Georg Kalischer

Georg Kalischer (born June 5, 1873 in Berlin , † December 1, 1938 in Frankfurt am Main ) was a German chemist .

Life

Georg Kalischer was the son of the married couple Dr. med. Adolf Kalischer (1833–1893) and Clara, b. Franck, (* 1833; † after 1921). His siblings were Otto Kalischer (* April 23, 1869; † August 14, 1942), who became a neurologist and private lecturer in Berlin, and Else (* after 1873, † before 1956), later married Beer. Georg Kalischer attended the Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster and, after graduating from high school in 1891, studied chemistry for eight semesters in Heidelberg and in the renowned laboratories Victor Meyer , Heidelberg, as well as in Berlin, Hans Heinrich Landolt and Emil Fischer , in the latter's laboratory, accompanied by Siegmund Gabriel Kalischer's doctoral thesis originated. After his doctorate and short study stays in chemical dyeing laboratories ( Griesheim , Berlin , Mülhausen ), he took a position at Farbwerke Leopold Cassella & Co. in Fechenheim in 1897 , where he rose to management.

Georg Kalischer married Marie Krause in 1909 (* August 1, 1880 in Kiel ; † May 6, 1964 in Frankfurt am Main ), daughter of Friedrich Wilhelm Krause and Karoline, born. Svensdotter. The marriage remained childless. The Kalischer couple lived in Fechenheim from 1912 to 1924 and, as a result of Georg Kalischer's career, moved into their newly built city villa in Böcklinstrasse in Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen in 1925 .

In the First World War Kalisz worked in Berlin; In 1919 he returned to Cassella as an authorized signatory, became Scientific Director on January 1, 1921 and since then has been managing the company, which has belonged to I. G. Farben from 1925 , together with Richard Herz in 1928/30, and even alone from 1931. Kalischer left the Frankfurt plant after 35 years with the promise that the commissions arising from his patents would continue to be paid monthly in the event of his wife's death. On August 8, 1932, he became head of the main laboratory of I. G. Farben in Leverkusen. Kalischer had been in possession of a spouse's passport since November 1932, but it only contained his picture and data. Kalischer apparently got caught up in the maelstrom of the racial ideology of National Socialism , which the company supported by financing the NSDAP election campaign. Kalischer, descendant of Jewish grandparents, retired in 1934. The Frankfurt department of I. G. Farben von Otto von Schultzendorff (1882–1953) dealt with the settlement of the company pension - and underwent the usual regulation according to which the administration at the site was responsible at the time of retirement. The then HR manager in Frankfurt was informed about Kalischer's purely Jewish origins by a certificate of parentage issued on November 11, 1921. Even after 1945, until the death of von Schultzendorff, Marie Kalischer pleaded that the terms of the company pension had been agreed not to disclose and that she refused to provide information about him, who had a Jewish grandparent himself, which was not known, and others Beneficiary protected.

Kalischer memorial

In February 1935 the marriage was established as a community of property ; Kalischer submitted an application to leave the country after being retired, but it was rejected. During the November pogroms in Frankfurt in 1938 , Kalischer and around 2,200 people classified as Jews were first taken to the festival hall on the exhibition grounds , then transported by truck to the Südbahnhof and from there by train to the Buchenwald concentration camp . The surviving prisoners were forced to leave the country and, after a Jewish property tax was introduced on November 21, 1938 , which allowed Jews to be charged for the damage to the destroyed synagogues , they were returned to Frankfurt. However, Kalischer succumbed to pneumonia a few days after his return from the Buchenwald concentration camp - as a result of the horrific prison conditions. The non-public funeral (cremation) took place on December 5, 1938 at Frankfurt's southern cemetery only in the presence of the Gestapo , but with the participation of - according to the denomination of Kalischer - Evangelical parish priest Otto Haas.

plant

Historic building of the Cassella in Frankfurt-Fechenheim

Kalischer acquired around 100 German and 64 US patents in the field of paint production. He was the first industrial chemist to conduct research - and successfully - at Cassella on vat dyes , invented numerous industrially manufactured dyes and promoted - especially as chairman of relevant commissions - research into textile auxiliaries and fancy threads . Kalischer succeeded in 1897 as the first researcher to find a directly coloring sulfur black. He also brought his knowledge to an interdisciplinary level in the field of brain research : Kalischer was appointed to the 25-member board of trustees of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research in 1932 to represent industrial research in the field of color chemistry.

Scientific publications (selection):

1895 Dr. phil. of the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin , dissertation: To the knowledge of the Isonitrosoketone: a representation of the Diamidoacetons.
On the constitution of the isonitrosoketones . Reports of the German Chemical Society 28 (1895), pp. 1513-1519.
A way of representing the diamidoacetone . Reports of the German Chemical Society 28 (1895), pp. 1519–1522.
Georg Kalischer and Fritz Mayer: On the effect of o-chloro-benzaldehyde on 1-amino-anthraquinone . Reports of the German Chemical Society 49 (1916), pp. 1994-2000.

particularities

The apostle Johannes , including dedication text: "In memory of Georg Kalischer, in gratitude, for Pastor Haas Marie Kalischer 180k1953" (180k means: August 1, 1880 Krause)

Marie Kalischer, b. Krause, donated in memory of her husband's fate

Stumbling block for Georg Kalischer

1953 a reworked Gothic window from family ownership (value 1938 together with three paintings: 7,000 RM), which was installed in the sacristy of the Frankfurt Lukaskirche and
1956 in will the "Georg and Marie Kalischer Foundation", which u. a. with 100,000 DM each beneficiary:
- With effect from November 8, 1965: The Sophienheim of the Franz Anton Gering Foundation, Frankfurt am Main, Böttgerstraße 26, to support single, needy residents.
- The Alsterdorfer Anstalten in Hamburg.
- The “Simonshaus” children's home run by the Central Welfare Center in Kelkheim (Taunus) .

Marie Kalischer brought the proceeds of her house sale (1956) into the foundations, on the other hand, all of her assets (shares), which she had not been able to access in East Berlin until then, and thirdly, a certain amount of compensation, which she has only received, although since Litigating in 1948, received in 1961, at the age of 81. The basis for the proceedings was the fact that, as a widow, she assessed the Jewish property tax in 1938/39 , had to pay a foreign currency tax in 1939 (1938: 20% of her husband's property, 1939: another 5%), for lack of liquid funds and for her maintenance had to rent out the villa, sell the inventory and move to a guest house on Brentano-Platz for four years.

On June 3, 2011, a stumbling stone was laid by the artist Gunter Demnig in front of Kalischer's house where he lived and died at Böcklinstrasse 14 .
Due to a private initiative, the grave has been preserved since 2013. On June 11, 2017, the Kalischer Memorial was inaugurated, which commemorates the married couple and the victims of the November pogrom in Frankfurt am Main.

literature

Otto Bayer : Georg Kalischer. 1873-1938. Chemical Reports 89 No. 12, Weinheim 1956, pp. 43-58. doi: 10.1002 / cber.19560891241 (Kalischer introduced Bayer to the Leverkusen plant in 1934. Bayer researched his article in 1952; Kalischer would have been 80 years old in 1953.)

Richard Fleischhauer: Kalischer, Georg. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 11, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1977, ISBN 3-428-00192-3 , p. 60 ( digitized version ).

Paul Kalisch : On the history of the Kremnitzer-Kalischer-Kalisch family. In: Arthur Czellitzer (ed.): Jewish family research. 1934 , Vol. 4, Nos. 35-37, pp. 713-723.

Paul Kalisch: Addendum to "The Kalischer Family". In: Czellitzer, Jüdische Familienforschung , pp. 737–740.

Doris Stickler: Art. No room for “racially Jewish” Christians. Evangelisches Frankfurt 33 (2009), No. 1, p. 5.

Doris Stickler: Art. Banished from the community . Without protection and support: the fate of Christians of Jewish origin during the Nazi era. Evangelical Sunday newspaper March 29, 2009, p. 14f.

Main State Archive Wiesbaden (sign. In brackets):
- Trial file of the reparation chamber of the Frankfurt am Main Regional Court, Frankfurt 1949–1950, 7 sheets ( Section Z 460 No. F 79).

Bayer Business Services, works archive (sign. In brackets):

Stock: Otto Bayer . Material for the necrology Georg Kalischer: overview of life data and passport Georg Kalischer (312-104-001).
Kalischer, Georg . Contract pension file (271-2.2).

Web links

Commons : Georg Kalischer - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Report: Deportations from Frankfurt 1938 (At the bottom of the page you have to open “Further articles on related topics” and click “Deportation to Buchenwald”)
Kalischer memorial at Frankfurt's southern cemetery (inauguration on June 11, 2017 on the grave of the married couple Dr. Georg and Marie Kalischer)

References and comments

↑ Julius Leopold Pagel (ed.): Biographical lexicon of outstanding doctors of the nineteenth century. Berlin u. a. 1901, pp. 836-837.
↑ After the death of her husband, she first moved to her son Otto at Mauerstraße 78 ( Kalischer, C. née Franck . In: New address book for Berlin and its suburbs , 1896, list of names, p. 477 (top, middle column). ), and then, when he moved his practice and apartment to Schützenstraße 73-74, to Prager Straße 20.
↑ The information comes from the memorial book of the Nazi victims. The memorial book notes “Berlin, Freitod”.
↑ Kalisch: supplement , p. 738. In this genealogy only the name of a daughter of Else, b. Kalischer on; the indication Else Beer, geb. Kalischer is based on the will of Marie Kalischer, b. Krause, taken from July 27, 1956. The families Kalischer and Kalisch go back to a common root, s. Kalisch: The story .
↑ Bayer: Kalischer , p. 45, denies this (see discussion).
↑ At the Leverkusen plant December 31, 1934 at the Cassella plant is used as the departure date.
↑ Won A 1059 c. The preservation of the grave site (end of the lay period: December 12, 2013) as a grave of honor was approved by the responsible cemetery office in October 2013.
↑ Kalischer's marriage certificate dated August 6, 1909, registry office in Frankfurt am Main, recorded: “French Reformed religion”; the wife Marie, b. Krause, was of the Lutheran faith. Kalischer got to know the Reformed theology there while studying chemistry in Heidelberg in 1891 . The baptism dates back to 1895.
↑ Bayer: Kalischer , p. 45.
↑ Kalischer's IG Farben colleague, director Louis Benda , head of the pharmaceutical department (Waldemar Kramer (Ed.): Frankfurt Chronik. Frankfurt am Main, 2nd edition 1977, p. 377), represented the serology department (Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Brain research and the murder of the sick. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for brain research 1937–1945. Berlin 2000, p. 30f PDF). In the course of the reorganization by the Nazi apparatus in 1935, both scientists were dismissed from the board of trustees. The field of brain research was the domain of the older brother Otto Kalischer , who lectured as a neurologist and practiced in Berlin, which is why his influence on Georg Kalischer's appointment can be assumed.
↑ Built in 1903/05 by Simon Ravenstein .
^ Institut für Stadtgeschichte Frankfurt am Main, Magistratsakte Sign. 9518. - The foundation and benefactor were entered in the Golden Book of the City of Frankfurt / Foundations.
↑ History - The Institution 1946-1979. In: alsterdorf.de. Retrieved August 9, 2017 .

personal data
SURNAME	Kalischer, Georg
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	German chemist
DATE OF BIRTH	June 5, 1873
PLACE OF BIRTH	Berlin
DATE OF DEATH	December 1, 1938
Place of death	Frankfurt am Main

[1] Julius Leopold Pagel (ed.): Biographical lexicon of outstanding doctors of the nineteenth century. Berlin u. a. 1901, pp. 836-837.

[2] After the death of her husband, she first moved to her son Otto at Mauerstraße 78 ( Kalischer, C. née Franck . In: New address book for Berlin and its suburbs , 1896, list of names, p. 477 (top, middle column). ), and then, when he moved his practice and apartment to Schützenstraße 73-74, to Prager Straße 20.

[3] The information comes from the memorial book of the Nazi victims. The memorial book notes “Berlin, Freitod”.

[4] Kalisch: supplement , p. 738. In this genealogy only the name of a daughter of Else, b. Kalischer on; the indication Else Beer, geb. Kalischer is based on the will of Marie Kalischer, b. Krause, taken from July 27, 1956. The families Kalischer and Kalisch go back to a common root, s. Kalisch: The story .

[5] Bayer: Kalischer , p. 45, denies this (see discussion).

[6] At the Leverkusen plant December 31, 1934 at the Cassella plant is used as the departure date.

[7] Won A 1059 c. The preservation of the grave site (end of the lay period: December 12, 2013) as a grave of honor was approved by the responsible cemetery office in October 2013.

[8] Kalischer's marriage certificate dated August 6, 1909, registry office in Frankfurt am Main, recorded: “French Reformed religion”; the wife Marie, b. Krause, was of the Lutheran faith. Kalischer got to know the Reformed theology there while studying chemistry in Heidelberg in 1891 . The baptism dates back to 1895.

[9] Bayer: Kalischer , p. 45.

[10] Kalischer's IG Farben colleague, director Louis Benda , head of the pharmaceutical department (Waldemar Kramer (Ed.): Frankfurt Chronik. Frankfurt am Main, 2nd edition 1977, p. 377), represented the serology department (Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Brain research and the murder of the sick. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for brain research 1937–1945. Berlin 2000, p. 30f PDF). In the course of the reorganization by the Nazi apparatus in 1935, both scientists were dismissed from the board of trustees. The field of brain research was the domain of the older brother Otto Kalischer , who lectured as a neurologist and practiced in Berlin, which is why his influence on Georg Kalischer's appointment can be assumed.

[11] Built in 1903/05 by Simon Ravenstein .

[12] Institut für Stadtgeschichte Frankfurt am Main, Magistratsakte Sign. 9518. - The foundation and benefactor were entered in the Golden Book of the City of Frankfurt / Foundations.

[13] History - The Institution 1946-1979. In: alsterdorf.de. Retrieved August 9, 2017 .