Gottschalk from Worms

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Gottschalk von Worms ( Hebrew name probably אליקים בן אלעזר הכהן - Eljakim ben Eliëser ha-Kohen ; * middle of the 14th century, probably in Worms ; † after 1388, probably after 1398, probably in Bensheim ) was a German Jewish entrepreneur who worked in Worms and on Bergstrasse worked.

Life

Worms

Gottschalk von Worms operated in the last quarter of the 14th century together with his father-in-law Mannus von Köln († after 1386) in Worms credit business. He and his father-in-law were protective Jews of Count Diether VIII von Katzenelnbogen (1340–1402) in Worms . The Counts of Katzenelnbogen had owned the Judenregal since 1312 and have protected foreign Jews on various occasions against payment. In 1376/78 "Godschalk" was involved in a lawsuit between his father-in-law Mannus and the city of Cologne with a claim for more than 2000 guilders , and was supported by Diether VIII von Katzenelnbogen.

In 1377 Mannus von Köln was one of 36 Jewish heads of household who had to grant the city of Worms a compulsory loan of 20,000 gold guilders. The Hebrew equivalent of the Middle High German name Gottschalk was usually אליקים - Eljakim ; Mannus' son-in-law Gottschalk is likely to be identical with "Eljakim, son of Rav (= Lord) Eliëser ha-Kohen", who at that time also had to grant the city of Worms a compulsory loan.

Mannus of Cologne and his son-in-law Gottschalk granted the brothers Friedrich († after 1407) and Wolf von Meckenheim († between 1395 and 1407) a loan of 100 guilders in good Worms currency in 1380 . Knight Heinrich Winter von Alzey († after 1392) from Worms as well as the noblemen Diether Kämmerer von Worms († 1398) and his cousin Heinrich Kämmerer von Worms called von Rodenstein († after 1395) act as guarantors .

In addition to financial transactions, which he carried out together with his father-in-law, Gottschalk von Worms was also self-employed.

In 1379 Gottschalk von Worms had a business relationship with Isaak von Aschaffenburg and together with him had given 140 guilders to Count Eberhard von Zweibrücken (1325-1394) and Heinrich II. Von Sponheim-Bolanden (* around 1324; † 1393), a brother-in-law of Diether VIII . von Katzenelnbogen, awarded. Eberhard von Zweibrücken and Heinrich II. Von Sponheim jointly owned the estate of Stauf near Eisenberg from 1378/79 .

Mountain road

At the request of Diether VIII von Katzenelnbogen, his "dear brother-in-law", the Archbishop of Mainz Adolf von Nassau (1353-1390) granted the "Gotschalk de Wormatis", the Count of Jews, and his wife, children, " Leremeister " and their servants in 1388 Safe conduct against an annual payment of 8 guilders: You were allowed to live in the city of Bensheim or in other cities of the archbishopric for two years.

Gottschalk von Worms probably settled in Bensheim or another place on Bergstrasse after 1388 , because Anselm Ulner von Dieburg († around 1399/1400), bailiff of Count Eberhard V. von Katzenelnbogen († 1402) in the Upper County of Katzenelnbogen , had to Pay the Jew Gottschalk a stallion at the turn of the year 1397/98, which allegedly caused him damage of 50 guilders. Ulner had received the horse from Gottschalk "in the name of the Jews" when he rode to Bohemia; Count Eberhard V took it off and gave it to Henne Wilderich von Weyer (Wilre) († after 1399). Anselm Ulner von Dieburg had to pay Gottschalk when he sued him for this in the presence of King Wenzel IV of Bohemia at the Frankfurt Court Conference. The son of the bailiff, the nobleman Hartmann III. Ulner von Dieburg († 1442), therefore turned in 1431/32 with claims for damages to Count Johann IV. Von Katzenelnbogen († 1444).

Simon von Bensheim, who in 1390 together with "Symont Mannes son von Colne" († after 1409) covered bonds from Count Emich the Elder. A. von Leiningen to the villages of Kleinbockenheim , Großbockenheim , Kindenheim and Gossenheim could have been a son of Gottschalk von Worms.

Gottschalk von Worms is not identical to Gottschalk von Kreuznach († between 1410 and 1417), who was married to a daughter of Rabbi Moses ha-Levi called Möllin and sister of Rabbi Jakob Molin called MaHaRIL († 1427) from Magenza (Mainz) was. He is also to be distinguished from his brother-in-law Gottschalk von Bacharach or from Oppenheim († 1395/96), a son of Mannus von Köln.

swell

  • Heinrich Boos (Ed.): Document book of the city of Worms , Vol. II 1301-1400 . Weidmann, Berlin, 1890 ( digitized version of Heidelberg University Library)
  • Karl Ernst Demandt (arrangement): Regesta of the Counts of Katzenelnbogen , Bd. I Urkundenregesten 1060-1486 . (Publications of the Historical Commission for Nassau 11/1). Self-published by the Historical Commission, Wiesbaden 1953

literature

  • Alex Lewin : The Gotschalke from Bacharach and Kreuznach. A contribution to the history of d. Jews in Frankfurt around d. J. 1400 . In: community sheet of the Israelite community in Frankfurt. 11/11 (1933), pp. 279f; 12/1 (1933), p. 13 ( digitized version and digitized version of the University Library Frankfurt am Main, accessed on February 12, 2016).
  • Franz-Josef Ziwes: Studies on the history of the Jews in the central Rhine area during the high and late Middle Ages (research on the history of the Jews, Dept. A. Abhandlungen 1). Hahn, Hannover 1995, esp.p. 208ff ISBN 978-3-7752-5610-0

Remarks

  1. ↑ The Knights of Meckenheim, together with the Dalbergs, formed the inheritance of Gundheim Castle near Worms.
  2. ↑ On him cf. numerous documents in: Valentin Ferdinand Gudenus (Hrsg.): Codex Diplomaticvs Anecdotorvm. Res Moguntinas, Francicas, Trevirenses, Hassicas, Finitimarumque Regionum , Vol. V, ed. by Heinrich Wilhelm Anton Buri. Ulrich Weiß, Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1768 ( Google Books ).
  3. ↑ On him cf. Adolph Köllner: History of the rule Kirchheim-Boland and Stauf . A. Stein, Wiesbaden 1854, pp. 148–152 ( Google Books )
  4. ↑ Married to Adelheid von Katzenelnbogen (* around 1341; † 1397). For him cf. Adolph Köllner: History of the rule Kirchheim-Boland and Stauf . A. Stein, Wiesbaden 1854, pp. 164-178 ( Google Books ).
  5. ^ Grave slab in the Catholic parish church of Dieburg .
  6. ^ Grave slab in Eberbach Monastery .
  7. ↑ This is probably Emich V. von Leiningen († around 1381).
  8. ↑ Desolation near the children's home.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Cf. Leopold Zunz : Names of the Jews. A historical investigation . L. Fort, Leipzig 1837, p. 50 ( Google Books ).
  2. ^ Cf. Winfried Reichert: Finanzpolitik und Landesherrschaft. On the development of the County of Katzenelnbogen from the 12th to the 14th century . Auenthal, Trier 1985, p. 133 f.
  3. ^ Document dated July 19, 1312; Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt (holdings B 3 documents of the County of Katzenelnbogen (Upper County), No. 29); see. about Hermann Keussen : Receipts of letters from the 14th and 15th centuries. B. Undated pieces , 1st half. In: Mittheilungen from the City Archives of Cologne 10 (1896), pp. 1–102, especially p. 81 ( Commons ); Friedrich Battenberg : Katzenelnbogen, County : Germania Judaica , Vol. III / 3. J. C. B. Mohr, Tübingen 2003, pp. 1892-1894.
  4. ↑ Cf. Regest of September 18, 1378; Hermann Keussen: Receipts of letters in the 14th and 15th centuries A. Dated items 1320–1400. In: Mitteilungen aus der Stadtarchiv von Köln, Issue 22 (1892), pp. 77–177, esp. Pp. 89 u. ö. ( digitized at OpenLibrary); see. Winfried Reichert: financial policy and sovereignty. On the development of the County of Katzenelnbogen from the 12th to the 14th century . Auenthal, Trier 1985, pp. 133f.
  5. ↑ a b Cf. Stadtarchiv Worms (Section 1 AI, No. 217); 1377 May. - The Jews of Worms give the city of Worms a compulsory loan of 20,000 gold guilders . In: Heinrich Boos (ed.): Document book of the city of Worms , Bd. II 1301-1400 . Weidmann, Berlin, 1890, pp. 463-467 (No. 723).
  6. ↑ Cf. “אליקים ב״ר אלעזר הכהן” in the document from May 1377. In the list there is only one more “Eljakim”: “Eljakim, son of Rav Meshullam”; However, this “Meshullam, son of” (still living) “Rav Eljakim” signed it himself and lives in Worms.
  7. ^ Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt (holdings A 2 documents of the former province of Rheinhessen, No. 255/813).
  8. ↑ Cf. 1380. August 8th - Friedrich and Wolf von Meckenheim, knights, brothers, confess to the Jew Mannis of Cologne and Gottschalk to his daughter husband, citizen of Worms, to owe 100 guilders . In: Heinrich Boos (ed.): Document book of the city of Worms , Bd. II 1301-1400 . Weidmann, Berlin, 1890, p. 501 f. (No. 774) ( digitized version from Heidelberg University Library).
  9. ↑ Alex Lewin: The Gotschalke from Bacharach and Kreuznach. A contribution to the history of d. Jews in Frankfurt around d. J. 1400 . In: community sheet of the Israelite community in Frankfurt. 11/11 (1933), pp. 279f; 12/1 (1933), p. 13.
  10. ↑ Cf. document of June 6, 1379. In: Johannes Mötsch (edit.): Regesten des Archiv der Graf von Sponheim 1065-1437 , Vol. II 1371-1399 . (Publications of the Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz 42). Landesarchivverwaltung, Koblenz 1988, p. 141 (No. 1800); Return receipt dated June 6, 1379; State Main Archive Koblenz (inventory 24, Principality of Duchy of Palatinate, Zweibrücken, reference 15).
  11. ↑ Gottschalk von Bacharach, who also came from Worms, but was not under the protection of Diether VIII von Katzenelnbogen, received at the same time in 1386 a letter of safe conduct for four years from Archbishop Adolf for 50 guilders; see. State Archives Würzburg (Mainz Ingrossaturbuch No. 10, sheet 386v).
  12. ↑ Documents of December 9, 1388 and February 4, 1389; Würzburg State Archives (Mainz Ingrossaturbuch No. 11, sheet 194) ( digital copy from the Institute for Historical Regional Studies at the University of Mainz); Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt (inventory A 14 document photos, modern copies and extracts, no. 333).
  13. ^ Documents of December 23, 1431 and January 17, 1432; Darmstadt State Archives (holdings B 3 documents from the County of Katzenelnbogen, Regests 3577 and 3582; holdings 3 Judaica, Volume 1, Regest 355); see. Marburg State Archives (K. Kopiar 295, No. 1971).
  14. ↑ See Heinrich Boos (Hrsg.): Document book of the city of Worms , Vol. II 1301-1400 . Weidmann, Berlin, 1890, pp. 614-616, especially p. 616 (No. 941).
  15. ^ Similar to Franz-Josef Heyen : Kreuznach, Bad. In: Germania Judaica, Vol. III / 1 Ortschaftsartikel Aach – Lychen. JCB Mohr, Tübingen 1987, pp. 686-691, especially p. 688; different Alex Lewin: The Gotschalke from Bacharach and Kreuznach. A contribution to the history of d. Jews in Frankfurt around d. J. 1400 . In: community sheet of the Israelite community in Frankfurt. 11/11 (1933), pp. 279f; 12/1 (1933), p. 13.
personal data
SURNAME Gottschalk from Worms
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Gotschalk de Wormatis; Eljakim ben Eliëser ha-Kohen (Hebrew name); אליקים בן אלעזר הכהן (Hebrew name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German Jewish entrepreneur
DATE OF BIRTH between 1300 and 1355
PLACE OF BIRTH unsure: Worms
DATE OF DEATH after 1388
Place of death uncertain: Bensheim