Border between Croatia and Montenegro
The border between Croatia and Montenegro is only around 25 kilometers long. It separates the territory of the Republic of Croatia and Montenegro .
Borderline
The common state border runs roughly northeast from the Bay of Kotor to the first mountains of the Dinarides . It corresponds to the municipal boundary of the Croatian Konavle (and thus the Dubrovnik-Neretva County ) and the Montenegrin Herceg Novi .
The border begins at the western headland of the outer Kotor Bay, not far from Cape Kobila . It then stretches the ridge of the Mandelovina north-east by 450 m. i. J. along which forms this peninsula. At the Debeli Brijeg pass , it turns northwards and runs over the Bjelotina mountain range , the highest border peak here is the daycare center ( 1089 m. In the year ). At Sitnica in the Vrbanje plateau at around 950 m. i. J. is the border triangle with Bosnia and Herzegovina .
| Territorial waters of the Adriatic |
 
|
Croatian-Montenegrin border |
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Croatian-Bosnian-Herzegovinian border |
| Montenegrin-Bosnian-Herzegovinian border | ||||
| Kobila | Bjelotina |
Map with all coordinates: history
The border follows orographic ridges in the coastal area and inland of the Balkans, in between it is based on rivers.
With the collapse of the Byzantine Empire , the Konavle region and Mount Bjelotina formed the border area between the free republic of Ragusa around present-day Dubrovnik , which was subject to the Republic of Venice in 1205 (finally 1232) , and the city of Cattaro (Kotor), which from the 12 Century belonged to the Zeta region in the Serbian Empire . From 1358 Ragusa was then under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary , in the autonomous country of Croatia . In 1373 the kingdom of Bosnia established itself in the area between the two cities , which was also shot at Hungary as a result of the battle on the Amselfeld (1389) and belonged to Herzegovina . In 1391 Kotor became an independent city-state, but it also joined Venice in 1420. Between 1419 and 1426, the city-state of Ragusa extended further south to the city of Cavtat and the Konavle region. In 1421 the Serbian Empire disintegrated and Zeta became a local principality. In 1482 the Ottoman Empire subjugated Herzegovina and also occupied Herceg Novi. From the 15th century both Venetian cities came under Ottoman influence (Ragusa paid tribute in 1558). Ragusa became a political competitor to Venice. In 1687, the Venetian governor-general for Dalmatia, who lived in Kotor, also conquered Herceg Novi. When, after the Peace of Karlowitz (1699), the Ottomans in the central Balkans were pushed back, Venice tried to further cut off Ragusa from its hinterland, and this transferred to protection with an agreement of January 26, 1699 - in addition to the coastal town of Neum - also the east of the Bjelotina Tal Sutorina to the Ottoman Empire. This left a (Bosnian) Herzegovinian corridor to the Kotor Bay near Igalo .
With the collapse of the Republic of Venice , Ragusa and Cattaro were assigned as lords in the Peace of Campo Formio in 1797 Austria , and came to the Kingdom of Dalmatia (1767–1777 Kingdom of Illyria ). After the Peace of Pressburg in 1806, the defeat in the 2nd Napoleonic War, the area came to the French Empire , which installed the Illyrian provinces on the Adriatic coast . However, contrary to the Treaty, Austria handed Cattaro to the Principality of Montenegro . The takeover was not implemented until the end of the 3rd Napoleonic War in 1809, but Cattaro remained Montenegrin. As early as 1813 ( 4th Napoleonic War ) Austrian troops moved in again, and with the Congress of Vienna in 1815 the Kingdom of Illyria was restored. In 1849 the crown land of Dalmatia was reinstalled. With the occupation of Bosnia in 1878 ( annexation in 1908) , the border became entirely within Austria, between the Austrian part of the empire ( Cisleithanien ) and the Austro-Hungarian condominium of Bosnia.
With the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia came into being , in 1929 the Banschaft Zeta (Zetska banovina) was established, but its border with the Banschaft coast was much further north, and it also included the Dubrovnik district. That was revised in 1939 with the Serbian-Croatian settlement , and the Banschaft Croatia (Banovina Hrvatska) was restored to its old size. In the Balkan campaign of the Second World War, German-Italian troops occupied the area in 1941, the state was split up into individual republics, here an independent state of Croatia , which also included Bosnia-Herzegovina. However, the Third Reich ceded the Bay of Kotor, including parts of today's Croatian border area in the Konavle to the village of Gruda, to Italy ( province of Cattaro , administratively part of the Governorate of Dalmatia ), which came under German military administration as early as 1943 when Mussolini-Italy collapsed . The following year, Tito's troops captured the area. Now the Federal People's Republic (from 1963 Socialist Federal Republic) of Yugoslavia was created, and its constituent republics, here the Socialist Republic of Croatia , Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Socialist Republic of Montenegro . The Bosnian Djuradj Pucar and the Montenegrin Blažo Janković negotiated the orographic mountain ranges as the border between Montenegro and Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1947, Sutorina came to Montenegro, and in return areas east of the Sutjeska River to Bosnia-Herzegovina. This exchange was only finally fixed with a contract in Vienna on August 24, 2015.
When Yugoslavia disintegrated in 1991, the Republic of Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia came into being (from 2003 Serbia and Montenegro, “rest of Yugoslavia”) . According to the findings of the Badinter Commission, which was set up on the proposal of the then European Community and chaired by the French constitutional judge Robert Badinter, the previous partial republic border was declared a state border. In the Bosnian War 1992–1995, however, the border was fought over, and positions and relics of war can still be found on the Byelotina . In 1996 the Republic of Montenegro came into being . The two new states settled the border disputes. The Prevlaka peninsula with its strategic location from Cape Oštra for the Kotor Bay was a military base of the Yugoslav People's Army, whose demilitarization was still monitored from 1996 to 2002 by the United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP). The sea area boundary determined by Cape Oštra has recently been discussed again because it is believed that oil and gas are present here.
In 2003 Croatia began accession negotiations to the European Union . Montenegro has been an official candidate for EU membership since 2012 . Croatia joined the European Union on July 1, 2013, and has been an EU external border since then . Joining the Schengen area is still in the planning phase.
- chronology
- (indented for modern times, times of war and sub-areas; in brackets: sub-areas)
- 1482 - 1797: border Hungary (under feudal law) or Venice (political; Ragusa ) - Ottoman Empire ( Bosnia )
- 1797–1878: border Austria ( Dalmatia , 1815–1849 Illyria ) - Ottoman Empire (Bosnia)
- 1806 (de jure, 1809 de facto) - 1813 (de facto, 1815 de jure): Border France ( Illyrian Prov. ) - Ottoman Empire (Bosnia)
- 1878 (de facto, 1908 de jure) - 1918 (de jure): Inner Austrian border: Austria / Cisleithanien ( Dalmatia ) - Bosnia
- 1918–1991: inner Yugoslav border:
- 1918–1922: Dalmatia - Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 1922–1929: Dubrovnik - Mostar
- 1929–1939: no border ( Zeta ; border near Dubrovnik)
- 1939–1941: Croatia - Zeta
- 1941–1945: no border ( Italy , Dalmatia , Cattaro ; border near Gruda)
- 1945–1947: Croatia - Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 1945–1991: Croatia - Montenegro
- 1991–1996 Croatia - Yugoslavia / Serbia-Montenegro
- 1996 – today: Croatia - Montenegro border
Border crossing and border traffic
The border is an EU external border , but not yet a Schengen external border (area of free border traffic).
Border crossings between the two states are (the Croatian side mentioned first):
-
Debeli brijeg on the route ( Dubrovnik -) Cavtat
- Herceg Novi 
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Kobila on the Karasovići
- Igalo route is the coastal road around the peninsula
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Little Montenegro has no administrative unit above the large municipalities.
- ↑ a b Konavle - Turistička Karta - Tourist map. Map on dominicus.malleotus.free.fr (accessed March 10, 2015).
- ↑ Nedim Tuno, Admir Mulahusić, Mithad Kozličić, Zvonko Orešković: Border reconstruction of the Sutorina exit of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Adriatic Sea by using old maps. onA (PDF, ddomusic.com, accessed April 25, 2013).
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^ Bosnian claims to the Bay of Kotor. Reportage, Adelheid Wölfl, in: der Standard online, January 30, 2015;
Montenegro-Bosnia border treaty signed in Vienna. In: Salzburger Nachrichten online, August 26, 2015, accessed on September 1, 2015. - ^ Western Balkans Conference - Border Agreement between Bosnia and Montenegro. In: Tiroler Tageszeitung online, 23 August 2015.
- ^ Dusica Tomovic: Montenegro, Croatia, Spat Over Adriatic Oil Probes. On: balkaninsight.com, November 4, 2014.
- ↑ Montenegro: border crossings. ÖAMTC (status: 04/2015, accessed March 11, 2015).
International borders of Croatia
with:
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Montenegro |
Serbia |
Slovenia |
Hungary
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International borders of Montenegro
with:
Albania |
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Kosovo |
Croatia |
Serbia
