Heidentor (Carnuntum)
Map with all coordinates: | Heidentor | |
|---|---|
| limes | Pannonia great |
| section | Route 2 |
| Dating (occupancy) | 4th century AD |
| Type | Triumphal Monument ( Quadrifrons ) |
| size | Area: 16.2 × 16.2 m, height: 15 m |
| Construction | Stone construction |
| State of preservation | Both western pillars and a passage arch have been preserved, the statue base in the center has been reconstructed, and the remains of the wall have been restored and preserved |
| place | Petronell-Carnuntum |
| Geographical location | 48 ° 6 '14.4 " N , 16 ° 51' 15.5" E |
| Previous | Legion camp / cavalry fort Carnuntum (west) |
| Subsequently | Small fort Stopfenreuth (east) |
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The Heidentor is a late antique victory monument from the 4th century AD in the Lower Austrian market town of Petronell-Carnuntum . It is in the immediate vicinity of the Roman Carnuntum , an important legionary camp on the Limes Pannonicus and capital of the province of Upper Pannonia . Although two thirds of the ruins have been destroyed, the ruins still leave an imposing impression on their visitors; it has stood the test of time better than any other building in the ancient city. Between 1998 and 2001 the monument was extensively examined and then completely restored and conserved using the latest scientific methods. Today the Heidentor is one of the most famous monuments on the Pannonian Limes and a symbol of Roman Austria.
Surname
The naming of the monument as "Heydnisch Tor" came up in the Middle Ages , since popular belief called everything Roman as pagan ; subsequently it was assumed that it was the tomb of a giant. A Dominican chronicler from Colmar wrote a description of the German lands in the 13th century , in which the Heidentor is also mentioned:
“This country is called Theutonia after the giant Theuto who stayed there; his tomb is shown to travelers near Vienna. "
The four-pillar structure must have been a little better or perhaps still completely preserved at that time and was therefore probably regarded as a mausoleum . At that time there was no building near Vienna that could have been compared to the Heidentor.
Dating and function
The historical context and function of the structure could not be clarified for a long time. Earlier attempts at interpretation as a city or a sort of street gate, which spanned an intersection or as a grave monument and triumphal arch commemorating a historically significant meeting .. Roman emperor in the year 308 AD (also the Hungarian scientists Sándor Soproni considered it a monument " of absolutely cultic and symbolic character ”) had to be rejected again.
The evaluation of the excavation results and the analysis of its building structure showed that the monument is to be assigned to the late Roman period and was not built before the middle of the 4th century AD. The composition of the finds also confirmed that the building site was mostly frequented in the late 4th and early 5th centuries. It would also be inconceivable that a consecration altar built into the Heidentor of the head of the Roman pantheon , Jupiter Optimus Maximus , could be used for this purpose before the reign of Constantius II and the enactment of his anti-pagan laws (354? And 356). It is assumed that the construction of the monument can be dated 60 to 80 years later, in the time of the sole rule of Emperor Constantius II, more precisely in the 350s. This is also indicated by a text passage in Ammianus Marcellinus , in which it is mentioned that Constantius
"... had triumphal arches erected at the river borders in Gaul and Pannonia at high costs and inscribed on them about his deeds so that people could read about him while the monuments were standing."
This also coincided with the usurpation of Magnentius , 353 AD; after his removal, Constantius tried to reestablish imperial unity. From 357 to 359 the emperor stayed in Sirmium , from where he led campaigns against the tribes of the Quads , Sarmatians and Limigantes. After its successful completion, he held a triumphal procession there and had some forts on the middle Danube Limes repaired. With the construction of this victory memorial, a striking symbol of the unrestricted power and invincibility of Rome was set for the last time on this section of the hard-fought Pannonian Limes, in a period of time in which the Roman Empire was subject to major social upheavals and dramatic political and military changes was. According to the ancient written sources, Constantius undertook campaigns from Sirmium from 357 until his departure to the east in 359 , which were limited to the sub-provinces of Pannonia Secunda, Valeria, Moesia Prima and their apron. His radius of action in the northern part of Pannonia extended to Aquincum and Brigetio , but not to Carnuntum . As an alternative, one could therefore also consider a somewhat later creation of the monument, possibly under Valentinian I (364–375 AD). Especially under the rule of this emperor, building projects of unknown dimensions were implemented in Carnuntum . During the old excavations, an inscription was found in the legionary camp, created between the years 367-375, which is connected to construction work under the emperors Valentinianus, Valens and Gratianus. Construction activity during this period can also be found in numerous other places in the Pannonian and Noric Limes .
Presumably the monument stood at a busy intersection in the city of Carnuntum. The central figure base, however, excludes a passage function, the gate probably served as a canopy for the emperor's statue.
development
The region around a Celtic settlement and power center that has not yet been localized became a gathering point for the expansion of the Romans into free Germania ( Barbaricum ) from the 1st century AD . The subsequent rise of Carnuntum was closely related to its favorable location at the intersection of two transcontinental trade routes, the Danube and the Amber Road . Carnuntum quickly developed into one of the most important centers of settlement and defense in the northern provinces of the empire. In the course of geophysical investigations, the remains of temporary Roman marshals were identified in the vicinity. Their chronological order must first be clarified through further archaeological excavations. Presumably, the area around the Heidentor was used as a deployment zone or for troop concentration for border security or larger campaigns. It is also noteworthy that the monument was not placed directly on the edge of Limesstrasse (via iuxta Danuvium) or on Bernsteinstrasse, but rather was built between these two very busy traffic routes. Up to the early 5th century Rome managed, with great effort, to hold the upper and middle Danube borders. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the legion camp and civil town were abandoned and fell into disrepair. The buildings were demolished and their building materials were reused - stones from Carnuntum were even found in the masonry of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna . The centuries-long weathering of blown plant material gradually covered most of the foundation and wall remains; the current ground level is about one and a half meters above the ancient. In contrast, the Heidentor remained visible from afar over the centuries.
Research history
As one of the most impressive structures from Austria's Roman past, the monument had long been an attraction for travelers, artists, researchers and interested laypeople. It was badly damaged by stone robbery over centuries and, above all, by detonation with black powder either in the 15th century or in the Turkish War of 1529. With the successive demolition of the building, the attempt was made to get hold of the coveted, larger rectangular blocks, the location of which was clearly known. In some cases, they had even worked their way up to the cast foundation. In the 16th century, the doctor and humanist Wolfgang Lazius first considered its function (city gate or triumphal arch?) And described a. a. also the location of the ancient monument:
" There is still the remnant of a huge gate in the middle of the field, from which the village is only a stone's throw away, not so far from the border between Austria and Hungary, named after St. Petronella "
The classic view as an alleged archway has been considered secure since this time at the earliest. The first (known) pictorial representation by Clemens Beuttler was made in the second half of the 17th century. The explorers Richard Pococke and Jeremiah Milles visited the Heidentor in 1736/37 and interpreted it as the remains of a quadrifron . They also noticed the high number of spoils in the masonry. According to a historically unreliable tradition, Emperor Franz Stephan of Lorraine is said to have ordered the protection of the monument from further destruction around 1775. Nevertheless, stone blocks continued to be broken out of the pillars. In a watercolor painted by Rudolf von Alt in 1837 , the two pillars are depicted as already very much thinned out. By the middle of the 19th century, the destruction had reached such dramatic proportions that public calls for its preservation were made. In 1850 the industrialist Anton Widter from Schwechat prevented the two remaining pillars from being blown up and financed the temporary stabilization structures at the Heidentor. Probably the first archaeological investigations were also carried out. Through an experimental excavation by Josef Dell in 1891, the monument came again into the focus of science. Dell discovered the remains of the central statue base and interpreted the ruins as an ancient grave building.
Widter's security measures, which were massively promoted in the 20th century, initiated the gradual change in the overall appearance of the ruin. Excavations in 1907 did not lead to any new findings. Unfortunately, most of the rubble (approx. 400 m³) created by the collapse or the demolition of the two other pillars was removed without prior investigation and was thus irretrievably lost for research. In 1955, Erich Swoboda partially uncovered a multi-room building in the southwest of the area, perhaps an indication that the monument was still in the densely built-up part of the city. The rapid deterioration of the building fabric that has been observed since 1985 urgently required a general renovation of the building. From 1998 to 2001 a comprehensive project for archaeological appraisal and restoration was started under the direction of Werner Jobst . In order to be able to examine the area completely, the two fallen cast wall blocks had to be lifted a few meters to the east. During the excavations, the pillar foundations, the central area with the figure plinth, the outer surfaces and the surrounding area were primarily excavated. The round base of the emperor's statue was removed down to the lowest layers by the archaeologists. Four of the original six blocks were still in situ . No remains of a floor or paving of the central area could be detected.
Findings
The monument is located on a slightly higher terrace at the intersection of two connecting roads, one of which connected Limes Road with Amber Road. The location was obviously chosen according to topographical and urban planning aspects. The axis cross of the quadrifron is exactly aligned with the cardinal points, which also suggests a foundation ritual. The size ratio 3: 4 shows the architect's intention to coordinate the proportions of the Heidentor as precisely as possible. The unit of measurement used for the construction corresponded to the approx. 29.62 cm long Roman foot (pes Romanus) . By means of structural comparisons with the Janus Arch in Rome , also from the time of Constantius II , it was possible to reconstruct the likely appearance of the monument.
The quadrifrons stood on four massive, square pillars that were connected by a cross barrel vault . Its area was 16.2 × 16.2 m, the 4.35 m wide pillars were at a distance of 5.83 m from each other. They extend beyond the vault zone and carried a horizontal parapet over the entablature . Of the pillars, only the western ones are left today. The completely preserved foundations reveal their alignment on an exactly rectangular floor plan. The cast foundations are covered by a leveling layer made of cuboids that was previously not visible. Its upper edge corresponds to the ancient inspection horizon.
The masonry is extraordinarily strong, as the western pillars and a passage arch remained in place despite the collapse of the eastern pair of pillars. Its building material consists of different types of sand-lime brick and shell limestone. Anthracite black and purple traces of paint on the outer blocks prove that the facade was painted so that the different types of stone used for the construction did not impair the overall appearance. The admixture of the concrete core as well as the stone blocks of the cladding and the bricks were obtained from other (partly also burned down) buildings. The approx. 45 cm high rectangular blocks of the cladding were predominantly used consecration altars (see paragraph Spolia) or stone blocks that were mortared and interlocked during construction. The ancient ground level could be determined under the destruction rubble in the central area. On the north, west and south sides of the monument, the remains of a screed made of lime mortar were exposed.
West pillar
The foundation blocks of the north-east and north-west pillar measured 6 × 6 m, their depth was 2.30–2.40 m. In the lowest layers, they consisted of a layer of dry-laid rubble stones that formed a rectangular foundation bed. On top of that lay a mortar layer made of other layers of rubble. The same foundation structure is assumed for the eastern pair of pillars. The rising masonry of the pillars is still 13.4 or 14.8 m high today and consisted of a cast wall core (Opus Caementicum) , which was covered with ashlar or brick masonry. The cast wall block of the northeast pillar was essentially composed of large and medium-sized rubble stones, that of the southeast pillar of bricks. Except for the height of the apex, the cladding consisted of machined cuboids. The width of this cladding constantly decreases towards the top. In the case of the lower cuboid layer , the so-called euthynery , which encompassed the entire cross-section of the pillar , the outer cladding at the level of the arches consisted of just a row of cuboids. The outer and inner cuboids of these layers were attached to the outer cuboids with dovetail-shaped iron clips or by deep embedding. The passage width of the arch is 5.8 m.
East pillar
From the rising masonry of these two pillars, only the remains of the lower ashlar layers are preserved, everything else fell victim to the stone robbery. The foundations have been surrounded by piles of gravel since 2001, the dimensions of which are intended to reflect the original size and location.
Vault
The cross barrel vault (clear width approx. 5.8 m) was poured in the lower third together with the pillars, the rest was bricked up on formwork and faced with stone slabs. The base of the arch sits on a simply profiled cornice, some remains of which have been preserved in situ . It probably went around all the pillars. Wall templates were attached to the corners of the pillars aligned with the crossing, as can be seen from a cranking of the cornice on the north-west pillar (south-east corner).
Superstructure
According to Wolfram Kleiss, the box-shaped superstructure was two-story, covered with a pyramid roof and reflected the lower arch architecture. Reinhard Pohanka advocates only one storey, which was closed with a flat roof instead of a pyramid-shaped top. A lack of comparison options make an exact reconstruction very difficult. Since there were only a few roof tiles (tegulae) in the excavation rubble , a flat roof is more likely to be assumed for the quadrifrons. The fall block east of the ruin originally belonged to the superstructure segment that was supported by the northeast pillar.
Several marble, half-life-size sculpture fragments (about one meter high) suggest that the quadrifron is decorated with figures. The figures were probably placed in small arched niches at the corners of the attic . In the central area of the attic there was probably also an inscription field. Small remains of the original exterior paneling of the quadrifron have been preserved on the west side. The remainder of a cornice, a high walled area and marble console stones are located above some of the wall blocks. The lower edge of the cornice was accompanied by a series of small-format consoles and, just above the apex of the arch, structured the outer surfaces in height. The marble consoles found there also did not support any overhanging entablature , as the previous reconstructions showed. As we now know, they were part of the upper facade decoration. The overlying wall strip was definitely plastered - some of the numerous remains of the plastered areas painted in purple probably also came from there. Two marble consoles formed the upper end of the attic. Together with the finds, they speak of fragments of small figures and columns for an elaborate decoration of the upper section of the building. Remains of this exterior decoration can still be seen on the west side of the south pillar.
Figure base
During his excavation in the center of the monument, Josef Dell exposed a round foundation with some ashlars of the superstructure still preserved in situ . With this he assembled a base about two meters high, designed according to his interpretation. During the general renovation in 1998–2001, it was dismantled and the parts thoroughly examined again.
The evaluation of the 44 remaining fragments confirmed their function as a statue base. Its foundation measured 2.2 m and consisted of a 1.20 m high layer of roughly worked rubble stones. The lower layers were laid dry, the upper layers were poured over with mortar to a depth of 50 cm. The ashlar blocks of the superstructure were prepared so that they are conical in shape towards the center. The statue base restored on the basis of these new findings shows a stone cylinder about four meters high. It was originally 30 cm higher, had a diameter of 2.1 m and was graduated several times towards the top. The statue of the emperor placed on it was probably slightly larger than life.
Restoration work
Over a period of around 150 years, extensive stabilization measures were carried out on the structure of the Heidentor. The quarry stone walls on the western pillars as well as small-scale renovations with bricks shape the appearance of the monument today. However, they are not comparable to the original state in terms of shape, material or dimensions.
The first wall supports were attached to the west pillars, which were particularly damaged on their underside, in 1850. In 1868 the cornice stones, which were still preserved on the west side above the arch, threatened to fall down together with the section of wall resting on them. The KuK Central Commission for the research and preservation of the architectural monuments then had them secured with iron supports. In 1907, the pillars had to be encased with even more massive retaining walls to prevent them from collapsing. Additional projecting plinths were built on the foundations; Part of the figure plinth in the central room was also re-erected. The brick arch was protected from the weather with a concrete cover. In 1957, damaged areas of the wall were again sealed with cement mortar to prevent the permanent penetration of rainwater. The floor of the central room was filled with stone chips.
During the restoration work from 1998 to 2001, it was a big problem to find out what was still ancient about the ruin and what was subsequently restored or supplemented. The work in the 19th century was poorly documented and difficult to distinguish from the Roman originals. In some cases this could only be clarified by means of mortar analyzes. The main goal was to maintain the current state of the Heidentore. To do this, the causes of the damage had to be eliminated. Over the years u. a. the concrete protective jacket cracked again and had to be resealed. For the pillar tips it was u. a. Glass fiber reinforced and sand-strewn epoxy resin used. At the same time, the building fabric was cleaned as much as possible and freed from salt deposits, lichen and algae. The remains of the eastern pillars have also been preserved. Subsequently, the imbalance of the north and south half-arches had to be balanced out in order to improve the statics of the building. The decay of the Heidentor could be stopped by all these measures, but constant control and maintenance is necessary for this. In order to preserve the building for posterity, control and maintenance measures are planned every three to five years. The only permanent solution would be to erect a protective structure (see also Limestor Dalkingen ).
Spolia
The high number of second-used inscription stones in the masonry of the Heidentor was, as already mentioned, already noticed by Pococke and Milles in the 18th century. This practice of getting cheap and readily available building materials was widespread in late antiquity. The use of such a large number of altars suggests a fundamental change in the religious views of the population, as Christianity had been recognized as a religion for decades and also increasingly gained political influence in the Roman Empire. The inscription stones installed here were mainly temple and sanctuary inventory, which was roughly chiseled into building blocks by chipping off the attachments and decorations. Particularly noteworthy is a Jupiter altar by Gaius Anicius Quintus, who served as a beneficiary in the Legio XIIII. This spoil was found on the south side of the north-west pillar, where it was walled in on the underside of the mantelpiece. It was made visible in 1907 through a viewing window. It was recovered in 1999, and a further specimen was found east of it, but only part of the profiled base was visible. The imprint of the Jupiter altar can still be seen in the mortar of the viewing window. A Diana altar on the southwest pillar was removed from the masonry as early as 1907. In addition, other dedicatory inscriptions for Diana and Apollo (?) In the form of a mortar cast and altars for Silvanus , Mercury or Mithras (?) Were discovered in the building fabric. But the inscriptions on these were no longer legible. A relief recovered from the north-west pillar was probably part of a tomb. During the excavations on the northeastern pillar foundation, two spolia were also uncovered in the lowest layers. Of a consecration altar on the east side, only its upper side with a sacrificial trough can be seen, opposite an architrave fragment was walled in.
Finds
In the center of the quadrifron, mainly broken bricks, pieces of ashlar blocks and spoilage were recovered, including fragments of a larger-than-life imperial statue, which presumably represented Constantius II . The small-scale form of the material is likely to be due to the explosions in the 15th or 16th century.
During the 1998-2001 excavations, over 300 coins were also recovered. This number was sufficient to precisely date the monument. The coins were all minted in the period between Constantine I (306–337 AD) and Valentinian I or Valens (364–378 AD). The largest part, however, came from the reign of the sons of Constantine I.
During the investigations, primarily fall material came to light on the surrounding areas. It mainly consisted of rubble stones, broken bricks, lime mortar, remnants of red plaster, fragments of architectural parts, reliefs and marble statues as well as various ceramic and metal finds (including a dragon's head made of bronze).
The spectrum of pottery shards ranges from simple coarse pottery to fragments of terra sigillata . Of particular interest are the pieces decorated with smoothing, which did not appear until the late 4th century, as well as parts of hand-made vessels. The predominantly gray-tone pottery can be dated to the late 4th century.
Chipped edge fragments of consecration altars suggest that the spolia was dressed up on site. In the vicinity of the monument, a five to eight centimeter thick floor screed and a gravel road in the southwest could be observed.
The numerous brick fragments come from the pillars and the cross vault of the building. They were partly with the stamps of the X., XIIII. Stationed in Carnuntum in the course of time. and XV. Legion provided. In addition, a copy of the COH (ors) I AEL (ia) S (agittariorum), which has also been documented for the Klosterneuburg fort, was recovered. Private brickworks are represented by the stamps of the ATILIA FIRMA and the C (aius) VAL (erius) CONST (ans) KAR (nuntius), which were probably also located there.
Inscriptions
A few remains of inscriptions showed that a building inscription was originally attached to the building. Since only a few fragments could be recovered from it, a reconstruction or interpretation of the text was not possible. So far, only the inscriptions on the altars that have been used have been deciphered.
- The inscription on a tablet that crashed on the west side in 1868 (today in the Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Antikensammlung):
- "... [Iulius V] ale (n) se [t Flaviu] s Adauct [us] / [m] agistri col (legiorum) vet [e] / [r] anoru (m) centonari / oru (m) i (mpensis ) s (uis) p (osuerunt) "
(Iulius Valens and Flavius Adauctus, Head of the Fire Brigade College, have had ... set up with their own resources)
- Inscription of a Weihaltar for Mercury, probably fell on the west side before 1868 (today in the depot of the Archaeological Museum Carnuntum):
- "M (ercurio) s (acrum) / G (aius) Ap (...) / v (otum) s (olvit) l (ibens) m (erito)"
(Dedicated to the god Mercury. Gaius Ap (...) has the vow gladly and for a fee)
The legend of the Roman treasure at the Heidentor
This legend, which is also interesting from the point of view of ethnology, is based on the long tradition of robbery digging in this region, which is rich in archaeological treasures, which is widespread among the local population. In the ancient burial grounds, people often came across materially valuable gifts that added a little to their otherwise meager income. It also describes the technique of penetrating into stone chests covered with heavy stone slabs. Most of the time the treasure hunters broke through the thinner side walls of the sarcophagi. Some of them are exhibited today in the Carnuntinum Museum. The giant is supposed to symbolize the guilty conscience of the treasure hunter.
“One evening a young fellow from Petronell was tending his herd of cattle at the Heidentor. When he was about to drive his cattle home, he saw a bluish flame leaping from the ground near the gate. Since he thought that a treasure was probably hidden at this point, he decided to dig it up the next day. The next evening the flame reappeared and the shepherd marked the spot. On the third day he started digging there. To his delight, he soon came across a stone sarcophagus. When he tried to knock off a corner of the lid, he was suddenly grabbed by the shoulder. Behind him stood a figure in strange clothes who called out to him: “More foolish, this treasure is not meant for you! See your cows there! ”The shepherd, terrified to death, saw that his animals had meanwhile entered a vineyard and were causing great damage there. He quickly jumped out of the pit to drive the cattle back again. That was also his luck, because there was now a tremendous roar and the figure now appeared to him to be much larger than just before. The giant broke a huge piece of brickwork from the gate, hurled it at the hole dug by the boy, and buried the treasure forever. Since then there has been a huge block of wall in the east of the Heidentor. "
Hints
The archaeological landscape of Carnuntum extends from Braunsberg near Hainburg to the banks of the Danube near Petronell / Deutsch Altenburg. It is the center of provincial Roman archeology in Austria. The three core zones of the Carnuntum Archaeological Park include the excavation site with partially rebuilt buildings in the civil town between Bad Deutsch Altenburg and Petronell, the legionary and equestrian camp, a bridgehead fort , the two amphitheaters, the ancient port, the Stadtberg (Pfaffenberg) and the camp service , the about two kilometers from the center of Carnuntum. Most of the ancient buildings including the Heidentor are freely accessible to visitors. The triumphal monument marks the southwest border of the civil town. Coming from Vienna by car, turn right on the outskirts of Petronell (in front of the car park) and after about one kilometer you will reach the show grounds. After the restoration work was completed in 2001, the monument was presented anew; Information boards provide information on the latest research results. A reconstruction model and a true-to-scale three-dimensional graphic on a transparent plastic plate allow the visitor to get a good idea of the original appearance of the gate and the degree of its destruction through the visual overlay with the ruins. Today the Heidentor is a landmark of ancient Austria and the surrounding region of Porta Hungarica . It also serves as the logo of the archaeological park and is also found in the coat of arms of the market town of Petronell-Carnuntum.
Monument protection
The complex is a ground monument within the meaning of the Austrian Monument Protection Act . Investigations and targeted collection of finds without the approval of the Federal Monuments Office constitute a criminal offense. Accidental finds of archaeological objects (ceramics, metal, bones, etc.), as well as all measures affecting the soil, must be reported to the Federal Monuments Office (Department for Ground Monuments).
literature
- Josef Dell : excavations in Carnuntum. In: Archeological-epigraphic messages from Austria-Hungary. 16, 1893, pp. 156-176.
- Reports of the Carnuntum Association. 1890/1891 (1893), pp. 21-41.
- August Obermayer: Roman city Carnuntum. Ruins / excavations / finds. Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Vienna 1967, pp. 216–222.
- Sándor Soproni : The Heidentor of Carnuntum. In: Folia Archeologica. 29, 1978, pp. 125-132.
- Wolfram Kleiss : Comments on the so-called Heidentor in Carnuntum. In: Germania. 60, 1982, pp. 222-228.
- Reinhard Pohanka: To a new reconstruction of the Heidentore of Carnuntum. In: Communications from the Society of Friends of Carnuntum. 2, 1982, pp. 7-24.
- Werner Jobst , Herma Stiglitz , Manfred Kandler: Provincial capital Carnuntum. Austria's largest archaeological landscape. Austrian Bundesverlag, Vienna 1983, pp. 39–40.
- Herwig Friesinger , Fritz Krinzinger (ed.): The Roman Limes in Austria, guide to the archaeological monuments. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1997, p. 268.
- Jasmine Cencic, C. Gazdac, Werner Jobst, Klaus Müller, Ulrike Schuh: The Heidentor of Carnuntum. Excavations, research and finds 1998–1999. In: Carnuntum yearbook. 2000, pp. 135-275.
- Werner Jobst: The Heidentor of Carnuntum. A late antique triumphal monument on the Danube Limes. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-7001-2973-4 .
- Klaus Müller: Building research. In: Werner Jobst: The Heidentor of Carnuntum. A late antique triumphal monument on the Danube Limes. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-7001-2973-4 , pp. 114-139.
- Werner Jobst (Ed.): The Heidentor of Carnuntum. A guide. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-7001-3076-7 .
- Josef Mühlenbrock: Tetrapylon. On the history of the four-gate arched monument in Roman architecture. Münster 2003, ISBN 3-932610-26-1 , pp. 291-295.
- Erwin Reidinger , Wilfried Greiner, Markus Jobst, Werner Jobst: The Heidentor in Carnuntum and the Janus Quadrifrons in Rome - structural analysis and comparison. In: Carnuntum yearbook. 2007, pp. 121-174.
- Christian Gugl: Carnuntum. Legion camp - cannabae legionis - auxiliary fort - city. In: Verena Gassner, Andreas Pülz (Hrsg.): The Roman Limes in Austria. Guide to the archaeological monuments. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-7001-7787-6 , pp. 288–289.
- Michael Doneus, Christian Gugl, Nives Doneus: The Carnuntiner canabae - a model for Roman camp suburbs? From aerial photography to a settlement archeological synthesis. The Roman Limes in Austria, No. 47, Vienna 2013.
Web links
- Entry on Petronell-Carnuntum in the database of the state's memory for the history of Lower Austria ( Museum Niederösterreich )
- Entry in the AUSTRIA FORUM
- Heidentor in three-dimensional view of Lower Austria 3D
Remarks
- ^ Rudolf Noll: The "Heidentor" of Carnuntum in the Middle Ages. In: Our home (Lower Austria). NF 21, 1950, pp. 147-149.
- ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica , Scriptores , Volume 17, Hannover 1861, p. 238 (digitized version)
- ^ Jobst, 1983, p. 15; Obermayer 1967, p. 222.
- ↑ Doneus / Gugl 2013, pp. 210–211.
- ↑ Jobst, 2002, pp. 6-10, 53-54.
- ^ Jobst, 2002, p. 14.
- ^ Jobst, 2002, p. 23.
- ^ Jobst, 2002, p. 15.
- ^ Josef Dell: Excavations in Carnuntum. In: Archeological-epigraphic messages from Austria-Hungary. 16, 1893, pp. 156-176.
- ↑ Reidinger, Greiner, Jobst, Jobst, 2007, pp. 121–174.
- ↑ Obermayer, 1967, p. 216.
- ↑ Jobst, 2002, pp. 45–46, 52.
- ^ Jobst, 2002, pp. 18, 49.
- ^ Jobst, 2002, p. 47.
- ^ Jobst, 2002, p. 48.
- ^ Jobst, 2002, p. 45.
- ^ Jobst, 2002, pp. 16, 23.
- ↑ Jobst, 2002, pp. 55–59.
- ↑ AE 2000, 1206 .
- ↑ Jobst, 2002, pp. 31–34.
- ↑ CIL 3, 4496 a.
- ↑ AE 2000, 1205 .
- ↑ Andreas Bichl, Monika Griebl, Marcello La Speranza, Brigitte Reisinger: Experience archeology. Carnuntum, Vindobona, Bernsteinstrasse. Pichler, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85431-308-X , p. 35.
- ↑ Wilhelmine Kolbàbek: Sagenschatz from the district Bruck an der Leitha. Publishing house of the district school council, Bruck a. d. Leitha 1961.
- ↑ Jobst, 2002, pp. 10, 61–62.
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