Limestor Dalkingen

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Limestor Dalkingen
limes ORL Wp 12/81 ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Rhaetian Limes,
route 12
Dating (occupancy) around 160 AD to around 233/34 AD (useful life)
Type Triumphal monument / border crossing
size a) 13.3 m × 14.5 m, timber construction phase
b) 12.6 m × 9.3 m, stone construction phase
Construction a) wood
b) stone
State of preservation Masonry preserved and restored
place Dalkingen
Geographical location 48 ° 55 '36.7 "  N , 10 ° 9' 20.2"  E
height 465  m above sea level NHN
Previous Fort Buch (southwest)
Subsequently Halheim Fort (northeast)
The Limestor in its historical setting.

The Limestor Dalkingen is a unique Roman triumphal monument on the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes and is one of its most impressive ruins. Since 2005, the ancient border crossing, which was expanded to form the Triumphal Gate under Emperor Caracalla, together with the entire Roman Limes complex in Germany, has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is part of the open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes, which was set up in 1972 and which also includes the nearby Buch fort and its civil settlement. The gate, which was declared a cultural monument in 2006 , is located between the villages of Schwabsberg and Dalkingen in the Ostalbkreis , Baden-Württemberg .

location

In ancient times , the gate must have been visible from afar, as it was erected in an exposed position on a hilltop. The field and hiking trail from Schwabsberg to Dalkingen, which follows the course of the Limes, now passes north of this former border crossing. The actual show facade of the gatehouse was in the south. From there came the travelers who wanted to leave the area of ​​the Roman Empire in order to get to the free, unoccupied part of Germania ( Germania magna ) . For many of them, the Buch castle , located around two kilometers southwest with its civilian settlement ( vicus ), was the last stop before or first after the border. As the rich and often valuable found goods there show, the residents of Buch are likely to have achieved some prosperity through border trade.

Research history

As the field name "Mäuerlesbüsche" shows, the knowledge of an old structure near Dalkingen has been preserved for a very long time. Apparently the remains of the gate were visible for a long time. The first known excavation of this site took place in the early 19th century. In 1873, the archaeologist Ernst von Herzog (1834–1911) visited the site as part of his surveying work on the Roman border. The finds recovered at that time are considered lost. In addition to ceramics, he found the bronze fragment of a female statuette. In his report published in 1880 it is also documented that the “remains of a tower” had been excavated and that there was still “masses” of rubble lying around. He also reported on a slab stolen from the rubble mound in 1873, which was used as an entrance step to the Dalkingen churchyard. In the course of his work on the Limestor, the archaeologist Dieter Planck managed to find this limestone slab again in 1974. After the asphalting of Kirchstrasse in 1962, the 1.23 × 1.21 meter workpiece was replaced by an exposed aggregate concrete slab and placed behind the cemetery. The piece, which was only examined more closely from 2010, has a wolf hole on one side . It may have served as a pedestal for an imperial statue that was placed inside the triumphal arch-like Limestor.

In the spring of 1885 excavations took place again under the state curator Eduard Paulus the Younger (1837–1907) at the Limestor, during which the former chief of staff of the Württemberg army, Eduard von Kallée (1818–1888), who was enthusiastic about antiquity , took over the photo documentation. In 1886 there was a report by the archeology pioneer Karl August von Cohausen (1812-1894), who also presented a first reconstruction for the Limestor. As a result, no more scientific studies took place. The archaeologist Oscar Paret (1889–1972), who in 1934 worked on the previous state of research for the publication of the Limes work, did not rely on the findings of Paul and the publication of Cohausen for reasons that are inexplicable today, but instead made a different plan without digging his own the system. As a result, he imagined the Limestor to be a field watch , a small fort, which structurally corresponded to the adjacent facilities. Planck assumed that Paret could not understand the older research results. The consequence of this entry in the Limeswerk was that it was published for decades that in 1885/86 the function and importance of the structure would not have been properly recognized.

It was only in the course of the land consolidation that the Baden-Württemberg State Monuments Office carried out a comprehensive survey from September 25 to November 23, 1973 and from June 1 to July 30, 1974 under the direction of Planck. At that time there was a risk that the system, which was still visible as a two meter high rubble hill, would be leveled in the course of road works. With the help of modern working methods, the building could then be clearly interpreted as a Limestor that had been rebuilt several times with adjoining rooms for a border guard.

In 1975 the restored facility was opened to the public as part of the European Year of Monument Protection. Since the Limestor Dalkingen is the only building on the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes that has been expanded into a monument with a triumphal arch-like facade and, in its last design, apparently in the context of a datable visit by Emperor Caracalla, it had a special one very early on Preserved status among the ancient legacies in the immediate Roman border area. According to a fragmentary inscribed source, the Acta Fratrum Arvalium , the emperor crossed the Rhaetian border on August 11, 213 in the fight against the Teutons . In research at home and abroad, this border crossing was repeatedly associated with the Limestor. Among the proponents of this theory in 1988 were the Swiss archaeologists Walter Drack (1917–2000) and Rudolf Fellmann (1925–2013) Archaeologist Harald von Petrikovits (1911-2010) had also raised votes against this idea.

The protective structure erected in 2010

When an extensive general renovation was completed in 2000, the gate was opened to the public again in the presence of Planck. In January 2003, the school and culture committee of the Ostalb district voted for the future preservation of the facility under a protective structure. In 2005, together with the entire Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, it was declared a World Heritage Site and in 2006 the Stuttgart Regional Council declared the Limestor a particularly protected cultural monument. The cost of a protective structure in the amount of 1,870,000 euros came from funding from the European Union , the Baden-Württemberg State Foundation at the time , the State Office for Monument Preservation, the Baden-Württemberg Monument Foundation and the School and Culture Committee of the Ostalb district. The 16-meter-high steel-and-glass construction, which cuts through the oldest wooden predecessor of the Limestore, encases parts of the more recent ancient building findings on an area of ​​23 × 21 meters. The construction work carried out in the summer of 2010 not only protects the covered ancient substance, but also lowers the renovation and maintenance costs previously necessary. The height of the protective structure, which can be entered at fixed opening times and which dominates the previously lonely place with its idiosyncratic architectural design, results from the assumed height of the former Limestor. Its possible antique appearance and its dimensions are indicated inside the construction with printed strips of fabric that hang in original size over the preserved stone stumps of the gate.

  • The Limestor was built in six expansion phases (1995).

  • Facade of the Limestore with Opus reticulatum masonry in 1995

  • View from the southeast (1995)

  • View from the southeast (2009)

  • South view 2009. To the left and right of the passage the Opus reticulatum masonry

Building history

Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Phase 5
Phase 6

In total, the archaeologists were able to determine six successive construction phases on the still unusually well-preserved building remains, whereby the different periods of expansion of the Rhaetian Wall became clear. The guards for the gatehouse, or the teams that kept the watchtowers at the same place, were certainly provided by the nearby Buch castle.

Phase 1

The Roman military first became active at this site around 160 AD. The dendrochronologically evaluable material from the camp village (vicus) of Rainau-Buch about 2.1 kilometers away could support this consideration. In addition to Planck, the archaeologist Sebastian Sommer also supported this dating approach with regard to the layout of the entire Rhaetian and “Vorderen Limes”. The earliest absolute dating from the Buch camp village is known to date from May / June 161 AD at the latest. As the ascertained individual post pits suggest, a Roman construction team first erected a simple wattle fence along the intended border line as an obstacle to the approach. This fence was in the area of ​​the gate, which was built later, but about two to five meters deeper in the Barbaricum than the younger Rhaetian Wall. Immediately to the west of the foundations of the Limes Gate was a deep post trench built in a square , which could possibly be interpreted as the remains of a 5.5 × 5.5 meter wooden Limes watchtower. The northern half of this tower, which had already been destroyed, could no longer be archaeologically recorded. In front of the northwestern and southeastern flank of this tower, the wattle fence may have failed, whereby Planck assumed in his more recent considerations that there could have been a narrow slip gate between the southeast flank and the end of the fence there . The postings found along the southwest side of the tower would have obscured the view of the gate from the south and could be addressed as an additional security measure.

Phase 2

In 1969 on the southern edge of Schwabsberg in the area of ​​the Jagst lowland, which has been swampy since ancient times, semicircular split oak trunks were recovered as parts of the wooden Limes palisade , which were examined in 1975 in four samples by the dendrochronologist Ernst Hollstein (1918–1988). All samples came from the "late year 165, possibly spring 166 AD". In 1974 the palisade was again archaeologically cut in this area. Seven samples were then sent to the dendrochronologist Bernd Becker for analysis . He dated the woods in 1976 to the year 165 AD. Timber from the Rotenbachtal near Schwäbisch Gmünd provided the relevant information . There, on the border with the province of Germania superior , this wood was used to build a shoring that was probably built in AD 164 (see Kleindeinbach small fort ). The exposed post pits in the area of ​​the Limestore also belong to this period. Only a few years after the wattle fence was erected, they mark a new phase of expansion.

The fence was removed; Around three meters to the north, a wooden palisade made of oak trunks was built close together, for which a narrow trench had to be dug. At regular intervals, the excavators found semicircular bulges on the inside of the trench from a rear reinforcement created with the palisade. In more recent considerations, Planck assumed that the slip gate would also be converted into a regular border crossing. The palisade trench coming from the southeast was aligned roughly with the eastern corner of the wooden tower. However, like the older wattle fence, it left a passage open between its end and the corner of the tower. The palisade ditch bent at right angles to the southwest around three and a half meters in front of the south-east flank of the tower and bypassed the tower at the same distance on its south-west side and then, parallel to the north-western tower flank, led back to the north-east and connected to the western corner of the tower. An open courtyard was created around the tower on two sides, which may already be suitable for regular border controls.

Phase 3

In a further expansion phase - after the construction of the palisade - a first wooden gate was built southeast of the tower. In the bottom filling of its post trenches, which were unusually deep with up to 1.1 meters, a well-preserved sesterce from the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161) was found next to some ceramic shards . The not particularly worn coin was minted in Rome between 140 and 144 AD. In the past, the datable Terra Sigillata was also assigned to the first half of the 2nd century.

The 13.3 × 14.5 meter, symmetrically laid out wooden building with a largely rectangular floor plan was set up in post pits up to 1.1 meters deep. The wooden structure already had a passage leading from south to north. On both sides of the central corridor three rooms were to be made out in the northwest and four in the southeast. There you can imagine a guardhouse, parlors and the administrative area for border traffic. As the findings on the post trenches suggest, the wooden Limes tower was probably embedded in the new facility and was still used. Research has found certain similarities between the Limestor and the small mile forts on Hadrian's Wall in northern England . There, too, there were controlled passages into the unoccupied part. During the excavation, the deep post trenches gave the impression that the logs had been excavated before the stone structure was erected in phase 5.

It is assumed that a road leading from Fort Aalen via Fort Buch into Barbaricum was the reason for the construction of the Limestore. Planck called this street a main connection to the Aalen military base. While the course of this military and trade route can be narrowed down in the area of ​​the former Roman Empire, its traces can no longer be traced in the unoccupied part of Germania.

Phase 4

Possibly shortly before the turn of the 3rd century, the wooden tower had obviously become dilapidated. As a replacement, a 5 × 4.8 meter stone foundation was built around seven meters behind the Limes palisade on the south-eastern flank of the Limestore, which Planck found still in good condition. The rising construction of this tower can be interpreted either as a complete stone tower or as a wooden tower with a stone foundation. The wooden gate construction remained unchanged in this phase.

Phase 5

The stone Limes wall was expanded during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211), as indicated by dendrochronologically examined woods from the substructure of the wall at Dambach Castle . They were felled in the winter of AD 206/207. For the construction of the wall, both the wooden passage and the tower from phase 4 were demolished down to the foundation. The Limes wall coming from the southeast now ran directly over its northern flank, before it cut the dismantled wooden gate in the middle and bent to the west on its area. At the same time, a 12.6 × 9.3 meter stone building was erected above the wooden structure, slightly shifted to the south-east, which took over the function of the lock from the previous building and with its northern front directly connected to the Rhaetian Wall. In the middle of this front, the researchers were able to make out the imprint of a massive swelling stone on the ground in the direction of the Limes wall, which illustrates its function as a passage. As a replacement for the demolished tower with the stone foundation, a new tower could have been erected in the vicinity of the passage, the location of which, however, is not yet known.

Phase 6

Probably in 213 AD the southern wall of the Limes passage was completely removed again in connection with the Germanic campaign of Caracallas . It was replaced by an up to 3.4 meters wide, richly articulated, completely symmetrical magnificent facade, which had a much deeper foundation than the other parts of the building. It towered over all other buildings. The eastern and western surfaces of the facade were faced with tufa-lime . The south side of the carefully crafted facade has two protruding rectangular pilasters on each side of the single-lane, approximately 2.1 meter wide passage , between which elaborate net masonry ( opus reticulatum ) made of sintered lime stones was inserted in a recessed frame. The triumphal arch-like character of the layered masonry in front is clearly reinforced by these details. Many conspicuous small finds speak for the particularity of the facility. Particularly noteworthy are around 50 bronze fragments of a larger-than-life tank statue of excellent quality, most of which were picked up on the front of the southwestern front of the former archway. The statue's sword pommel adorned with an eagle's head and other stylistic elements refer to the early 3rd century. According to studies by the ancient scientist András Alföldi (1895–1981), research assumes that it was an imperial statue.

Planck saw the Limestor as a possible transition point for the Roman army during the Germanic campaign in AD 213. This could be supported by the fact that the most important fort on the Rhaetian Limes, the Reiterkastell Aalen with its 1000-strong regular crew, was only a few kilometers southwest of the Limestore and from this garrison there was a direct road connection to the Limestor. Possible opponents of Rome could in this context, the Alemanni been his.

The archaeologist Dietwulf Baatz first raised objections to Planck's interpretation of construction phase 6 as a magnificent Limestor in 1993. He interpreted the reconstruction that was carried out at that time as a sanctuary built on the Limes wall with a roofed cella . However, since Baatz could not provide any evidence-heavy reasons for his assumption, he was left with this view alone.

Buildings in the area

Lime kiln

To connect the Dalkingen sewer with the Schwabsberg sewage treatment plant, a canal ditch was dug around 100 meters south of the Limestore in 1978. During this work, the excavator cut into a kiln and some pits. The investigation of the site was carried out from June 16, 1978 to June 26, 1978 by the Department of Soil Monument Preservation of the Baden-Württemberg State Monuments Office under the direction of Dieter Planck. The most important finding the excavators were able to identify was a round lime kiln with a diameter of around 4.20 meters. The hemispherical furnace pit was set about 1.30 meters deep into the Lias marl . At its bottom there was an almost rectangular shaft 0.70 meters deep. The excavators were able to observe air supply ducts with charcoal clinging to the bottom and leading to the pit. The southern part of the pit was bordered by a mortarless wall made of rubble stones in which there were slots for the air supply ducts. Although no finds could be made in the entire furnace area, the excavators speculated that the lime kiln had been built for the construction of the Raetian wall or the Limestore and was therefore probably Roman.

Small fort?

Geophysical investigations carried out in 2012 and 2014 produced another finding around 50 meters southeast of the Limestore. It was a previously unexcavated square stone building on an area of ​​around 20 × 20 meters, which the archaeologist Stephan Bender classified as a small Roman fort. The north-eastern flank of the small building is oriented almost exactly on the course of the Limes.

Downfall

As the findings at the gatehouse, which was most likely also inhabited by the guards, show that the facility burned down and was not rebuilt afterwards. In the past, the end of Dalkingen was associated with the Alemanni incursions in 233/234 AD. A denarius minted between 231 and 235 AD from the reign of Emperor Severus Alexander (222 to 235 AD) is considered the final coin at the Limestor. However, since there is no evidence of an Alemanni attack between 233 and 234 in the nearby vicus of Buch fort, the Germanic attack could not have taken place until the early summer of AD 254. At that time the Buch village went down in a fire disaster. To what extent the Rhaetian border line in the Dalking area remained intact until the final fall of the Limes in the years 259/260 is still unknown today.

More finds

Militaria

In addition to the fragments of the bronze statue, eight bronze fibulae in bow, swastika, ribbon and S-shape from the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries were recovered. In addition, the fragment of a masked helmet is also worth mentioning, a typical item of equipment used by cavalry troops. The horse harness fragments made of bronze, partly tinned brooches and decorative buttons also matched. The assault weapons preserved include seven lance tips. Four of them could be related to a cultic act. They were found rammed into the undisturbed ground, two in front of the south-west front to the left and right of the access road to the Limes Gate and one each on the east and west side of the Limes passage. Other military found objects included a fragment of a dagger sheath and a bronze chape from the ground. The decoration of this chape with heart-shaped cutouts was typical for the equipment of the Roman military from the end of the 2nd century, when the spathe had become the main weapon in close combat. The presence of long-range weapons at the Limestor is made clear by projectile bolts that were shot down by fast-firing torsion guns.

Construction tools, other iron finds, bones

Various tools are also part of the finds. These include a hammer, an iron awl , a spoon drill, a scraper for woodworking, an ax, fragments of at least two iron casting spoons and a casting pan. Iron knives, keys and the remains of scissors were also discovered. Animal bones showed clear traces of chopping that had occurred when the meat was cut up. Together with the militaria, these finds and findings indicate a continuous occupation of the Limes passage by the Roman military.

Ceramic and stone work pieces

A large number of ceramic shards from the gate could be cataloged, with the late terra sigillata from Rheinzabern ( tabernae ) and pots with heart and sickle-shaped profiles completely missing. The almost life-size head of a bearded man with a laurel wreath made of sandstone, which also comes from the gate, is remarkable. A portrait of the emperor can also be assumed here.

Coins

During the excavations from 1973 to 1974, 15 coins were recovered, which are now kept in the Württemberg State Museum and the Limes Museum in Aalen . The series begins with two coins from Hadrian, followed by two coins from Antoninus Pius. Another find, the coin No. 7, a sesterce of Marcus Aurelius, does not come from the investigation at that time.

Embossing Face value Dating Mint State of preservation
Hadrianus Dupondius 119-121 Rome heavily rubbed off
Hadrianus As 134-138 Rome worn
Antoninus Pius Sestertius 140-144 Rome beautiful
Antoninus Pius As 145-161 Rome very nice
Commemorative coin for Faustina I Sestertius 141-161 Rome something corroded
Commemorative coin for Faustina I As or Dupondius 141-161 Rome Heavily worn
Marcus Aurelius Sestertius Dec. 163 - Aug. 164 Rome Heavily worn
Lucilla As 161-169 Rome worn
Lucilla As 161-169 Rome beautiful
Commodus Sestertius 183-186 Rome worn
Commodus Sestertius 186-187 Rome worn
Septimius Severus Denarius 200-201 Rome excellent
Elagabal Denarius 218-222 Rome corroded
Severus Alexander Denarius 226 Rome beautiful
Severus Alexander Denarius 227 Rome very nice
Severus Alexander Denarius 231-235 Rome very nice

Monument protection

The Limestor Dalkingen and the aforementioned ground monuments have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage as a section of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes since 2005 . In addition, the facilities are cultural monuments according to the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and accidental finds are reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . 4th edition. Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 , pp. 263ff.
  • Stephan Bender : New research in the area of ​​the Limestore near Dalkingen (Wp. 12/81) . In: Report of the Bavarian Bodendenkmalplege 56, 2015, pp. 81–89.
  • Stephan Bender: The pedestal from Wp 12/81 near Rainau-Dalkingen . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th Colloquium of the German Limes Commission (=  contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site 6), Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 109–121.
  • Richard Kamm: The Limes Gate near Dalkingen and its legacy . In: Geschichts- und Altertumsverein Ellwangen (ed.): Ellwanger year book . Volume 41, 2006/07, pp. 463-479.
  • Wolfram Kleiss: Comments on the Limestor near Dalkingen . In: Germania . Bulletin of the Roman-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute . Zabern, Mainz 1988, ISSN  0016-8874 , pp. 176-182.
  • Dieter Planck: To the Limestor of Dalkingen, community Rainau, Ostalbkreis . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 6). Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 99-107
  • Dieter Planck: The Limestor near Dalkingen. Gateway to the civilized world. With a contribution by Meinrad Filgis. In: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 , pp. 130-133.
  • Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , pp. 142-146.
  • Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 .
  • Dieter Planck: Rainau-Dalkingen. Limestor. In: Walter Sölter (Ed.): The Roman Germania from the air . 2nd edition, Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1983, ISBN 3-7857-0298-1 , pp. 57-58.
  • Dieter Planck: New investigations on the Raetian Limes near Dalkingen, Ostalbkreis (Baden-Württemberg) . In: Studies on the Military Borders of Rome II . Habelt, Bonn 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , pp. 231-234.
  • Dieter Planck: New excavations on the Limes (= Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany [= Writings of the Limes Museum Aalen ]. 12), Gentner, Stuttgart 1975, p. 13ff.

Electronic media

  • Barbara Filtzinger: The Limestor near Dalkingen . University Library Tübingen, Tübingen 2003, video / DVD.

Web links

Commons : Limestor Dalkingen  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd, completely revised edition. Konrad Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 146; Gabriele Seitz: Rainau Book I. Stone buildings in the Roman fort vicus of Rainau-Buch (Ostalbkreis). Theiss, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8062-1433-6 , p. 5.
  2. ↑ Kastell book at 48 ° 54 '34.98 "  N , 10 ° 8' 42.56"  O .
  3. ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd, completely revised edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 140.
  4. ↑ a b Dieter Planck: New excavations on the Limes (= Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany. No. 12). Gentner, Stuttgart 1975, p. 13.
  5. ↑ a b c d Dieter Planck: To the Limestor of Dalkingen, community Rainau, Ostalbkreis . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 6). Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 99-107; here: p. 100.
  6. ↑ Dieter Planck: The Upper Germanic and Rhaetian Limes . In: Rise and Fall of the Roman World . Volume 2, 5, 1. de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-11-006690-4 , p. 432.
  7. ↑ Stephan Bender: The pedestal base from Wp 12/81 near Rainau-Dalkingen . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 6). Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 109-121; here: p. 110.
  8. ↑ Stephan Bender: The pedestal base from Wp 12/81 near Rainau-Dalkingen . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 6). Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 109-121; here: pp. 111–114.
  9. ^ For example: Dieter Planck: The Upper Germanic and Rhaetian Limes . In: Rise and Fall of the Roman World . Volume 2, 5, 1. de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-11-006690-4 , p. 432.
  10. ^ Dieter Planck: To the Limestor of Dalkingen, community Rainau, Ostalbkreis . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 6). Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 99-107; here: p. 101.
  11. ^ Dieter Planck: Restoration and reconstruction of Roman buildings in Baden-Württemberg . In: Günter Ulbert , Gerhard Weber (ed.): Conserved history? Ancient buildings and their preservation . Konrad Theiss, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8062-0450-0 , p. 140.
  12. ↑ a b c d Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany. 2nd, completely revised edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 145.
  13. ↑ CIL 6, 2086 = Hermann Dessau , Inscriptiones Latinae selectae , No. 451: per limitem Raetiae ad hostes extirpandos barbarorum terram introiturus est.
  14. ↑ Dieter Planck (Ed.): Archeology in Württemberg. Results and perspectives of archaeological research from the Paleolithic to modern times. Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0542-6 , p. 275.
  15. ↑ Walter Drack , Rudolf Fellmann : The Romans in Switzerland. Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0420-9 , p. 71.
  16. ↑ Harald von Petrikovits : The Rhineland in Roman times, with an overview of the Rhenish prehistory . 2 volumes, Schwann, Düsseldorf 1980, ISBN 3-590-34205-6 , p. 317.
  17. ↑ Archeology Online, March 9, 2007  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Link dead on March 28, 2013@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.archaeologie-online.de  
  18. ^ Dieter Planck: To the Limestor of Dalkingen, community Rainau, Ostalbkreis . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 6). Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 99-107; here: p. 105.
  19. ^ [1] Decision of the school and culture committee of the Ostalb district. Retrieved July 21, 2010, link dead on March 28, 2013; [2]  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Marbacher Zeitung, June 15, 2010: Pleidelsheim-based company protects world cultural heritage. Retrieved from the former pages of the Marbacher Zeitung on July 21, 2010; at a new address at the Stuttgarter Zeitung on September 22, 2012. Link dead on March 28, 2013.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / content.stuttgarter-zeitung.de  
  20. ↑ a b c Dieter Planck: To the Limestor of Dalkingen, community Rainau, Ostalbkreis . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 6). Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 99-107; here: p. 102.
  21. ↑ C. Sebastian Sommer: On the dating of the Raetian Limes . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 6). Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 137-147; here: p. 138.
  22. ^ Bernhard Albert Greiner: The fort vicus of Rainau book: History of settlement and correction of the dendrochronological data . In: Ludwig Wamser, Bernd Steidl: New research on Roman settlement between the Upper Rhine and Enns . Bernhard Albert Greiner, Remshalden-Grunbach 2002, ISBN 3-935383-09-6 , p. 83.
  23. ^ Dieter Planck: To the Limestor of Dalkingen, community Rainau, Ostalbkreis . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 6). Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 99-107; here: pp. 102 and 104, there Fig. 8.
  24. ↑ a b c d Dieter Planck: The Upper Germanic and Rhaetian Limes. In: Rise and Fall of the Roman World . Volume 2, 5, 1. de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-11-006690-4 , p. 435.
  25. ^ Ernst Hollstein: Central European Oak Chronology. von Zabern, Mainz 1980, ISBN 3-8053-0096-4 , p. 115.
  26. ^ Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 488.
  27. ↑ Bernd Becker: Felling dates for Roman construction timbers based on a 2350 year old South German oak tree ring chronology . In find reports from Baden-Württemberg . Volume 6. Konrad Theiss, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-8062-1252-X , pp. 369-386, doi: 10.11588 / fbbw.1981.0.26390 .
  28. ↑ a b c d e f Dieter Planck: To the Limestor of Dalkingen, community Rainau, Ostalbkreis . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 6). Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 99-107; here: p. 103.
  29. ^ A b Dieter Planck: Rainau-Dalkingen - Limestor . In: Walter Sölter (Ed.): The Roman Germania from the air . 2nd Edition. Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1983, ISBN 3-7857-0298-1 , p. 58.
  30. ↑ a b Dieter Planck: New excavations on the Limes (= Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany. No. 12). Gentner, Stuttgart 1975, p. 14.
  31. ↑ Dieter Planck: The Upper Germanic and Rhaetian Limes. In: Rise and Fall of the Roman World. Volume 2, 5, 1. de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-11-006690-4 , p. 433.
  32. ↑ Hans-Peter Stika: Roman times plant remains from Baden-Württemberg. Contributions to agriculture, nutrition and the environment in the Roman provinces of Upper Germany and Raetia (= material booklets for archeology in Baden-Württemberg. Volume 36). Theiss, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8062-1285-6 , p. 57.
  33. ↑ Wolfgang Czysz, Franz Herzig: The pile grid in the Kreutweiher near the Limes fort Dambach. First dendrochronological results. In: Report of the Bavarian Heritage Monument Care , 49, 2008, pp. 221–227.
  34. ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd, completely revised edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , pp. 144-145.
  35. ^ A b Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 489.
  36. ↑ Martin Kemkes : The image of the emperor on the border - A new large bronze fragment from the Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (Ed.): Research on the function of the Limes. Volume 2. Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-2117-6 , p. 144; Photos under Arachne : bronze sword pommel with eagle pommel ; Fragment of a breastplate with fringes
  37. ↑ a b Dieter Planck: The Upper Germanic and Rhaetian Limes. In: Rise and Fall of the Roman World. Volumes 2, 5, 1, de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-11-006690-4 , p. 440.
  38. ↑ Hans Huber, Dieter Planck, in: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg , 8, 1983, pp. 341–342.
  39. ↑ The opening event “Am Limes limitless” in Dalkingen thrills visitors. Press release www.denkmalpflege-bw.de from June 7th, 2017
  40. ^ A b Dieter Planck: New investigations on the Rhaetian Limes near Dalkingen, Ostalbkreis (Baden-Württemberg). In: Studies on the military borders of Rome. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in the Germania inferior. Rheinland-Verlag, Pulheim 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , p. 232.
  41. ^ Bernhard Albert Greiner: The fort vicus of Rainau book: History of settlement and correction of the dendrochronological data . In: Ludwig Wamser, Bernd Steidl: New research on Roman settlement between the Upper Rhine and Enns . Bernhard Albert Greiner, Remshalden-Grunbach 2002, ISBN 3-935383-09-6 , pp. 85 and 88.
  42. ↑ a b c Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 , p. 87.
  43. ↑ Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 , p. 86.
  44. ↑ a b Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 , p. 85.
  45. ↑ Dieter Planck: New excavations on the Limes (= Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany. No. 12). Gentner, Stuttgart 1975, p. 15.
  46. ↑ Karlhorst Stribrny (edit.): The coins found in the Roman period in Germany. Department II. Baden-Württemberg. Volume 4: North Württemberg. Addendum 1 . Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1716-0 , p. 23; Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 , p. 77.
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on June 3, 2010 in this version .