, one day before the visit of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , a car bomb exploded at the entrance of the Hotel SYL. According to police representative Mohammed Adan, five people, including three security guards, were killed.

The hotel is close to the Somali presidency and seat of government. At the time of the attack, 70 members of the Turkish delegation were already living in the hotel. Erdoğan himself was two days late because he attended the funeral ceremonies for the Saudi King Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz .

According to the Somali secret service quoted by Geeska Afrika , the suicide bomber who drove the car reportedly returned from Switzerland two years ago. Al-Shabaab took responsibility for the attack.

Attack on the Maka-al-Mukarama Hotel

On March 27, 2015, Islamists from the al-Shabaab militia stormed the Maka-al-Mukarama Hotel in downtown Mogadishu, killing at least 15 people, including civilians, guards and soldiers.

Before the attack, a bomb detonated near the hotel entrance. Afterwards, members of the militia stormed the hotel and took hostages. These included several government officials.

Attack on the Ministry of Education

On April 14, a major explosion occurred in the center of the city, presumably targeting the Ministry of Education. After a previous assassination attempt in Kenya, the al-Shabaab militia also confessed to this. According to the police, at least ten people were killed in the attack.

Attack on a restaurant

On April 21, at least ten people were killed in a suicide attack in a downtown restaurant. The number of injuries is so high that the police assume that there will be more deaths.

Fights 2016

Attack on hotel

On February 26, 2016, a hotel in Mogadishu was attacked, killing at least 20 people. Two car bombs exploded and there was subsequent fighting in the government district. The Al-Shabaab militia claimed responsibility for the attack.

Attack on the "Ambassador" hotel

On June 1, 2016, the "Ambassador" hotel in Mogadishu was attacked with at least 20 dead. A suicide bomber set off a car bomb in front of the hotel, killing other attackers in the process. Other terrorists holed up in the hotel, shot at the police and took hostages. Al-Shabaab militia is suspected to be behind the attack.

Attack on AMISOM headquarters

In July 2016, an attack on the main base of the African peacekeeping force AMISOM occurred with at least 14 deaths. One suicide bomber set off a car bomb while another tried on foot to storm the site with an explosive device. However, the bomb on his body had exploded at the entrance gate. Most of the victims were Somali and Ugandan soldiers. Al-Shabaab claimed the attack for itself.

Fights 2017

According to PeaceTech Lab, a total of 42 terrorist attacks occurred in Mogadishu in 2017, killing 803 people. Al-Shabaab confessed to the acts or was held responsible for them.

Three people died in a suicide bombing on January 2 and a car bomb on January 25, 28. There were further attacks with fatalities on February 19 (39 deaths), March 13 (13 deaths), March 21 (5 deaths), April 9 (15 deaths), May 8 (8 deaths), May 24th May (8 deaths), June 15 (9 deaths), June 20 (15 deaths), June 22 (7 deaths), September 10 (6 deaths), October 14 (512 deaths), October 28 ( 25 dead) and on December 14 (18 dead).

A truck attacked a busy intersection in Hodan, Mogadishu

→ Main article: Attack in Mogadishu on October 14, 2017

On October 14, 2017, one of the most devastating suicide attacks in recent years occurred in Mogadishu. Accordingly, the perpetrator drove a truck loaded with explosives into the intersection area, where he first rammed several cars before igniting the explosives. At first 358 civilians were killed and almost 400 injured. By the end of the year, however, the number of those killed increased to 512. A short time later there was a follow-up attack in which a second assassin blew himself up in a car, but did not kill any other people. The attack took place in a busy neighborhood with hotels, shops and government buildings. The Somali government blamed the terrorist militia Al-Shabaab for the crime.

Web links

  • Johannes Dieterich: Like Stalingrad, only 60 degrees hotter. In: Frankfurter Rundschau . April 8, 2011, accessed on April 11, 2011 (report on the situation at the beginning of 2011 from the perspective of the AMISOM troops).
  • Bettina Rühl: Without bread and the law. Police training in Somalia. In: the daily newspaper . May 16, 2011, accessed on May 17, 2011 (background report on the situation of the police in the embattled Mogadishu).
  • Thomas Scheen and Helmut Fricke (photos): The fruit of hunger. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . August 8, 2011, accessed August 8, 2011 (report of the withdrawal of al-Shabaab militia in early August 2011).
  • Bettina Rühl: Dance, hammer, hope. Upswing in Mogadishu. In: the daily newspaper. May 30, 2012, accessed on June 5, 2012 (sentiment report from the time after the extensive withdrawal of al-Shabaab in summer 2011).
  • Thomas Scheen: Upside down into the shark tank. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. September 10, 2012, accessed on September 11, 2012 (Mogadishu Reconstruction Report, September 2012).
  • Marco Seliger: Six minutes of war every day. Excel spreadsheets for Mogadishu. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. November 4, 2015, accessed on November 4, 2015 (Report on the European Union Military Trainers in Mogadishu).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.frontpagemag.com/2010/ryan-mauro/the-second-battle-for-mogadishu/
  2. ↑ BBC: Somali MPs killed in hotel suicide attack
  3. ↑ a b Grenades on the market in Mogadiscio. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . November 17, 2010, accessed November 23, 2010 .
  4. ^ TAZ: Dozens of dead in suicide attack
  5. ^ ORF: At least 230 dead in fighting in Mogadishu
  6. ↑ NZZ: Ten dead in the attack at Mogadiscio airport
  7. ↑ Christian Putsch: How Somalia's Citizens Defy the Warriors of God. In: The world . June 15, 2011, accessed June 17, 2011 .
  8. ↑ Thomas Scheen: Leader of Al-Qaida killed in East Africa. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. June 13, 2011, accessed June 14, 2011 .
  9. ↑ The fighting in Mogadishu overshadows the relief effort. In: ORF . July 28, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011 .
  10. ↑ Heavy fighting in Mogadishu. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. July 28, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011 .
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  38. ↑ Ten dead in attack in Mogadishu. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . March 18, 2013, accessed March 18, 2013 .
  39. ^ Explosion in Mogadiscio claims deaths. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. March 18, 2013, accessed March 20, 2013 .
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  47. ↑ Somalia: Al-Qaida carries out attack on Turkish embassy building. In: German-Turkish News . July 27, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013 .
  48. ↑ Al-Shabaab professes to attack Turkish diplomats. In: The Standard . July 28, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013 .
  49. ↑ Somalia: At least 18 dead after the attack in Mogadishu. In: The time . September 7, 2013, accessed September 7, 2013 .
  50. ↑ Dead and injured in the bomb attack in Mogadishu. In: The Standard . November 8, 2013, accessed November 11, 2013 .
  51. ↑ At least seven dead in bomb explosion in Mogadishu. In: The Standard. December 27, 2013, accessed December 29, 2013 .
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