House fathers literature

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As Hausväterliteratur one is literary genre called connecting the economics, that the doctrine of the House, "with an in-depth presentation of agriculture." It was aimed particularly in the German-speaking area from the 16th to the 18th century at the educated owners of country estates, especially the nobles.

Alignment

Basically, it is an early guidebook that not only dealt with housekeeping and questions relating to agriculture, including animal husbandry , forestry , hunting and beekeeping , but also established rules for families, marriage and child-rearing as well as dealing with staff. In addition, the books contained a part with cooking recipes, so that they are considered the forerunners of modern German-language cookbooks . Most of the authors were Protestant pastors and followed in their rules for marriage and family the views of Martin Luther , which he had set out in his various writings on marriage and the household. In other countries, the authors limited themselves to dealing with issues relating to agriculture without going into detail on family life.

term

The older term "Hausmann" (see also home cooking ) comes from the 16th century and comes from the Middle High German hūsman , " host , householder, tenant, Burgwart". The fathers' literature was only aimed at the pater familias , the male head of larger rural and above all aristocratic households. The term "Hausväterliteratur" originated in the middle of the 19th century and had a slightly derogatory connotation, as it was now considered outdated and old-fashioned. The heyday of this literature was the period between 1660 and 1730. At the time of their publication these works were called "Oekonomiken" or "Hausbücher". Later they were referred to as house fathers literature because they were addressed to the “house father” in the sense of head of a household, based on the “ whole house ” model , ie the household as a legal, social and economic unit. Luther made the term “householder” known; it was later picked up by Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl and Otto Brunner .

The works of this literary genre consist mainly of compilations , with the authors drawing on older literature and contemporary sources as sources. The basis was initially ancient sources, for example from Aristotle , on Oikonomia . Forerunners were manuscripts such as the Codex Farfensis (a “Book of Man, Animal and Garden” written around 1460), which showed the father of the house as a doctor, veterinarian, farmer and fisherman, and books such as the Oeconomia christiana by the Thuringian reformer Justus Menius (1529 ) and Der Weiber Haushaltung by Johann Steinbach (1561), which, however, only dealt with the personal rulership in the house and not with the questions of agriculture, on which the main emphasis lay in the later literature of the house fathers. For example, the so-called Codex Kohlhauer (named after the Feuchtwangen medical antiquarian C.-E. Kohlhauer) , a household-lay medical text collection compiled in the southern Franconian region around 1434, also belongs to the type of book about people, animals and gardens as a pre-form of house fathers literature , and a composite manuscript completed by Johannes Norrenberger (from Kmehlen ) in 1464 with the subjects of medicinal herbs, fishing, wine, raising children, horse breeding and household. The most important representative of the early fathers' literature was the Protestant pastor Johannes Coler (1570–1639); In 1604 he published his multi-volume work with the title Oeconomia ruralis et domestica or Haußbuch , which had a total of 14 editions. The included cookbook offers 182 recipes for fine dining. The Thirty Years War prevented similar works from appearing for a time before a real boom set in.

Important works of the house fathers literature

Change of meaning from householder and househusband to housemother and housewife

Hohberg has already dealt in detail with the tasks of the "housemother". Florinus also turned to the bourgeoisie . His script was the best known in the first half of the 18th century. Increasingly, books appeared that were specifically aimed at educated women and daughters and contained instructions on how to run a household. After the landowner Otto von Münchhausen wrote a five-volume work under the title Der Hausvater in 1769, Die Hausmutter was published in 1782 , also written by the pastor Christian Friedrich Germershausen, as a five-volume encyclopedia for housewives. The cookbook contained therein also appeared as a single work some time later.

In the 19th century, the technical equipment of households increased massively, as did the associated household literature, and housekeeping was also increasingly taught in courses such as the so-called winter schools and in-house training courses. Women - in the role of the experienced housewife and increasingly also the younger, still inexperienced housewife - were thus perceived more independently and also addressed in the rapidly growing advisory literature.

With the emergence of new economic models such as mercantilism and cameralism , literature on house fathers lost its importance. In their place came household guides especially for women, with the middle class household now also becoming the focus in addition to the landowning gentry . In England, Isabella Beeton and her The Book of Household Management , among others, set the style. The book, published between 1859 and 1861, was aimed at the aspiring middle class, for whom it should be a reliable source of information and advice. With 60,000 copies sold in the year of publication, the book immediately became a bestseller and was reprinted millions of times within a few years (two million copies sold in 1868). It can serve as a model for many other cookery and housekeeping books of the 19th and 20th centuries.

In Germany, the new role of the housewife as head of the household on larger estates or (also external) senior house clerk was a job propagated by the aristocratic and middle-class women's movement . The increased need for external training and expertise was reflected in the expansion of (higher and professional) women's education, for example at Ida von Kortzfleisch's Reifensteiner schools .

See also

literature

  • Julius Hoffmann: The "Hausväterliteratur" and the "Sermons on the Christian household". Home teaching and education for domestic life in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries (= Göttingen studies on pedagogy. H. 37, ZDB -ID 521891-3 ). Beltz, Weinheim et al. 1959.
  • Gotthardt Frühsorge: Luther's Little Catechism and the “House Fathers Literature”. In: Pastoral Theology. Vol. 73, 1984, ISSN  0720-6259 , pp. 380-393.
  • Siegfried Sudhof: House fathers literature. In: Reallexikon der deutschen Literaturgeschichte. Founded by Paul Marker and Wolfgang Stammler , 2nd edition, ed. by Werner Kohlschmidt and Wolfgang Mohr, Berlin 1958 ff., Volume 1, 1958, pp. 621–623.
  • Sabine Verk among others: A matter of taste. Cookbooks from the Museum of Folklore (= writings of the Museum of Folklore. Vol. 20). SMPK, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-88609-382-4 (exhibition catalog).

Web links

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  1. ^ Otto Brunner: Hausväterliteratur. In: Concise dictionary of the social sciences. Volume 5, 1956, p. 92 f.
  2. ↑ a b c Verk among others: A matter of taste. Berlin 1995, p. 8 f.
  3. ^ Christine Werkstetter: Women in the Augsburg guild craft. Work, industrial relations and gender relations in the 18th century (= Colloquia Augustana. Vol. 14). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-05-003617-6 , p. 37 , (at the same time: Augsburg, Universität, Dissertation, 1999).
  4. ^ Gerhard Eis : Medieval professional prose of Artes. In: Deutsche Philologie im Aufriß. Edited by Wolfgang Stammler , 2nd edition, Volume II, Berlin 1960, columns 1103-1216; here: column 1125 f.
  5. ^ Gundolf Keil : The householder as a doctor. In: Trude Ehlert (Ed.): Household and Family in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times (Lectures at an interdisciplinary symposium from June 6th to 9th, 1990 at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn ). With a register by Ralf Nelles, Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, ISBN 379954156X , pp. 219–243.
  6. ↑ Gundolf Keil, Hilde-Marie Groß (ed.): "From manicherley wounds". The "small wound medicine" of Codex Farfensis 200 - 'Upper Silesian Roger Aphorisms' of the 14th century. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 1, 2005 (2007), pp. 155-188.
  7. ^ Gundolf Keil: The German Isaak Judäus reception from the 13th to the 15th century. Shaker, Aachen 2015 (= European Science Relations, Supplement 2), pp. 51–69
  8. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'Codex Kohlhauer'. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd ed., Volume 5, Col. 3 f.
  9. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'Codex Kohlhauer'. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 769.
  10. ^ Wolfgang Wegner: Norrenberger, Johannes. In: Werner E. Gerabek et al. (Ed.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. 2005, p. 1055 f.
  11. ^ Oeconomia or report on the Christian household
  12. ↑ Hans Jürgen Teuteberg, «From housemother to housewife. Kitchen work in the 18th / 19th century in contemporary housekeeping literature », in: Hans Jürgen Teuteberg (Ed.) The revolution at the dining table: new studies on food culture in the 19th – 20th centuries. Century, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004, a. a. Pp. 116-119
  13. ^ Johannes Kramer: The rural domestic education system in Germany, dissertation at the University of Erlangen, Fulda 1913
  14. ^ Oxford World's Classics - Oxford University Press. In: www.oup.co.uk. Retrieved March 11, 2016 .
  15. ↑ Ortrud Wörner-Heil: Noble women as pioneers of vocational training: rural housekeeping and the Reifensteiner Verband kassel university press GmbH, 2010