Gut Kaltenhof (Bad Schwartau)
The Kaltenhof estate was an episcopal economic estate on the lower reaches of the Schwartau River in Schleswig-Holstein . The name of the farm was carried over to the later Amt Kaltenhof and the Kaltenhof district of Bad Schwartau .
history
In 1280, the Lübeck Bishop Burkhard von Serkem founded his Koldenhave / Coldenhouve farm near the mouth of the Schwartau River in the Trave, northwest of the Alt-Lübeck settlement that was destroyed in 1138, in the immediate vicinity of the Lübeck city limits. The bishop had this courtyard fortified with trenches and a palisade . The castle in Riesebusch , a few kilometers away, was given up for this purpose.
This approach of the bishop, who had previously fallen out with the city of Lübeck, led to a protest by the city of Lübeck, as these from 1188 Emperor Frederick I ( Barbarossa privilege ) and 1226 by Frederick II. In their Lübeck Reichsfreiheit letter the right had given assurances that no fortifications could be built within two miles of the Trave.
When the City Council of Lübeck sent a crowd of people to clearing near Kaltenhof in 1299, there were exchanges of words and fights, in the course of which the farm was plundered and burned down. There were also riots in Lübeck afterwards.
As a result, there was a bitter and protracted process that occupied the king and pope ( Boniface VIII and John XXII ) and ended in a settlement in 1314. In this comparison, the reconstruction and operation of the destroyed farm yard was allowed, but without a fortification. The episcopal plan to build a semi-princely manor on Kaltenhof had thus failed.
As early as 1309, the bishop had moved his seat to Eutin, where he had founded the collegiate monastery in Eutin in 1308 .
Another secret fortification of Kaltenhof took place in the 16th century after Bishop Balthasar Rantzau was kidnapped in August 1545 while staying at Kaltenhof. When the city of Lübeck found out about the fortification, after a dispute there was another settlement in which Bishop Eberhard von Holle was allowed to fortify Kaltenhof with a wooden parapet in 1576 .
During the Thirty Years' War Kaltenhof was the refuge of Lübeck prince-bishop Johann Friedrich .
From the middle of the 17th century, the administration of the episcopal possessions based on Kaltenhof developed into an administrative district, which from 1623 was called the Kaltenhof Office. Before Kaltenhof became an office, his jurisdiction based on the jurisdiction for the episcopal property included his own lands, the Schwartau and Rensefeld settlements . Additional villages were added through acquisitions, 1318 Sereetz , around 1350 Offendorf , 1366 Ratekau , Ruppersdorf and Neuhof , 1623 Ovendorf .
Around 1640 the seat of the Kaltenhof office was relocated to the nearby Schwartau, to the local office building, which is now the place of the local court on Schwartauer Markt.
According to a list from 1729, Kaltenhof comprised around 95 ha of arable land and around 30 ha of pasture land in addition to the forest .
In 1847, the Oldenburg Grand Duke Paul Friedrich August had the farmyard closed. The facility was abandoned and the land was divided into plots and given to the residents of Schwartaus as arable land, which was later cultivated.
Memorial
For a long time, the remains of the mighty ramparts and moats of Gut Kaltenhof were still visible. These consisted of a raised, rectangular area of around 65 m × 75 m, surrounded by a roughly 15 m wide trench.
During the construction of the Reichsautobahn from 1935, the remains of the facility were exposed, including an initial excavation and archaeological investigation, the results of which are hardly known.
In the course of the expansion of the A1 in 1976, remnants of the Kaltenhof farmyard were again found. An archaeological excavation was carried out, whereby u. a. the foundation walls of a defense tower of about 7 m × 7 m with about 1.5 m thick walls and a well were found. After the excavations were completed, the last remains of the fortified farm yard were removed and the Sereetz motorway exit was built over.
The Kaltenhof Memorial, inaugurated on June 25, 1986 at the exit of Bad Schwartau next to Autobahn 1 , commemorates the Kaltenhof farm yard . It is a low, semicircular wall made of field stones, covered with bricks in the form of a monastery, and a plaque. A boulder on the street with the inscription "Kaltenhof" and the episcopal coat of arms indicates the memorial.
Sandstone reliefs in the Bad Schwartau district court
The last testimonies to the Kaltenhof episcopal estate are two sandstone reliefs from the time of Bishop Eberhard von Holle, most likely from the manor house . These are located inside the building of the Bad Schwartau District Court. The sandstone reliefs were brought to Schwartau in 1847 when the Kaltenhof estate was closed and attached to the outside of the office of the Schwartau office. After its demolition, they were attached to the outside of the Bad Schwartau district court in 1910, from where they were brought inside the building in 1974.
- One sandstone relief shows the arms of the Bishop of Lübeck and lt. Inscription:
- "PROPRIIS / SVMPTIBVS / 1586"
- German: "From own / means (erected) / 1586"
- The other sandstone relief contains a five-line inscription in Latin:
- "D [EI] .G [RATIA]. EBERHARDVS EPISCOPVS / LVBECENSIS ADMINISTRATOR / VERDENSIS ABBAS LVNEBVRGENSIS / SVIS IMPENSIS FIERI FECIT / ANNO MDLXXXIII"
- (German: "By God's grace Eberhard, Bishop / von Lübeck, Administrator / von Verden, Abbot of Lüneburg / had (it) built according to his plans / in 1583")
literature
- Uwe Bremse: Kaltenhof - A Documentation on the History of Bad Schwartau ; Bad Schwartau, 1986
- Georg Harders: Kaltenhof Memorial . In: Jahrbuch für Heimatkunde , Eutin 1987, pp. 130–132.
- Max Steen : Bad Schwartau - Past and present . Lübeck 1973 - therein: The Kaltenhof estate
- Max Steen: Alt Schwartau - history and stories . Lübeck 1976
- Uwe Bremse: Bad Schwartau in the old days , 1992
Individual evidence
- ↑ Volumus insuper et Firmiter observari precipimus, ut nulla persona alta vel humilis, ecclesiastica vel Secularis, presumat ullo tempore munitionem hedificare vel castrum iuxta flumen Travene, from ipsa civitate superior usque ad ortum ipsius fluminis, et ex ipsa civitate inferior usque ad mare, et ex utraque parte usque ad miliaria duo - We also want and determine that it should be strictly observed that no high or low clergy or layman ever dares to build a fortification or a castle on the Trave, upstream from the city to the source of the river, and downstream from the city to the sea, and on both banks for two miles.
Coordinates: 53 ° 55 ′ 5.4 " N , 10 ° 43 ′ 23.9" E