Marienberg (Brandenburg an der Havel)
| Marienberg | ||
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 View of the Marienberg from the St. Gotthardt church tower; Peace watchdog on the hilltop |
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| height | 69 m | |
| location | Brandenburg an der Havel , Brandenburg , Germany | |
| Coordinates | 52 ° 24 '56 " N , 12 ° 32' 50" E | |
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| Type | Terminal moraine | |
The Marienberg or Harlungerberg is an elevation in Brandenburg an der Havel . The Marienberg is one of the historically significant places in the Mark Brandenburg .
Emergence
The Marienberg was formed as an end or compression moraine during the last, the Vistula Glaciation, by inland ice advancing from the northeast. The survey was formed at the ice edge layer 1c of the Brandenburg phase , which can only be traced in sections . The edge of the ice can be traced from Fohrder Berg , Gallberg and Schwarzen Berg northwest of Brandenburg over Marienberg to Rietzer Berg in the southeast. Some authors also consider Marienberg to be the southern branch of the Nauener Platte .
Surname
The original name of the mountain, which is still used today, is Harlungerberg. The Brandenburg local historian Professor Otto Tschirch connects this name with the Germanic - mythical family of the Harlung . A pair of brothers of this sex, the sons of Duke Ake Harlungertrost, Edgard and Ake, are said to have been nephews of the Goth king Ermanarich . This gender is presumably connected to Brandenburg an der Havel through the Ironsage , as the Jarl Iron is said to have been a Jarl from Brandenburg. Tschirch speaks of the fact that there are several Harlungerberge in Germany, which refer to the same name origin, because the people suspect that they are the place where the most important treasure of the Harlung, the Brisingame of the goddess Freyja, is supposed to be buried.
The Brandenburg local historian Friedrich Grasow, on the other hand, places a hamlet of Harlungate at the western foot of the mountain on one of his maps that has not been archaeologically proven and is unsafe for sources. Brekow cites documents from the year 1195 or from the 14th century as evidence of the hamlet Harlungate or Harlungathe. With the supraregional importance of the pilgrimage site Marienkirche between 1220 and 1722, however, the name Marienberg later established itself in the vernacular, which is currently also officially used.
Position and extent
Marienberg is located northwest of the historic old town of Brandenburg , about one kilometer north of the right bank of the Havel. Old trade routes ran below the hill from the old town of Brandenburg to Magdeburg and Rathenow . The summit reaches a height of about 69 m above sea level. NHN . The often given height of 67.7 m refers to the surface of the "day mark" of the trigonometric point , which is not on the highest point of the mountain. The surface of the water reservoir is around 79 m above sea level. In the topography, NHN is not considered a terrain height, as it is located on a building. The extension of the mountain is about 600 meters from north to south, and about 900 meters from west to east. The mountain rises about 35 meters above the level of the city. The material consists of sand. It was only in the course of the city's expansion after 1901 that the area came into the outskirts. With the establishment of the Brandenburg-Nord district from July 21, 1959, the Marienberg became an inner-city area and was enclosed by buildings.
history
Prehistory and the Middle Ages
Although the upper layers of the Marienberg were never used as a settlement area themselves, its hilltop served as a central place of worship for various religions in prehistoric times. According to Tschirch, there was probably a sacred grove or a sanctuary of the Semnones on the Marienberg , which was dedicated to the goddess Frigg or the goddess Freyja . However, there is no archaeological or source evidence for this. This assumption is based only on etymological considerations. Saxon sources from the turning point from the first to the second millennium AD describe a Triglav sanctuary on the Marienberg .
After the Christianization of the Slavic Gaus Heveldun , the Triglaw sanctuary was replaced by a place of worship of Mary, from which the former, magnificent St. Mary's Church developed after 1220 . Between 1435 and 1539 it was surrounded by the convent buildings of the Premonstratensian Canons of Our Lady on the Mountain . It was probably the only epoch in which the hilltop was permanently inhabited. In 1443 , Elector Friedrich II introduced the Brandenburg branch of the Swan Order in the collegiate church to revive knightly ideals and against the loss of importance of the Marienkirche , which women could also join. With the arrival of the Reformation the dissolution of the monastery, the church and the order on the mountain began.
A (rather sour) wine has been grown on the southern slope of the mountain since the Middle Ages. The wine master's houses and the Weinmeisterweg on the northern slope date from the time of viticulture . The oldest still existing vine grows on such a former winemaker's farm on the northern slope. Various authors count this viticulture to be the most northerly and one of the early viticulture in Germany, since the first documentary reports attest to viticulture as early as 1173. In 1437 and 1741 the vines froze in severe winter frosts and died.
Modern times
1723 there was a noise cannon on the mountain, the city, the desertion Report of a soldier of the Brandenburger garrison and the population should encourage active participation in the seizure of the deserter. Near the Marienkrankenhaus on the eastern slope there is an unexplained gully in the ground, the Mariengrund, which has so far been ascribed to an excavation of the 18th century. The sand is said to have been removed to fill the swampy parade ground, the model meadow, in the northeast of the mountain. This is opposed by the fact that on a fortification plan for both cities of Brandenburg made in 1631 by the Swedish troops, hatching can be seen that indicates the location of the Mariengrund on the way to the Marienkirche, which is important as an orientation. If this drawing could be interpreted as an existing depression in the ground prior to the creation of the plan, then this would mean that the assumed excavation for the filling of the drill area is not the reason for the creation of this type of terrain.
Also since the middle of the 18th century, according to the will of Frederick the Great , mulberry trees were planted to start silk production , which, however, could not survive for climatic reasons. In 1809 the project was finally abandoned. Between 1832 and 1850, station 7 of the Prussian optical telegraph on the Berlin - Coblenz line was on the top of the Marienberg . This made contact to the east with station 6 in Schenkenberg and to the west with station 8 on the Mühlenberg near Möser . The water reservoir for the city of Brandenburg an der Havel is installed on this as a central natural elevation. A first boiler with water pipes was installed in 1894/95, which was renewed from 1967 to 1969.
Two hospitals were built on Marienberg. On the southern slope, for example, is the Municipal Clinic of the City of Brandenburg , which was built in 1901 as a hospital for specialized care and is a university hospital of the Brandenburg Medical School . A second hospital, the Marienkrankenhaus, is located behind the site of the former Adler brewery on the eastern slope of the Marienberg. This is a geriatric specialty hospital.
On the northern slope there is a cemetery and the crematorium of the city of Brandenburg, which was built under Mayor Walther Ausländer in 1926. The first urn that was buried in the adjoining cemetery was that of the foreigner, but it was cremated in Berlin . In the time of National Socialism, the mountain slopes of the Hitler Youth often served as a backdrop for solstice celebrations . From 1947 the memorial for the anti-fascist resistance fighters executed in the Brandenburg-Görden prison was erected on the northern slope . In the 1980s to 1990s, the memorial was to be expanded into a national memorial and memorial for the GDR with an attached research center. After German reunification , these plans were not pursued any further.
At the Adlerterrassen in Bergstrasse 14, named after the old Adler brewery, an event of the church district took place on October 12, 1989 under the motto "Peace, Justice and the Preservation of the Environment", which was one of the key events of the political change in Brandenburg the Havel counts. Until the 1990s, there was an ice and roller skating rink for children on Marienberg, which had to give way to the start and landing area of the Christoph 35 rescue helicopter .
city Park
In the 19th century, Marienberg was redesigned as a park and local recreation destination. From 1830, the Brandenburg chimney sweep master Johann Gottfried Bröse, who already designed and designed the Brandenburg Krugpark, made a contribution to the horticultural design of the Marienberg. From 1899, a nature park was created on the mountain from donations from the Brandenburg citizen and manufacturer Robert Leue, which also housed a small animal enclosure until the 1960s. 1974 to 1975 the park on the Marienberg was redesigned to a 22 hectare "Park of Culture and Recreation". For example, a military cemetery that had existed since 1941 was removed in this context. After decades of extensive dilapidation, the parks were redesigned and redesigned as part of the preparation for the 2015 Federal Horticultural Show . The Marienberg with park and facilities was one of the central sites of the city of Brandenburg for the garden show under the motto “from cathedral to cathedral - along the blue ribbon of the Havel”.
Viticulture on the elevated tank of the water storage tank
Park
Flower beds
southern rise
War memorial, Bismarckwarte, Friedenswarte
On August 12, 1879, a war memorial was inaugurated on the mountain, which was built from 1874 according to plans and under the direction of the architect Hubert Stier . It was built exactly on the spot where a St. Mary's Church had previously stood and was designed as a tower with a viewing floor that could be seen from afar and was 30 meters high. According to the architect, its purpose was to be “a victory memorial for the wars of 1864, 66 and 70, 71 ”, which “bring the names of those who died in these campaigns from the province of Brandenburg to memory, and also to the role remember which of the Margraviate of Brandenburg was assigned to the historical development of the events, the last phase of which was made up of those wars. ”At its foot there were eleven marble tablets with the names of 2,495 fallen soldiers. At the end of the Second World War , the war memorial was badly damaged in 1945 and demolished in the 1960s.
From 1905 to 1908 a Bismarck observatory was built on the Marienberg. This was opened on April 1, 1908. It was an Art Nouveau building made of granite field stones with a cloverleaf floor plan and a fire bowl on the roof, designed by Bruno Möhring . On March 22, 1974, the tower was demolished for political reasons on the pretext of dilapidation .
On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the GDR, a 32.5 meter high observation tower, the Friedenswarte , the name of the predecessor building since 1958, was erected in place of the former Bismarckwarte, which had been demolished six months earlier .
Theaters and venues
In 1862 a stage was built on the northeast slope above Kurfürsten-Wall, which was closed in 1927 for fire and structural reasons. This site belongs to the Marienkrankenhaus in Bergstrasse. Opposite the portal of the Marienkrankenhaus was the Ahlerts- or Börnes Berg excursion restaurant, in which a theater was established at times.
There was probably a temporary open-air theater on the northern slope of the mountain as early as the 1930s. The current 2,900 square meter open-air stage, with the participation of the FDJ , was rebuilt in the north slope as part of the NAW as a semicircular arena according to the plans of city building officer Paul Schulze from 1955 and inaugurated on May 19, 1956. It was financed exclusively through donations from the population and did not receive any state participation. It served as a stage for theater and cinema performances, cultural and sporting events. In the 1990s, games and concerts were discontinued due to noise protection, among other things. The open-air theater was reconstructed in 2007 after years of vacancy and decay. However, many seats have been removed and some doors on the stage have been walled up. Instead, sports equipment, such as stands for basketball hoops, was installed on the stage. The lack of use and maintenance of the stage building, however, encourages a renewed process of decay.
swimming pool
The Marienbad Brandenburg is located on the western slope , a fun and leisure pool that was built in place of the public pool built in the GDR. The Volksbad was built from January 19, 1968 to June 21, 1969 with the active participation of the Brandenburg population and with the support of the Soviet troops stationed in Brandenburg an der Havel. The citizens of Brandenburg took part in the follow-up project of the National Development Work and the competition “ More beautiful cities and communities - join in !” With work and cash contributions totaling 4.3 million marks. The Volksbad was a national competition venue. For example, in 1979 the GDR swimming championships took place there.
Saga world
The Mariengrund serves as a vivid example of how legends were formed even in the enlightened 18th and 19th centuries. Because although the possible circumstances of the extraction of material were probably known to the population, the vernacular dated the origin of the Mariengrund back to the early 13th century and declared that the devil had thrown one of its bells into the mountain out of anger about the construction of the Marienkirche , from which this channel was created.
Another legend that is still present in the Brandenburg population deals with a fictional tunnel that is said to have existed between the former St. Mary's Church and St. Peter and Paul Cathedral . According to a popular story, a criminal convicted by the cathedral monastery is said to have been promised a pardon on the condition that he explored this tunnel. The criminal set out from the cathedral and gave signs of life for a while, but then stopped abruptly. Thereupon it was decided to spill and wall up the corridor, so that the entrance has been lost ever since. It is true that there was a close spiritual and certainly material connection between the Premonstratensian Canons on the mountain and the also Premonstratensian cathedral chapter. However, the topography of the swampy area between the Marienkirche and the cathedral, which is divided by the Havel, and the senselessness of such a tunnel system make the extremely expensive project of a 1.34 kilometer long tunnel seem absurd even in the Middle Ages.
swell
- Otto Tschirch : In the protection of Roland - cultural-historical forays through old Brandenburg. J. Wiesike, Brandenburg (2) 1938.
- Chronicle of the city of Brandenburg. Ed. Urban History Working Group [City of Brandenburg an der Havel] in the Brandenburgischer Kulturbund e. V., Verlag B. Neddermeyer, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-933254-40-X .
- Udo Geiseler, Klaus Heß (ed.): Brandenburg an der Havel. Lexicon on city history. (= Individual publications by the Brandenburg Historical Commission, Volume XIII). Lucas Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-86732-001-6 .
- Wolfgang Gondolatsch: Studies on the development of the legend of the Harlungs and the faithful Eckehart. Dissertation . Leipzig 1922.
- Friedrich Grasow: Brandenburg the thousand year old city. A walk through the culture and architecture of past centuries. Self-published by the city, Brandenburg 1928. (Reprint: Verlagsgesellschaft Schmidt-Römhild, 1992, ISBN 3-7950-1503-0 )
- Sebastian children, Haik Thomas Porada (ed.): Brandenburg an der Havel and surroundings. A regional study in the Brandenburg an der Havel, Pritzerbe, Reckahn and Wusterwitz area. (= Landscapes in Germany. Values of the German homeland. 69). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-412-09103-0 .
- The Marienberg to Brandenburg on the Havel. Past and present. Edited by BAS Brandenburg an der Havel, 2000.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Sebastian children, Haik Thomas Porada (ed.): Brandenburg an der Havel and surroundings. 2006, p. 298, fig. 72.
- ↑ a b c d The Marienberg to Brandenburg an der Havel past and present. Author collective, edited by BAS Brandenburg an der Havel 2000.
- ↑ Frank Brekow, Bernd Brülke, Joachim Müller: A newly discovered map of Brandenburg from the Stockholm Military Archive . In: Historischer Verein Brandenburg (Havel) e. V. (Ed.): 18th Annual Report 2008–2009 . Brandenburg an der Havel 2009, pp. 49–87.
- ↑ Frank Brekow, Bernd Brülke, Joachim Müller: Discovered in Sweden. The oldest map of Brandenburg an der Havel. In: Archeology in Berlin and Brandenburg. Yearbook 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2631-7 , pp. 155–157.
- ^ H. Stier: The monument on the Merienberge near Brandenburg , magazine for building industry 1874; P. 4; Retrieved April 22, 2015.
- ↑ Udo Geiseler, Klaus Heß (Ed.): Brandenburg an der Havel. Lexicon on city history. P. 235.
- ^ Chronicle of the City of Brandenburg. P. 120.