Glockengasse

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Coordinates: 50 ° 56 '18 "  N , 6 ° 57' 5.8"  E

Cologne city view from 1570 by Arnold Mercator - Glockengasse

Glockengasse is the street name of a historic street in the Cologne-Altstadt-Nord district .

History of origin

Glockengasse 2 - "Zum Einhorn" pharmacy (around 1890)
Glockengasse 3 - Palais Oppenheim (before 1900)

Its name goes back to the bell and pot foundry industry that was based here in the Middle Ages and the bell master Elias, who lived here around 1266. Servites settled on Glockengasse between 1272 and 1274 . From 1276 the Glockengasse was called “in platea campanarum” (“Glockenstrasse”) in the shrine book. On October 8, 1295, Vogelo Kune negotiated his interest failure (rent arrears), under which conditions he could get his house back in "Klockenergasse". The house "Zum Scherfgin" was named after the patrician Johann Scherfgen , whose sons Gerhard and Rutger took it over on September 1, 1301. On the south side of Glockengasse (No. 7) there has been a Beguine Convent since 1330 , which was founded by Henricus de Speculo (from "Vilczengraven"; Filzengraben) in his will on July 27, 1330 for 9 people and from 1452 followed the Tertiary Rule of the Franciscans . In 1439 it was called the Beginenkonvent zum “Kleiner Spiegel” in Glockengasse No. 6. At that time around 1545, Glockengasse was one of the top addresses in Cologne. In Arnold Mercator's Cologne cityscape from 1570 it was called "klocker gaß". The Klarissenkloster was founded in 1610 in the Wassenberg convent building ("Strijtgasse"; Streitzeuggasse) and was relocated to Glockengasse in 1614 as the monastery of St. Maria im Tempel. At Glockengasse it “took up a front width of 65 m and a depth of 80 m. A forecourt 14 m deep led to the approximately 7 m wide, 25 m long chapel, which was aligned with the street, and was bordered on the west side by a transverse wing of the gate house. ”In 1659 a new building or renovation of the monastery is reported . The convent received the number 4606 in the register of residents of 1797, then number 9. The monastery of St. Maria im Tempel was secularized in 1802 . This secularization of the convent led to the auction on June 4, 1804 at the Parisian broker Jean Joseph Lavessière from Glockengasse No. 4968½.

House number 3, one of the largest and most beautiful houses in town, changed hands very often. It is mentioned for the first time in 1269 in the shrine books , belonged between 1359 and 1429 to the mayor Eberhard Hardevust (and his heirs from the patrician family ) and from 1431 to 1516 to the wealthy Cologne merchant Johann Engelbrecht. After his death, the entrepreneur Peter von Heimbach († April 1557) bought it. He took Emperor Maximilian I into his house when the Emperor had ceremoniously entered Cologne for the Reichstag on June 15, 1505. The Reichstag began on June 21, 1505 and ended on July 30, 1505. On March 1, 1595, Peter von Heimbach sold his parent company in "Clockergassen" No. 3 to the influential Cologne merchant Matthias von Duisterloe. Mayor Heinrich von Groote married his daughter Sibilla von Duisterloe, so that No. 3 came into the possession of the von Groote family . Around 1614, Jacob von Groote built the Grootesche Palais in No. 3, which in 1752 mayor Maria Franz Jacob Gabriel von Groote had it demolished and replaced by a new building by the architect Nikolaus Krakamp . His son Heinrich Josef Franz Anton Hermann Josef Balthasar von Groote took over the mayoral position of his father and the palace at No. 3. In November 1823, Eberhard von Groote's wife brought the house at Glockengasse No. 9 into the marriage. The von Groote family also owned post house no. 27 (old: no. 4824), which was called "horse mail" and was to play a role. In 1794 the von Groote family had to flee from the French troops to Arnsberg and Siegen and, among other things, had to give up the family palace in Cologne's Glockengasse No. 3.

The Glockengasse has been called “Clockenergassen” since at least 1404, and in 1532 at the latest it was called “in platea campanarum” (Glockenstrasse). In Arnold Mercator's Cologne cityscape from 1570 it is called “klocker gaß”. In the first Cologne address book “Heussmanns Specification” (1690) the Glockengasse is called “Campanarum platea” and “Clockergasse”. In 1585 the copperplate engraver Frans Hogenberg acquired the whole house "zu der Portzen" with garden from Hermann Plettenberg. The later brewery "Zur Portzen" at "Klöckergasse" 23 was called "Zum Schwarzen Adler" from 1693. It kept the name "Klöckergasse" until the French era .

Former and current buildings

Glockengasse 1
Glockengasse 2 - House Schwabenland
Glockengasse 2a - Columbahaus

On May 30, 1743, the von Inden family sold their property in Glockengasse No. 1 to the Malmedy scholar Johann Ignaz Roderique , who was a professor at the University of Cologne . With Georg Friedrich Franckenberg he ran a printing company here, which from 1682 until October 3, 1794 published the newspaper "Gazette de Cologne". The property was destroyed by bombs on September 27, 1944; today there is an office and commercial building here.

The "Schwabenland House" (built in 1961) is located in Glockengasse 2, while the "Columbahaus" (1954; both designed by Wilhelm Koep , who also designed the neighboring Swiss shop and the new headquarters from 4711 ) are in 2a . The picture gallery in No. 3 built by the architect Wilhelm Hoffmann for Albert von Oppenheim in 1865 was destroyed by bombs on September 27, 1944, as was the building in No. 5. There were two hotels, namely the Wiener Hof (No. 6– 10) “opposite the horse mail” (owner: Nicolaus Josef Merzenich; Karl Marx disembarked here on December 19 or 20, 1841 on his second trip to Cologne) and the Mainzer Hof (No. 14–20; owner: Bilger; here Karl Marx stayed on November 4, 1842, Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher stayed here on April 17, 1815). Both houses were located on what is now the Opern Passagen area .

From 1859 the Rheinische Musikschule was located in No. 13–15, followed by the former fortress inspection (No. 15). No. 30 was the house "zum Baldekin", built around 1760 for the Peter Cornelius Beyweg family , later expanded into the palace of the mayor Johann Arnold von Beyweg, and served as the royal police headquarters since 1810, which was renewed in 1926 and then housed the Reich property office. In May 1930, fragments of Roman roof tiles were excavated in No. 30. House number 30 burned down on May 31, 1942 after bombing.

At no. 25-27 there was a property inhabited by the Johannes Starkenberg family in 1286, which passed into the possession of the Hürth family around 1560 ("Hürther Hof") and was later acquired by Count Albert Eusebius von Königsegg-Rothenfels . Here was Maximilian Friedrich von Koenigsegg-Rothfels born on 13 May 1708 a year later acquired in 1709 Freiherr von Thurn und Taxis Palais. He set up a centrally located post office there. The farm went to Everhard Pauli ("Paul'scher Hof") in Glockengasse No. 18 (No. 1971) in 1729, who distributed the mail in the Cologne-Bonn area with 800 horses. From this "horse mail", which was opposite No. 4711, the royal upper post office, the "Oberpostdirection", which was demolished in 1913 (Glockengasse / corner Krebsgasse) was created in 1828 with over 360 employees on an area of ​​1627 m².

Two guild houses ( gaff houses ) were located in the Glockengasse, namely that of the wood turner ("Abtshof"; 1487) and that of the Leiendecker (1589). In 1797, University Professor Willmes lived in Graf von Schaesberger Hof No. 40 (No. 4725), followed by the publisher and editor Johann Arnold Otten. The Schaesberger Hof and Haus Pauli (No. 18) were acquired by Theater-Actien-Verein in June 1869 and had to give way to a theater building.

From 1810 onwards, businesses began to settle in the purely residential street. On April 9, 1810, Pierre Antoine Fonck received the permit for what was probably the first white lead factory in the Rhineland in No. 4968. The Georg Albert Reinecker & Comp. (No. 4-6) began in 1811, the owner Reinecker received in April 1812 permission to continue. Before 1863, Henry d'Eu and Jac. Notice the shareholders. It employed 240 workers who made 1.2 million pins a day, making it one of the largest of its kind in Europe.

Mülhens houses

Excerpt from the address book from 1797
Glockengasse 24–28 - Eau de Cologne (1865)
Glockengasse 4 - Headquarters 4711

Wilhelm Mülhens founded his perfumery factory in October 1792. During the French era, the city commandant, General Charles Daurier, had the houses numbered in all of Cologne's streets, including Glockengasse. The publisher of Cologne's oldest address book, Heinrich Joseph Metternich, reported to the Cologne City Council on December 1, 1794 that the numbering had meanwhile been prepared. Thereupon the council decided on April 8, 1796 to carry out the numbering according to the principle of the conscription number .

In October 1796 the House Klöckergasse No. 12 is. Now the no. 4711 . From 1794 until the second Cologne address book of 1797 it was still in the property of Wilhelm von Lemmen's widow. Only in the third Cologne address book from 1797 is Wilhelm Mülhens listed at Klöckergasse 4711 as the owner “in speculation shops”. The Glockengasse is now renamed “rue des cloches” (Glockengasse); From January 1, 1813, only the French names of "Itinéraire de Cologne" may be used. As the most famous house number in Germany, Glockengasse no. 4711 also achieved world fame. In December 1811 house numbers were assigned street by street again, house 4711 was given number 12 again, and on September 28, 1816 a Prussian edict also ensured that French street names were abolished.

The house number 4711 was still used as a brand name. The number 4711 was first registered as a registered trademark on August 18, 1847 in the “Ordinance for Rhineland and Westphalia”. The trademark was again protected by the trademark protection act of May 1, 1875. The symbol was further protected by the “Reich Law on Product Designation” of May 12, 1894. In 1881 the company was renamed “Eau de Cologne & Perfumery Factory Glockengasse 4711 across from Ferd. Mülhens in Cologne am Rhein ”entered in the commercial register.

In 1416 the community center “zum Balken” (No. 26-28) was built, which in 1852 became the property of Wilhelm Mülhens. In 1854 a new building was built opposite the "horse mail". Peter Joseph Mülhens moved from Glockengasse 12 to the new office building built by the architect Johann Jakob Claassen with a neo-Gothic facade in Glockengasse 26–28 opposite the horse post office. The house at Glockengasse 12 was initially empty and was later demolished after it was sold. On June 29, 1943, house No. 26-28 was completely destroyed by a bomb attack. From 1963, a new building in the style of the pre-war building was built at a new location at Glockengasse 4, which was inaugurated in October 1964. The neo-Gothic facade has now been continued with arcades around the street corner to Schwertnergasse 1.

City Theatre

Glockengasse 17–23 - theater building (1872)

Construction of the Cologne “Comödienhaus” in Schmidstrasse began in April 1828 after the previous one had to be demolished due to its dilapidation. The new building was built in just 9 months at a cost of 75,000 thalers by the royal building inspector Matthias Bierscher and was opened on January 19, 1829 with a capacity of 1540 seats. On July 22nd, 1859 it was destroyed by fire except for the surrounding walls. After the reconstruction, another fire destroyed it on February 16, 1869, so the decision was made to build a new theater in Glockengasse. After the laying of the foundation stone on June 15, 1870 in No. 17-23, the city ​​theater designed by Julius Carl Raschdorff with over 1,800 seats opens its doors on September 1, 1872 with a built-up area of ​​1633 m² . The construction costs amounted to 700,000 marks. It is the beginning of a new epoch in Cologne's theater industry. This theater, too, was destroyed in bombing raids during World War II on June 29, 1943.

synagogue

Glockengasse 5–7 - Synagogue

On June 10, 1856, the Jewish banker Abraham Freiherr von Oppenheim announced his intention “to have a synagogue worthy of the city of Cologne built on the whole area in Glockengasse at his own expense, in order to present it to the Jewish community”. Oppenheim, whose private house was right next to the building site at Glockengasse 3 , had commissioned the Cologne cathedral builder Ernst Friedrich Zwirner to design the plans for the new synagogue. The representative building at Glockengasse No. 5-7 in neo-Islamic style served both to integrate the Cologne Jewish community internally and to demonstrate Jewish identity and self-confidence externally. During the inauguration celebrations on August 29, 1861, Rabbi Israel Schwarz shouted: "Rome once destroyed Jerusalem, and here in distant Germania Rome's proud monuments have long been buried and the Jewish synagogue rises on them!" It had a central gilded 46 meter high dome and 4 minaret-like towers. The bombing raids on June 29, 1943 also destroyed the synagogue.

Opera

The Cologne Opera on Offenbachplatz was built on the rubble site of the former city theater and synagogue. The area was appropriated by the city in 1943. Since the old Cologne Opera on the Cologne Rings had been destroyed by a bomb attack in August 1943 and reconstruction was rejected, it was demolished in 1958. On June 4, 1955, the foundation stone was laid for the new opera on Offenbachplatz; on May 8, 1957, it was inaugurated as the Great House for Opera and Drama in the presence of the then Federal Chancellor and Former Mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer .

Location and importance

The street, which is only 376 meters long, is not exactly the most important in Cologne, but it is probably the world's most famous street in Cologne next to Hohe Straße and Schildergasse . The 4711 brand is associated with Glockengasse. It gained traffic around 1915 through hotels, theaters, police headquarters, post offices and synagogues. It begins at Columbastraße / Herzogstraße, is cut through by the north-south drive (here: Tunisstraße), continues at Offenbachplatz and forms its northern border, crosses Neue Langgasse / Krebsgasse and ends at Hämergasse. The Appellhofplatz underground station of the Cologne city railway is located nearby . The Glockengasse of the same name in Cologne-Porz is 93 meters long and a purely residential street.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Klaus Gereon Beuckers, Cologne, Die Kirchen in Gothic Zeit , 1998, p. 81
  2. ^ Leonard Ennen, Sources for the history of the city of Cologne , 1867, p. 403.
  3. ↑ Toni Diederich, Regesta on the documents of the St. Columba Office Archives in Cologne , 2009, p. 88.
  4. ↑ Brigitte Klosterberg, For the honor of God and for the well-being of the family , 1995, p. 141
  5. ↑ in contrast to the “large mirror”, founded by Hermanus Becgardus in Herzogstraße
  6. ↑ Igmar Ahl, Humanist Politics between Reformation and Counter-Reformation , 2004, p. 178, FN 694.
  7. ^ Paul Clemen, Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz , Volume 7, 1938, p. 303.
  8. ↑ he was a co-owner of the trading company Heinrich Sudermann / Heimbach
  9. ^ Senator of the Imperial City of Cologne
  10. ↑ a b Willi Spiertz, Eberhard von Groote: Life and Work of Cologne Social politician , 2007, p 29f.
  11. ↑ Peter Hanstein (Ed.), Publications of the Society for Rhenish History , Volume 9, 1966, p. 365
  12. ↑ Georg Hirth, Annalen des Deutschen Reichs , 1880, p. 39
  13. ↑ Jürgen Blunck, The Cologne newspapers and magazines before 1814 , 1966, p. 26
  14. ^ Heinrich Billstein, Marx in Cologne , 1983, p. 13.
  15. ↑ Ph. M. Klein, The Wanderer through Cologne with Synagogue Description , 1863, p. 69.
  16. ↑ Walther Zimmermann, Die Kunstdenkmäler des Rheinlands , Edition 2, 1950, pp. 203 f.
  17. ↑ Klemens Klemmer, Jacob Koerfer (1875-1930) - An architect between tradition and modernity , 1987, p. 112
  18. ↑ Christoph Schwandt, Opera in Cologne , 2007, p. 124
  19. ↑ Herbert Milz, Das Kölner Großgewerbe from 1750 to 1835 , 1962, p. 65.
  20. ↑ RWWA Abt. 33, 2nd address book: non-profit ... address calendar of the city of Köllen, Cologne 1797, p. 103.
  21. ↑ RWWA Abt. 33, 3rd address book: Directory of the city-Cologne inhabitants, Cologne 1797, p. 179.
  22. ^ RWWA Dept. 33, Itinéraire de Cologne, 1813.
  23. ↑ Helmut Signon / Klaus Schmidt, all roads led through Cologne , 2006, p 154th
  24. ↑ Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger No. 241 of October 16, 1964, The new house in Mülhens am alten Platz , VIII-IX.
  25. ↑ Peter Fuchs (ed.), Chronik zur Geschichte der Stadt Köln , Volume 2, 1991, p. 151.
  26. ↑ Joachim Schreiber, beguiling fragrances, sensual aromas , 2012, o. P.
  27. ↑ Eberhard Gothein / Georg Neuhaus, Die Stadt Cöln in the first century under Prussian rule , 1915, p. 361.

Web links

Commons : Glockengasse  - Collection of images, videos and audio files