Dambach Castle

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Dambach Castle
Alternative name Hammerschmiede fort
limes ORL 69 ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Rhaetian Limes,
route 13
Dating (occupancy) pre-Cantonese (?) , perhaps after 150 AD
until 260 AD at the latest.
Type a) Numerus fort
b) Cohort fort
unit a) Number
b) possibly Cohors II Aquitanorum equitata
size a) 115 × 85 = 0.97 ha
b) 187 × 115 = 2.15 ha
Construction a) wood (?)
b) stone
State of preservation not visible
place Ehingen - Dambach
Geographical location 49 ° 6 '9.7 "  N , 10 ° 34' 42.9"  E
height 445  m above sea level NHN
Previous Ruffenhofen Fort (southwest)
Subsequently Gunzenhausen Fort (east)
Backwards Unterschwaningen Castle (south-southeast)
Gnotzheim Castle (southeast)
The map shows the archaeological findings found at the fort and vicus up to 2010.

The fort Dambach , in the historical literature as the castle forge known, a Roman military camp , that of the most Rhaetian Limes, a part of UNESCO World Heritage Site collected Upper German-Rhaetian Limes was built, and today largely unüberbaut, but not visible on the districts east of the village Dambach , part of the municipality Ehingen , in the district of Ansbach in Bavaria . Its elongated shape, due to the history of its construction, makes it unique in this type on the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes. Dambach also receives its special historical position through the late construction of the stone fort, its two large camp villages and the partly unique finds due to the soil that has retained moisture since ancient times. A local spring shrine with a large number of votive offerings is also important.

location

The fort, located only 100 meters behind the Limes, was founded in a flat topographical hemisphere on a hill that rises only slightly to the west. This basin is cut through by the gently formed valley of the Moosgraben, which runs from the northwest to the southeast towards the Mühlbach and in this extension takes up the Arrabach at the Unterschwaningen fort . The underground of the fort has always remained marshy land due to the pending baselette, a layer of clay , which has led to uniquely well-preserved wood findings, especially in the vicus , the camp village. The Limes comes north of the fort from a south-westerly direction, descends into the Moosgrabental and runs up the slope on the eastern side of the valley into the "Heide", a large forest that extends northwards. There, 250 meters from the fort square, around 50 meters behind the Limes wall, there are light earth walls that delimit an oval area where, in Roman times, there was probably a small amphitheater in wood and earth construction, as there were several times at Limes forts. From the fort, the crew was able to contact the neighboring Limes watchtowers and the presumed signaling station on the southwestern Hesselberg , which dominates the landscape. Nevertheless, the visibility is so limited by the location of the fortification in a hemisphere that its foundation in this place leaves questions unanswered. Since the area at Fort Dambach has lost its historical design in modern times due to strong human interventions, such as the construction of ponds (including the destruction of parts of the fort's fortifications, the camp village and the Limes) as well as clay mining by a brickworks that worked on the camp site until the First World War the ancient situation can only be experienced to a very limited extent on site. The topographically not very favorable location of the fort in the damp, swampy Muldental of the Moosgraben remains a mystery. Possibly two roads leading from the north from the Free Germania (Germania libera) over the Limes should be controlled here later. A large part of the camp village consisting of wooden houses (Vicus core I) was also built on the difficult subsoil, which was normally avoided by the Romans. Dambach is seen as an important trading center on the Limes.

Research history

Johann Alexander Döderlein (1675–1745) reports in his work published in 1731 about the Limes near Dambach from WP 13/36:

In which area, namely close to the road [from Schwaningen to Ansbach], to Lincke, a notable tumulus, or round height, of stones and rubble, to be perceived. Which weyland was a thurn or a propugnaculum [bulwark] of the wall is in no way in doubt. The same breaks out of the reported heather in the area of ​​the Kräuthoff, and goes by and next to the Weyhern in the adjacent wood, called the Fraun-Holtz by the residents, the village of Tannbach near the Lincken.

Döderlein also referred to an article published in 1728 in the Coburg newspaper extract . After that, at that time the remains of a women's monastery would have been visible, after which the Frauenholzer Flur would have got its name. The monastery, possibly a beguinage , is said to have been named Nonnenfurth. In addition, “various other antiquities” could be found near the monastery ruins.

The historian Andreas Buchner (1776–1854) provided an early report in 1818 . In his journey on the Devil's Wall he also came to the "ruins near the hammer mill". He already suspected a "Roman castrum" here. What Buchner really saw at the hammer mill at the time remains uncertain. The owner of the hammer forge, which went by the name of Kreitmühle, showed remains of Buchen construction that had come to light while digging a canal. The historian could clearly distinguish between masonry and wooden beams. The blacksmith also reported underground vaults and carved stones found in the ground that were used to build houses. Buchner bought a "Heidenköpfle", as the Roman coins were called in the area, from the hammer forge.

In his detailed description of the Roman landmark known under the name of the Devil's Wall , the Eichstadt parish priest Franz Anton Mayer (1773–1854) reports that in June 1838 he had the opportunity to follow the Limes wall through the drained Kreutweiher. In doing so he came across - without going into detail - "paragraph by paragraph on remnants of their basis". He also got a report from the father of the owner of the hammer mill, with whom Buchner had apparently already spoken, that while digging in the ground repeatedly uncovered thick walls, vaults and remains of solid towers made of ashlar. Small rooms with painted walls, small bricks, " Sami crockery fragments " and many Roman coins would also have been found. Mayer was also shown large oak beams blackened by the boggy ground. Much of what is described in the early reports can probably be ascribed to the allegedly desolate high medieval monastery that is located in the fort area, but the traditions certainly mix Roman finds with those of the Middle Ages.

In 1880, the Bavarian archaeologist Friedrich Ohlenschlager (1840–1916) mentioned that this site had never been dug by an “expert hand” and called for a comprehensive, large-scale investigation. Due to the lower fruit stand, which is clearly visible in the fields above the old masonry, he was able to see building structures southwest of the hammer mill. As could later be proven, these belonged to the presumed monastic desolation. He also mentioned many interesting finds that are now lost to science. The remains of the fortifications, the small amphitheater and the nearby Limes facilities, which are still surprisingly well preserved in sections, were subsequently examined in part between 1892 and 1896 by the pharmacist Wilhelm Kohl (1848–1898), a route commissioner for the Reich Limes Commission (RLK). In 1930 Ernst Fabricius (1857-1942) dealt again with the arena, which was last recorded using a 3D laser measurement method. There have not been any modern, comprehensive scientific excavations at this site since the RLK was involved.

In 1966, a number of reading finds were reported from the fort and the camp village, including a gem, bronze implements and pendants, four lance tips and an arrowhead as well as iron tools and keys. The construction and expansion of three carp ponds between 1958 and 1986 made emergency excavations and observations necessary in the eastern part of the former camp village. The uncontrolled destruction caused by fish farming not only led to the older interventions between 2002 and 2006 alone, but in some cases led to a complete loss of substance in the known areas and ruined any further research efforts. From 2006 to 2008, the remaining findings in the ponds were examined intensively and also measured by laser. In addition, there were 34 earth bores in the Moosweiher, which should open up the subsoil to a depth of 2.5 meters. In addition, under the direction of the archaeologist Wolfgang Czysz, five excavation cuts were made on its northeastern bank.

The first geomagnetic investigations by the Bavarian State Monuments Office took place in 2009. These concentrated on the still accessible areas of the fort area and also cut structures of the vicus to the west and south-east , which were located in the immediate outskirts of the garrison. In the spring of 2013 extensive geomagnetic surveys of the civil settlement in these areas were carried out. The Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory at the University of Kiel was involved in this research .

In autumn 2005, the preserved foundations of a small stone building in the camp village ( vicus ) southeast of the amphitheater were lightly bricked up and presented to visitors.

Building history

Due to the lack of modern excavations, many details of this fort site have so far remained in the dark. According to traditional doctrine, the plant was founded perhaps in pre-Cantonese times around 100 AD as a hitherto unknown wood-earth plant. The fort would then - after the Domitian foundations of Unterschwaningen, Gnotzheim , Weißenburg and perhaps Oberhochstatt - belong to the reign of Emperor Trajan (98 to 117). Its origin would have been in connection with the simultaneous construction of the forts Ruffenhofen , Theilenhofen and Ellingen , which were built at that time to further expand and secure the Roman border north of the Franconian Jura . The much-discussed fragment of a military diploma RMD II 85 from September 27, 112 found in the fort area in 1983 was exhibited in Lower Moesia according to initial assessments by the archaeologist Hans-Jörg Kellner (1920-2015). The archaeologist and epigraphist Florian Matei-Popescu rejected this thesis, referring to the advanced research situation in Lower Moesia in 2005. Independently of this, Paul A. Holder proposed in 2006 to relate the fragmentary remains of troop designations on the Dambach diploma to Raetian units. The archaeologist Bernd Steidl tried to implement Holder's ideas with the units from Raetia known for that time, but he encountered fundamental difficulties. He therefore came to the conclusion that Holder's reasoning could not be correct and that the origin of the diploma must be sought in another province.

Regardless of the problematic nature of the text, the diploma issued in 112 cannot simply be used to date the fort square, as it could have reached Dambach much later. The prehistorian Hans-Jürgen Eggers (1906–1975) assigned Dambach's founding to the time around 150 AD. Czysz was initially only able to imagine an even later construction of the stone fort, possibly not until 190 or even 200 AD, and compared Dambach , based on a comprehensive find evaluation, which included a dendrochronological file with 47 pieces of wood , Germanic fibulae and a 394 coin series with the Limes Fort Niederbieber in Rhineland-Palatinate . In 2009 he pushed the date of origin back to the time after the middle of the 2nd century. In the meantime, the dendrochronologically secured wood of a freshly felled sweet chestnut with bark has been recovered from the eastern vicus core I, which is 28 years old. Since the cultivation of sweet chestnuts requires around 60 years of intensive planning and care that spans generations, the residents must have set up residence in Dambach long before the tree was felled, which could have been in 180 at the earliest. The expansion of the Rhaetian Limes in Stein can now be limited in time in the Dambach area, as the cutting of wood from the pile grid in the Kreutweiher, which once supported the Limes wall, can be assigned to the winter half-year of 206/207 AD. With Dambach added to the border defense, perhaps later, the nearby watchtowers Wp 13/34 and Wp 13/35 on the western and eastern edge of the valley lost their importance.

Phase I.

Enclosure

The surveyors judged this to be 115 × 85 meters (=  0.97 hectares ). large numerus fort towards the Limes. The Praetorial Front (front) was therefore in the north of this complex. Even in Kohl's time, the praetorial gate of the fort that was built there was still as high as a man. However, its destruction began with the construction of the Kreutweiher, which has not only been used to power the hammer mill since the early 18th century, but also serves as a fish pond for fishermen. In the literature of the 19th century, the Kreutweiher is also passed down as a "hammer forge pond" because of its use. When the pond was drained in the late autumn of 1896, Kohl was able to examine the north gate stuck in the muddy bank. The building, which was well preserved at the time, was designed as a single lane and had two flanking gate towers. Even after the reconstruction of the fortification in phase II, this gate remained in its substance. Kohl's measurements on the gate building resulted in a preserved height of one meter for the gate towers on the inside. They had access at ground level. The gateway has been completely destroyed since the days of Kohl. As a brief investigation by Czysz showed in 2008, waves, erosion, and landings caused the carefully placed masonry to collapse. In addition, beavers had exposed the northwest corner, which was still preserved with three layers of stone. In 2008, the archaeologist was able to examine the north side of the fort over a length of 112 meters.

In 1896, both the left and the right corner tower could be detected on the Praetorial Front. These towers were attached to the surrounding wall in the rounded corners (playing card shape) of the fortifications. In addition to the north gate, Kohl was able to uncover the entrance in the south of the garrison, which is also equipped with two flanking gate towers.

Interior development

The hitherto unknown interior construction was probably carried out in a pure wood-earth construction at this time. Dietwulf Baatz suspected that the unknown troops from the number fort Unterschwaningen, which was probably abandoned before the middle of the 2nd century, had been moved here. If Dambach follows the usual Roman guidelines, the Praetorial Front, the side of a fort facing the enemy, was in the north, facing the Limes.

Phase II

Enclosure

Dambach was enlarged considerably at a later date. During this expansion of the camp, the Romans tore down the western and eastern defensive walls including the corner towers and lengthened the north and south walls by five meters each. A single-lane gate, flanked by two towers, was built on each of the newly built western and eastern fronts, the structure of which was similar to the two older southern and northern passages. The rounded corners were given towers and an intermediate tower was found between the north gate and the north-western corner tower. Similarly, another intermediate tower can be assumed on the opposite side. The fort now had a very peculiar, unusually elongated-narrow shape and covered an area of ​​187 × 115 meters (= 2.2 hectares).

The RLK excavators found that the towers of the single-lane east gate, as well as a section of the northern Limes wall investigated in 1892, were founded on stakes, which in turn gave an indication of the already very wet valley floor in ancient times. The extraordinary size of these towers was also striking, as with a depth of 6.8 meters they stood out clearly from the circumference of all other towers in the camp.

Kohl recognized a double ditch in the south of the complex, while in 1896 he found a triple pointed ditch in front of the Praetorial Front in the drained Kreutweiher. It was not until the first decade of the 21st century that the fort ditches received renewed attention with the help of geophysics. A triple moat could be found across the southwest and southeast corner of the fort. In front of the gate installed there in the middle of the southern long side of the defensive wall, only the two outer trenches exposed, the inner one was most likely spanned by a wooden bridge. The traces of the three trenches were also secured in front of the gate on the narrow western side. Here, three open bridges were necessary to overcome the continuous moat. In connection with the eastern, also triple ditch, the ancient stream of the Moosgraben also played a role, which also flowed through the eastern vicus and thus shaped the topography of that time. The geophysical prospecting made these hydrological facts clear . The eastern narrow side of the fort was already temporarily below the water table in ancient times.

Interior development

The internal structures of the enlarged camp were completely unknown for a long time, so that no statement can be made about the Praetorial Front either. With the help of geophysics, building structures in the south-west corner - between the west and south gates - could be determined for the first time, although it remained unclear what function this finding shows.

According to old studies, there should have been indications of a fire disaster inside the fort, which could make statements about the end of the facility. This finding was confirmed by the geophysical prospecting.

So-called praetorium

Inside, Kohl was only able to capture a roughly 30 × 35 meter large stone building of quite complex shape, which, according to the excavators, had hypocausal rooms and a boiler room (praefurnium), among other things . Because of its location at the southern camp gate and its size, this building was assigned to the younger cohort fort as the commander's house (praetorium) and was also understood as such by Thomas Fischer in 1983. It was only in his Limes Book of 2008 that Fischer spoke out in favor of the possibility that this building could also be viewed as medieval. Czysz also speculated in 2008 that the finding was due to the associated row grave field on the western edge of the building complex as a probably desolate high medieval monastery. In this context, the remains of a high-quality medieval horse harness, which came from the nearby Moosweiher as readings, should also stand.

Finds and findings about the fort

The fragments of the inscription possibly attached to the south gate with the name of the Emperor Severus Alexander and Julia Mamaea

During excavations, a fragment of an inscription was found that belonged to the reign of Emperor Commodus (180 to 192 AD) and that may have been part of a building inscription. It could have been a new or reconstruction or a fundamental renovation of the fort.

Another fragment of the inscription from Solnhofen limestone was found by a volunteer at the State Monuments Office at the beginning of 1988, around 50 meters southeast of the south gate of the fort. Despite the fragmentary tradition, the ancient historian Karlheinz Dietz managed to assign this carefully crafted inscription to the reign of Emperor Severus Alexander (222–235) and his guardian, the imperial mother Julia Mamaea . The face of the inscription plate was reddened by the action of fire. This makes it clear that at the time of the fire the plate must still have been attached to the object that was burning. Another fragment of this inscription was added later. Whether this is a building or honorary inscription must remain open.

Dendrochronologically datable foundation timbers from the vicus could be assigned to this time as well as to the beginning of the 3rd century. A large bronze crockery depot, which was found in the fort in 1852, as well as two small coin hoards point to the Germanic invasions of the 3rd century, during which the fort was ultimately destroyed. One of the treasures could prove that there was devastation before Caracalla's campaign against the Alamanni in AD 213. In the past, Dietwulf Baatz had estimated the eventual downfall “by 260 AD at the latest”. More recently discovered coins, which came to light in large numbers as reading finds, confirm this thesis and allow the garrison and vicus to end in the 50s of the 3rd century. That this extinction of Roman life in this place must have been violent is shown by layers of fire and burned coins.

Vicus

Fir wood shingle (1st century AD) from the vicus of Dambach, Limeseum, Ruffenhofen Roman Park

The entire structures of the apparently very late civil settlement will never be fully analyzed through the construction of ponds and the large Kreutweiher north of the fort. Nevertheless, chance finds and emergency excavations by the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation make it possible to assume an extensive vicus that almost or completely enclosed the camp and at least partially reached directly to the border fortifications (so-called vicus core I ). A second vicus nucleus is also known. It was located on a wide, south-facing arch of the road coming from the eastern camp gate and leading to the Unterschwaningen fort. It remains to be noted that the camp village was not built in one go, but developed steadily.

Findings in the ponds

The paleobotany was able to determine a complicated development of the Moosgraben valley in the area east of the fort. Very early on, in prehistoric times, livestock was kept here. Layers of waste have been observed above this horizon. Nature later reclaimed the area. Several layers of mud show silted up waters with large sedge reeds and reed beds , such as those found in silting societies or on wetland meadows. Again and again, peat bogs spread over the valley floor. Before the arrival of the Romans, there was an alder forest in the moor on the eastern edge of the valley between the fort and the amphitheater . The Moosgraben flowed between this forest and the fort. In order to be able to found buildings on the difficult underground, the Romans were forced to undertake extensive preparatory work around 200 AD. The moor forest was cleared according to plan, and a moor path was laid out parallel to the Moosgraben. Long lines of posts were then driven into the ground as fascines parallel to the eastern slope of the valley, dividing the area into strips almost ten meters apart. These posts were then wrapped with wattle. The Romans then filled the fascine strips with the wood waste and branches from the clearing, almost a meter thick, in order to create a solid, dry subsoil for the settlement. As the layers of municipal waste found between the woods show, the vicus must have already been in use at another location . The waste consisted of ceramics, numerous glasses, metal objects and cast and melt residues. The prepared subsoil was then covered with a half meter thick plan made of gray weathered sand from the upcoming castle sandstone. Almost no remnants of the wooden buildings erected on it have survived in the Moosweiher due to the excavation of the lake and its annual desludging.

Winter pond

About 50 meters east of the garrison, three ponds were created for carp breeding after the Second World War. The first thing to do in 1958 was the winter pond, the smallest of these breeding facilities. An emergency excavation took place here for the first time in 1959 under the direction of Christian Peschek . Since the ponds are drained annually and dredged again and again, many wooden findings that were found at that time have been torn out and destroyed over the decades. In 2002 the winter pond was re-examined by Guntram Schönfeld , consultant of the department for wet soil archeology at the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, whereby, in addition to the most severe damage to the previously known finds, an enlargement of the pond by two or more meters was found. In the years that followed, the carp basin was cleared particularly intensively, because in 2006 the excavator had completely removed the archaeological layers to a depth of almost 1.5 meters.

Strip houses The winter pond housed three strip houses built in wood , the end of which was facing south-east on the street side. A road coming out of the fort gate may have turned in a north-easterly direction directly after the fort ditch and passed these houses. The road would then have passed the amphitheater in its further course and shortly afterwards encountered the Limes. It was found that the two western houses (houses 1 and 2) had a common longitudinal wall using threshold beam technology and were separated from the wider house 3 by a corridor. The horizontal beams were combed over at the ends, and the posts were tapped. The excavators noticed that a stone-set inner wall had been drawn in in the eastern house 3 at a later date. In addition, some corners had been reinforced or secured with separately driven piles. In 1959, leather shoes and soles as well as other organic materials were found in the remains of the houses. A massive wooden inlay lying parallel in front of house 1 could have been part of a security measure against the boggy subsoil or represent the remainder of a portico, although it is still not clear whether the southern gable front of the house was actually recorded in the pond.

Hammerweiher

In 1960, the Hammerweiher, the second largest body of water for carp, was created. The finds contained there have never been examined. Only an aerial photograph obtained by chance shows spotty discoloration and linear building structures that are uncertain to the west. During the draining of the pond observed by the State Monuments Office in 2007, the same condition was found as in the winter pond: carp farming had removed all archaeological traces.

Moss pond

The moss pond was probably created in the winter of 1975. It is the third and largest fish pond and was narrowly measured in February 1975 by the excavation technician Wilfried Auer. It was not until December 1986, when the small lake was expanded to the southeast, that Ferdinand Leja carried out another emergency measure , who scientifically accompanied the renewed ground intervention. During an extensive dam repair in 2006, the carp pond was completely drained. The original wooden findings, which are still preserved, were tachymetrically measured at accessible locations under the direction of Czysz. In addition, vertical recordings were made with the help of a remote-controlled motor glider and laser-measured by a private, specialized engineering office. In 2008, a private company specializing in moorland and lake shore excavations was commissioned with the scheduled investigation of the pond, as the findings of 140 pile heads, among other things, did not give the archaeologists a clear picture. As part of this, 34 earth bores were carried out to a depth of 2.50 meters, which were evaluated in Reutlingen . The samples recovered from five excavation cuts on the northeastern shore of the lake were made available for paleobotanical research.

Watermill

Due to the finding situation of an iron Roman mill hoe recovered in 1985, Czysz could imagine in 2008 that there could have been a fast-running water mill a little further north of the south-east corner of the pond, which could have stood by a canal or the moss ditch itself. The pick has a weight of 4.7 kilograms, a total length of 80.6 centimeters and a width of the driver of 27.5 centimeters. Due to the ongoing investigations and the lack of up-to-date descriptions of the possibly associated wood findings, a more detailed description is currently not possible.

Source sanctuary

On the eastern flank of the valley, in the southeast corner of the Moosweiher, a spring was cut in 2008 a few meters south of the previously known research area. Archaeologists came across a 30-centimeter-thick layer of wooden votive offerings stacked on top of each other, particularly on the south side of the wooden surrounds built after 182 or 192. Among other things, wooden arms and legs up to 73 centimeters long were discovered. Since such well-preserved wood findings are relatively rare, healing votives of this type from antiquity have largely only been preserved in ceramic and stone. In popular belief, the gifts were usually offered to a water deity, usually a spring nymph. Some gifts made from fir and pine boards have been described as house-shaped with attached arm strips. They are interpreted as rib cages. Other votive have not yet been interpreted beyond doubt. The excavators wondered whether the stacks of votive offerings were created at the source because they were getting out of hand or whether they were arranged in this way when the small sanctuary was closed. Czysz assumes that the Dambach spring shrine was a relatively short phenomenon in the late Limes period.

Further finds

The finds recovered from the Moosweiher show that there must have been a craftsmen's quarter in the area in front of the east gate of the fort. Cast and cinder blocks as well as semi-finished products and numerous small finds were recovered. Czysz assumes gold, silver and bronze smiths. A bit to the west of the Moosweiher, the rubbish depot of a shoemaker's shop with almost 40 worn shoes was recovered. These included specimens that were once nailed. However, the nails had been removed in order to either reuse them or have them reconditioned because of the material's value.

In addition to wood from buildings in the civilian camp village, some of which were in excellent condition, other organic materials such as leather were recovered from the moist, conserving soil. A pointed foundation pile found in the mud of a drained fish pond can be dendrochronologically dated to the year 182 AD.

Dendrochronological time positions from the eastern vicus core I

Found year Dating Tree species comment
1975 after 154 AD - -
1986 not before 192, after 197 AD - -
2002 around 200 AD - -
2006 after 196, probably AD 221 - -
Released in 2009 between 180 and 200 AD Sweet chestnut 28 years old; with fresh bark installed
Released in 2009 after 182 or 192 AD - Version of the source sanctuary

Finds west and south of the fort

The camp village in front of the immediate southeast corner of the fort was geophysically examined as early as 2009. It showed that the undeveloped strip between garrison and civil settlement in Dambach, normally observed in front of fort ditches, did not exist, at least in this area. The civil development here extends almost directly to the outer moat. This unusual finding may involve structures that did not exist at the same time. More details could be clarified by an excavation.

During the geomagnetic surveys in spring 2013, almost 17 hectares were prospected. It turned out that the vicus consisted of a core development with stone-based buildings. These stood along the southern fort moat and on the east side of the main road that fell through the Porta decumana to the south. The other surrounding buildings consisted of the 20 meter long wooden strip houses typical of the garrison sites of the northern provinces, the front of which was oriented towards an adjacent street. The geomagnetic prospection also showed the usual larger and smaller pits belonging to these buildings, which can be interpreted as waste pits and wells. Based on the alignment of the strip houses, other streets in the village can be reconstructed in addition to the main street to Porta decumana , which can be reliably determined . It can be stated that in Vicus core I - without the area of ​​the ponds in the east - there were at least 2.6 hectares of strip houses and 1.4 hectares of stone-based buildings. The geomagnetic investigations do not allow a clear representation of whether the stone foundations that were found belonged to regular stone structures or whether they indicate stone-built wooden structures. The most conspicuous stone walls on the southern main street come from a building that has a 65 meter long street front and a depth of 21 meters. Behind this building there is an area of ​​around 70 × 80 meters which, due to an apparently thorough plan for geomagnetics, only reveals a large number of anomalies. Another stone building is located five meters from the south-eastern outer trench corner of the fort and may belong to an older period than this. This building is almost 90 meters long.

amphitheater

The amphitheater based on Kohl's excavation findings.

235 meters east of the fort is the oval "Wolfsgrube" published by the ORL, a small amphitheater that is now hidden in the thick undergrowth. The inner dimensions of the slightly ellipsoidal circle are just under 32 × 28 meters (= around 700 square meters ). The entire area was measured at around 49.5 × 48.5 meters. There are few doubts about the interpretation of this ground monument. The slight elevations in the ground made three entrances visible during the excavation in the 19th century, one each in the west, east and south. Very similar structures are known from Fort Zugmantel and from Wales (Fort Tomen y Mur ). It is believed that gladiatores militares were sent to the Limes from the legionary camps. In the opinion of the prehistoric historian Joachim Wahl , “animal hunts and gladiator fights” were held here in a reduced form for a “relatively undemanding audience”. Animal shows and the like would also be conceivable. The occasion for such events could have been special events and holidays.

Cremation fields

A fire burial ground to the west was also uncovered through emergency rescues . Two further cemeteries following one another are known about 300 meters south. What was remarkable in the past was the uncovering of a more elaborately designed grave building which dates back to the first half of the 3rd century. The 2.1 × 2.9 meter memorial for the dead had a semicircular apse . A similar building erected in the 2nd century was uncovered on the grave road of the Roman road junction Sontheim an der Brenz. There was a rich women's grave in the center of the complex. Such a finding has also become known from Faimingen , among others.

During the geomagnetic investigations in 2013, the cemetery south of the vicus was also visited . However , this investigation was negative, apparently due to the adverse effects of the land consolidation . The cause was probably the layers of sand with which the graves were covered during the clearing. As geological disruptions, these sand layers prevent findings from being reproduced in the magnetogram.

Further finds

Militaria

The most important military readings from the vicus area include two awards (dona militaria) , a bronze phalera and the 21 cm diameter fragment of a torc . The circlet from Dambach has been described several times in the specialist literature. The originally Celtic neck rings found their way into the Roman army and were given as awards. The fragmented specimen made of tinned bronze is dated to the end of the second century or the first half of the third century. It still has a lion's head that has been preserved. There is an eyelet on the lion's mouth. A wire was hung there as a clasp. The piece shows profiles behind the neck of the head and was apparently discovered together with other finds, including a denarius belonging to Emperor Alexander Severus (233–235).

In 1983, several fragments of a military diploma from September 27, 112, which was difficult to read and apparently belonged to a veteran who had served in the Roman province of Moesia inferior (Lower Moesia ), were recovered . The constitution of the troops indicates this. Unfortunately, neither the name or origin of the former owner of the document nor the name of his unit have been preserved.

[Imp (erator) Caesar divi Ne] rvae f (ilius) Nerva [Traianus Aug (ustus)]
[Ger (manicus) Dac (icus) pont (ifex) ma] xim (us) tribun [ic (ia) potest (ate ) XVI]
imp (erator) VI co (n) s (ul) VI p (ater) p (atriae) [---]
[equit (ibus) et pedit (ibus) qui] militav [erunt in alis --- ]
[et coh (ortibus) decem et] duab (us) quae a [ppellant (ur) ---]
[et I Cil] ic (um) sagitt (ariorum) et I [---]
[et I Braca] raug (ustanorum) et II M [attiacorum] et [---]
[---] III Br [& // $ quorum nomina subscripta]
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Hoard

The hoard found in the fort in 1852 with seven bronze vessels is also important. These include a jug with a handle and poured rim, two mugs, two jugs (Dambach type), a lid bowl with a sieve spout and a pan with a stepped lid. Eggers assigned the hoard to level C 2 in his system, which means that it only got into the earth in the final phase of the fort. The Dambach type jugs are seen as standard equipment by wine merchants and innkeepers and are therefore located in the private sector.

Fibulae

A Germanic crossbow brooch found in the vicus is interpreted as belonging to a woman's costume and dated to the first half of the 3rd century; even before the fort was destroyed. The assessment of Germanic and Germanic influenced civil and military finds in the Limes fort areas before the last Alemanni storm 259/260 allows a multitude of interpretations. They could have been favors, trade goods or spoils of war. It is also possible that these finds give early references to Germanic settlers / traders in the vicus areas or that they belonged to Germanic mercenaries in Roman service. Another Elbe-Germanic fibula from the vicus is one of the rare animal disc fibulae (type 30), which had a silver sheet overlay. It was purchased by the State Archaeological Collection in Munich. The Dambach specimen shows an animal looking around with a neck ring without prominent sexual characteristics - possibly a doe . Similar pieces of the Limes are known from the forts in Saalburg and Zugmantel in the Hochtaunus . The greatest concentrations of fibulae of this type occur in the Altmark , the Wendland , the Middle Elbe and Saale regions , as well as in Bohemia . Brochures of this type are dated in the Eggers C1a scheme (170 to 220 AD) introduced by Eggers . It is possible that the Dambach piece came to the vicus with the immigration of a Germanic population, whose men strengthened the occupations there in the late phase of the Raetian Limes. An Almgren 86 primer has also been published. In connection with the cultural independence of the province of Raetia , to which Dambach belonged, this primer is seen as a local version of the so-called Pannonian trumpet primers.

Coins

Johann Joachim Winckelmann still assumed that Dambach would have delivered "a particularly large number" of early coins. However, the Limes work has already refuted this. In addition to an old, unmapped and incomplete hoard, another small coin treasure was published in 1985. In 1999 the Trajanic coins were described more than twice as numerous as the Hadrianic ones . In total, the archaeologists were able to expand the Dambach coin series to 394 pieces by 2008. The resulting coin curve reached its first peak during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211) with 112 coins and ended fairly quickly with four coins struck by Emperor Philip Arabs (244–249).

Terra Sigillata

Of the three pottery stamps secured in the fort by the RLK itself, one "Secundinus" is said to come from the Terra Sigillata Center in Lezoux near Clermont-Ferrand in Central Gaul from the reign of Emperor Domitian (81–96). In a report from 1904, five small shards of vessels made of gray clay - possibly burnt sigillata - are mentioned, which are decorated with fine relief figures.

Single finds

From the Dambacher individual finds from the vicus , among other things, a gem made of red carnelian has been published, which shows a representation of a muse. Like a second carnelian gem, it is classified in the period between the later 2nd to the first half of the 3rd century.

In 1890 Ohlenschlager mentioned two bronze statuettes of Mercury that were discovered in the Dambach fields. One had already been found by a field owner in the 18th century, a second was recovered by a brother of the hammer smith at the time in the first half of the 19th century while working in the fields and sold to the priest in Röckingen. The description of this find was published in 1841. A stone with a “pagan inscription”, which was also discovered in the fields, was placed in a wall of Wassertrüdinger Castle by the senior bailiff at the time for further preservation. After a short time, the piece could no longer be found there.

Lost property

A large part of the recovered finds is now in the Margrave Museum Ansbach.

Troop

number

The border guards originally assigned to Dambach, unknown by name, were most likely a 100 to 200 strong number ("unit"), which was presumably subordinate to the Gnotzheim fort . These units belonged to the Roman auxiliary forces, but were not as standardized as the auxilia , which were already an integral part of the Roman army in the founding days of the Numbers . The numbers were created at the end of the 1st century when the first Limes routes were established. The need for smaller units for border surveillance grew enormously, which also had financial consequences for the empire. For example, young locals were recruited regionally and assigned to newly established locations with lower pay and less strict standards. The Numbers were like the Auxilia named after their original ethnic origin and apparently have not received the Roman citizenship upon discharge.

cohort

For the time after the Marcomann Wars (166 to 180 AD) a new troop is assumed in Dambach. Whether this actually originally in Castle Arnsburg quartered Cohors II Aquitanorum equitata was that 107 to 116 in the latest 172 destroyed by the wars Regensburg Castle Kumpfmuehl came from is still unknown.

Limes course from Dambach Castle

The Limes runs north of Fort Dambach from Wp 13/34 to Fort Gunzenhausen in only a slightly north-easterly direction as a straight line. The landscape is characterized by gentle heights as well as larger and smaller forest sections, the Limes route is in areas of around 450 to 480 meters above sea level. Between Wp 13/35 and Wp 13/37 the Limes can be observed as a weak rubble wall, after which it is barely recognizable until Wp 13/39. As a result, a dirt road takes its course. Barely visible traces can only be found again between Wp 31/41 and Wp 13/42. With the beginning of a forest, its remains become clear again. However, it flattens out to Wp 13/43 and joins a forest path 100 meters east of this watchtower. Only a short time after Wp 13/44 are the remains of the Rhaetian Wall clearly recognizable up to Wp 13/46, but subsequently fail again. According to Wp 13/49, the Limes can be walked as a light rubble wall to the near edge of the forest, then its tracks are lost. It is now marked by paths that reach just before the railway line that runs west of Gunzenhausen.

Limes structures between Fort Dambach and Fort Gunzenhausen
ORL Name / place Description / condition
Wp 13/34 Presumed tower location on the western edge of the Moosgrabental, which was already swampy in antiquity.
Kreutweiher
The extremely well-preserved pile grid of the Limes wall

In his detailed description of the Roman landmark known under the name of the Devil's Wall , the Eichstadt parish priest Franz Anton Mayer (1773-1854) reports that in June 1838 he had the opportunity to follow the Limes wall through the drained Kreutweiher. Without giving further details, he came across "paragraph by paragraph on remnants of their basis".

Wilhelm Kohl succeeded for the first time in 1893 in examining the remains of Roman buildings in the Kreutweiher under adverse circumstances. At that time, the pond, which was drained only a few days every ten years, was just being refilled and the excavation team had to fight with steadily rising water. But for the first time the remains of the Limes 45 meters in front of the Praetorial Front could be examined. They lay under a 0.40 meter high layer of mud and formed a pile grid, which consisted of mighty wooden piles 0.07 to 0.15 meters apart, which had a diameter of 0.15 to 0.20 meters. Kohl had the grate located at a depth of 0.30 meters, which was 1.30 to 1.40 meters wide, exposed over a length of three meters, and he also examined its surface over a length of 1.50 meters could. He reconstructed the Rhaetian Limes at this point as a stone structure that rested on this pile grid when passing through the then swampy valley. A photographic documentation was not possible for him at the time, since the investigations could only be carried out by constantly scooping out the water that penetrated through the mud.

With good persuasion, Kohl succeeded in having the Kreutweiher drained again in 1896 outside the series for his investigations. Despite a wet summer, he was now able to uncover the excellently preserved remains of the Rhaetian wall, which was founded on a 1.40 to 1.60 meter wide pile grid at this point, over a length of 92 meters. He had the two junctions where the stone Limes wall touched the grate photographed. The roughly two thousand stakes, mostly made of oak and pine, less often birch, ash and alder, had a diameter between 15 and 20 centimeters and were pointed at the bottom. A post at the end of the grate was 2.25 meters long.

In autumn 2008, under the direction of Wolfgang Czysz and with the support of the Dinkelsbühl Technical Relief Organization, another smaller investigation took place a little east of the old excavation site. The first step was to determine whether the pile grid documented by Kohl was still there. A modern measurement should then be carried out and finally dendrological material should be obtained through a targeted intervention. It was found that the measurement data from Kohl, which was already over a hundred years old in 2008, still met modern requirements. The longest post recovered from Czysz was 3.40 meters long. On some posts clearly carved numerals could be seen. Their purpose is unknown, but they could be used as markings by construction crews or from timber stores. The expansion of the Limes in its various phases was always a major organizational achievement in antiquity and had to be meticulously thought out.

The dendrochronological data from the Bavarian annual ring curve obtained with the help of three oak stakes can be dated to the year 206. Since the microscopically detectable latewood formation was already complete on all three piles, an exact allocation to the winter half-year of 206/207 AD could be established. Thus, at this point it could be determined for the first time that the occasion for the stone expansion of the Rhaetian Limes was given during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus (193-211). The foundation of the Rhaetian Wall on a special subsoil was necessary in Moosgrabental to prevent the building from sinking into the boggy subsoil.

Wp 13/35 Presumed tower location on the eastern edge of the Moosgrabental.
Wp 13/36 Around 800 meters east of the Kreutweiher, the flat rubble mound of a 4.5 × 4.4 meter stone tower can be seen on the Kohlplatte. After it was completely destroyed, this tower was replaced by a new building using the old foundation and the Limes wall that was already in place at that time, east of the old site. The RLK found a fireplace inside. East of the state road to Bechhofen, between Wp 13/36 and Wp 13/38, the course of the Limes was marked by rows of deciduous trees.
Wp 13/37 This tower is no longer recognizable and has not yet been examined. It was probably at the end of the previously well-preserved Limes dam, perhaps 400 meters east of the modern road.
Wp 13/38 Wp 13/38 can be seen as a large mound of rubble in a forest.
Wp 13/39 The site of the tower located here is only suspected.
Wp 13/40 The site of the tower located here is only suspected.
Wp 13/41 Kleinlellenfeld This tower site has been proven around 350 meters east of the town center, but was not visible. Therefore, for a long time only a marked stone marked the course of the Limes at this point. In the summer of 2007, in accordance with the guidelines of UNESCO and in cooperation with the State Office for Monument Preservation and the Roman Park Ruffenhofen, a removable concrete slab was laid over the original foundation. Since then there has been a reconstruction of the foundation walls of the tower with a piece of the adjoining, geoelectrically re-examined Rhaetian Wall.
Wp 13/42 A square, 4.4 × 4.4 meter stone tower foundation was verified. Today nothing can be seen at this point.
Wp 13/43 "Im Mittlach" The flat mound of rubble of a stone tower excavated by the RLK, measuring 5.3 × 4.4 meters in north-south direction, is still visible today. The excavators dug a one meter wide, ground-level entrance on the south side. On the east side of the tower built on the Limes wall there was a passage into the Barbaricum . This passage was planned when the Limes wall was erected and apparently followed a predecessor from the palisade era. It is noteworthy that the Limes wall flows out at the northwest corner of the stone tower and was planned from the southeast corner of the tower. Two gold-plated bronze letters were discovered in the passage area, as is otherwise only known from inscriptions on the fort sites. There these inscriptions are associated with Emperor Caracallas' stay in Germania in the year 213. According to the report of the head of the excavation and the responsible route commissioner of the RLK, the letters were found between the remains of wooden beams, which speaks for a wooden gate construction with a corresponding inscription. A little further east, the remains of an older wooden tower were discovered that had been cut through by the Rhaetian wall. In addition, in the area of ​​Wp 13/43 remains of the palisade and the wattle fence became known, both of which cut through the wooden tower moat, so they must have been built later. The palisade runs in front of the wicker fence, which is partially covered by the Limes wall.
Wp 13/44 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 13/45 At this point the RLK discovered two stone towers and an older wooden tower moat. The finding is unique on this route. The wooden tower, located almost exactly in a north-south direction, stood around ten meters behind the Rhaetian wall, which was built later. When it was replaced, a 5 × 4.4 meter stone tower was built next to it, also facing north. Reinforcements of the masonry were discovered on both of its flanks and on its back. These reinforcements extended over half the length of the side in the west and east and aligned at their northern end to the south. The reinforcement on the south wall was not quite as powerful and exposed in the middle of this wall around a meter wide. However, no access at ground level could be determined. A fireplace was found inside. To the west of this building there was another, younger stone tower on the already existing Limes wall. The reasons why the older stone tower was abandoned remained unknown. Palisade and wicker fence were not discovered here. The foundations of the older tower are secured and have a notice board.
Wp 13/46 The remains of the stone tower, which the RLK found in very poor condition, have completely disappeared today. Today there is a notice board and a flagpole with a pennant indicating the tower number.
Wp 13/47 The site of the tower located here is only suspected.
Wp 13/48 The site of the tower located here is only suspected.
Wp 13/49 All traces of this tower have also disappeared today. The Limes researcher Heinrich Eidam (1849–1934) recorded in 1887 a 4.7 × 4.3 meter large stone tower foundation with the front facing north. The later built Limes wall connected to the north-west and north-east corner of the tower. The older wooden tower moat, which the Limes wall intersected in the south, was less than ten meters to the east. In its interior, a post pit was secured in the northwest corner, and remains of the crossbeams were also found in this area. The wicker fence was also less than ten meters from the stone tower and cut through the wooden tower moat to the north. The palisade ran around 18 meters north of the Limes wall.
Wp 13/50 The tower, which is no longer visible today, was excavated by the RLK. The stone tower, with its front pointing almost exactly to the north, had sides of 4.2 × 3.7 meters. Due to its location in association with the Limes wall, it falls outside the usual framework on this route, as it was built in the rear third of the tower flanks. To the east, the excavators came across the wooden tower, also facing north, the south side of which lay directly on the Limes wall that was built later. Remains of the timbers of this tower could still be found at least north of its former structure. The palisade ran more northerly. About 32 meters east of the stone tower was an eight-meter-wide Limes gate in the Limes wall, which had slightly pronounced gate cheeks to the south. A similar gate was not found in the older palisade. At the site of the excavation there is now a notice board and a flagpole with a pennant indicating the tower number.
Wp 13/51 The site of the tower located here is only suspected.
Wp 13/52 The RLK found a stone tower measuring 3.15 × 2.8 meters at this point, which was only subsequently built into the Limes wall. So this tower must have been one of the youngest Limes structures in the area described so far. Nothing is known of an older wooden tower, the stone tower left a flat mound of rubble.
Wp 13/53 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 13/54 Like Wp 13/52, this 4 × 5.8 meter stone tower was also added to the wall at a later date. The tower that has disappeared today was located around 100 meters west of the Altmühl and an ancient ford there . This was paved by Roman construction crews to secure it and connected the well-developed but narrow Limes-accompanying road that passed here. Immediately next to it rose the Rhaetian Wall.
Altmuehlfurt
Start of investigations from late autumn 1895 with Wp 13/54
One of the conspicuously worked wooden posts from the area of ​​the pile grid

Already in pre-Roman times there had been several traffic routes in this area, which were bundled at the river crossings. The Limes wall between 1.20 and 1.30 meters thick in this area was interrupted by the river. From the former wooden tower at Wp 13/52, the RLK could only record a few remains. At the point where the Limes met the Altmühl, the RLK route commissioner responsible for this area, Heinrich Eidam, exposed the remains of the Limes accompanying road and wooden pegs from a post grid in late autumn 1895. As Eidam noted, the stumps of the palisade, which were up to 0.70 meters high at that time, protruded from the shallow water. For the most part, the Romans used split pines, more rarely oak trunks from 0.30 to 0.45 meters thick, and consequently turned the flat, split-off side towards Barbaricum . Only a few logs have been used unsplit. The building material had been cut off smoothly at the bottom and placed in the pile ditch previously dug. The palisade was apparently wedged with wood at this point and the moat was then closed again. According to Eidam, the very well-preserved stone setting found in the surface area on the palisade, which was partly mixed with shards of vessels, was impossible to contribute to the stabilization of the piles. It is possible that the two ends of the Limes wall were connected across the ford - at least temporarily - by a wattle fence. Right behind the Limes wall was the Limes accompanying road with a width between 4.0 and 4.5 meters. According to Eidam, it has widened between the ends of the wall across the ford to ten meters beyond the older palisade line. The excavator was able to identify the road by its large sandstone pavement. He assumed that these belonged to the substructure of the route and that in Roman times it was completed by a layer of gravel small-scale. Immediately in front of the west bank of the ancient ford there was possibly a 7 × 5.65 meter Limes watchtower which Eidam "presumed to be certain of" , but which does not appear in the RLK tower count. The Limesstraße, which ran directly along the border wall, is said to have been led around the tower built on the wall.

ORL 71

Monument protection

The Dambach fort and the facilities mentioned have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage as a section of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes since 2005 . In addition, they are protected as registered ground monuments within the meaning of the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to authorization, accidental finds must be reported to the monument authorities.

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and Danube, Ehingen municipality, Ansbach district, Middle Franconia. 4th edition. Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 , p. 282 f.
  • Erwin Christofori, Wolfgang Czysz , The "Wolfsgrube" at Dambach Castle. Detection of the amphitheater by terrestrial laser scanning. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2007. Stuttgart 2008, pp. 81–83.
  • Wolfgang Czysz among others: From spring nymphs and wooden legs - investigations in the moss pond near the Dambach castle. Ehringen community, Ansbach district, Middle Franconia. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2008. 2009, pp. 79–82.
  • Wolfgang Czysz: New investigations in the carp ponds at the Dambach fort (excavation 2008). In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): Perspektiven der Limesforschung. 5th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 5). Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2465-8 , pp. 73-87.
  • Wolfgang Czysz, Franz Herzig: The pile grid in the Kreutweiher near the Limes fort Dambach. First dendrochronological results. In: Report of the Bavarian soil monument preservation. Trade journal of the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Volume 49, Habelt, Bonn 2008, ISBN 978-3-7749-3609-6 , pp. 221–226.
  • Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): New research on the Limes . 4th specialist colloquium of the German Limes Commission 27./28. February 2007 in Osterburken. (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , pp. 173-181.
  • Karlheinz Dietz : The remainder of a Roman emperor's inscription from Dambach. In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1988. 1989, pp. 116–118.
  • Thomas Fischer , in: Wolfgang Czysz u. a .: The Romans in Bavaria. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-11-6 , p. 432 f.
  • Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 .
  • Thomas Fischer: A Roman denar find from the vicus of the Dambach fort, municipality of Ehingen, district of Ansbach (Mfr.). In: Yearbook for Numismatics and Monetary History. 35th year. Published by the Bavarian Numismatic Society, 1985, pp. 49-57.
  • Jochen Garbsch : Roman orders from the vicus of Fort Dambach. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1983. 1984, pp. 108-109.
  • Wilhelm Kohl : Fort Dambach. In: Archäologischer Anzeiger, supplement to the yearbook of the Archaeological Institute. P. 205.
  • Karl von Popp: The Dambach Castle. In: Ernst Fabricius , Felix Hettner , Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper German-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire B VI, 2 No. 69 (1901).
  • Johann Schrenk and Werner Mühlhäußer: Land on the Limes. In the footsteps of the Romans in the Hesselberg - Gunzenhausen - Weißenburg region . Schrenk, Gunzenhausen 2009, ISBN 978-3-924270-57-5 , in particular pp. 77-78.
  • Bernd Steidl : A Germanic fibula from the vicus of Fort Dambach. In: Dedicatio. Hermann Dannheimer's 70th birthday. Kallmünz 1999, pp. 128-139.
  • Valeria Selke: The Dambach Castle and its civil settlement. In: Matthias Pausch (Ed.): Römisches Ruffenhofen. Discoveries at the Limes World Heritage . Wißner, Augsburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-89639-699-0 , pp. 119-126.
  • Gisela Zahlhaas : A gem from Dambach. Gem. Ehringen. Ldkr. Ansbach. Middle Franconia. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1983. 1984, p. 99 f.
  • Günter Ulbert , Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0351-2 .
  • Hermann Kerscher: For the remeasurement of the Roman amphitheater in Hammifferschlag near Dambach, district of Ansbach. In: Yearbook of the Bavarian Monument Preservation. Volume 58/59: 2004/2005. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-422-06713-4 , pp. 177-178.
  • Ferdinand Leja, Hermann Thoma: Archaeological probes in wind throws - A Roman cemetery and traces of the camp village near the Dambach fort. In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1990. Theiss, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-8062-0899-9 , pp. 113–115.

Web links

See also

Remarks

  1. ↑ Wolfgang Czysz: A Roman spring shrine at the Dambach fort. In: The Limes. 3rd year, issue 1, German Limes Commission, Bad Homburg 2009, p. 4ff.
  2. ↑ Castle Unterschwaningen at 49 ° 4 ′ 10.3 ″  N , 10 ° 37 ′ 29.71 ″  E
  3. ↑ a b Thomas Fischer , Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 91.
  4. ^ Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer : The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0351-2 , p. 63.
  5. ^ Max Spindler : History of Franconia up to the end of the 18th century. (= Handbook of Bavarian History. Volume 3, Part 1). 3. Edition. Beck, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-406-39451-5 , p. 42.
  6. ^ Johann Alexander Döderlein: Antiquitates in Nordgavia Romanae, Or more precise presentation of the old Roman Valli and land weirs; The stake, or stake stern, also called the Teuffels wall by the local residents today. Carl Meyer, Weißenburg 1731, p. 61.
  7. ^ J. Andreas Buchner: Journey on the Devil's Wall. An investigation into the remains of the Roman protection institutions in Rhaetia on the other side of the Danube . Montag-Weissische Buchhandlung, Regensburg 1818, p. 22.
  8. ^ J. Andreas Buchner: Journey on the Devil's Wall. An investigation into the remains of the Roman protection institutions in Rhaetia on the other side of the Danube . Montag-Weissische Buchhandlung, Regensburg 1818, p. 65.
  9. ^ A b Franz Anton Mayer: Exact description of the Roman landmark known under the name of the Devil's Wall. Fourth section, p. 764.
  10. ^ Friedrich Ohlenschlager : The Roman border marks in Bavaria. In: Treatises of the philosophical-historical class. Volume 18, Verlag der Königlichen Akademie, Munich 1890, pp. 130–132.
  11. ↑ Hermann Kerscher: For the remeasurement of the Roman amphitheater in Hammifferschlag near Dambach, district of Ansbach. In: Yearbook of the Bavarian Monument Preservation. Volume 58/59: 2004/2005. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-422-06713-4 , pp. 177-178.
  12. ^ H. Balzer, Heinz Kornemann: Dambach (Ldkr. Dinkelsbühl) (short message). In: Bavarian history sheets. 37, 1972, p. 182.
  13. ^ Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: A. Thiel: New research on the Limes . (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. Volume 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , pp. 173ff.
  14. ↑ a b Wolfgang Czysz: A Roman spring shrine at the Dambach fort. In: The Limes. 1, 2009, p. 4.
  15. ↑ Carsten Mischka , Doris Mischka, Richard Wetzel: Living on the wet border - news about the "vicus" of Dambach. In: The Limes. 7, 2013, pp. 6-9; here: p. 6.
  16. ↑ Fischer 2008.
  17. ↑ a b AE 1985, 00700
  18. ^ Hans-Jörg Kellner : New finds and supplements 1983 of military diplomas. In: Bavarian history sheets. 50, 1985, pp. 239-246.
  19. ↑ Florian Matei-Popescu: On the presence of the cohort IX Batavorum milliaria equitata in Moesia inferior. In: Acta Musei Napocensis. Volume 41-42: 2004-2005. Pp. 55-60; here: p. 57 f.
  20. ^ Paul A. Holder: Auxiliary Deployment in the reign of Trajan. In: Dacia. 50, 2006, pp. 141-174; here: p. 146 note 31.
  21. ↑ Bernd Steidl : A military diploma from the vicus of the Ruffenhofen fort on the Raetian Limes. On the dislocation of the cohors VIIII Batavorum milliaria exploratorum in the 2nd century AD. In: Bavarian history sheets. 81, 2016, pp. 147-170; here: p. 155.
  22. ^ A b Hans-Jürgen Eggers: Chronology of the Imperial Era in Germania. In: Rise and Fall of the Roman World . Volume II, 5, 1, de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-11-006690-4 , p. 28.
  23. ^ Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: A. Thiel: New research on the Limes . (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. Volume 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , pp. 178, 180 and 181.
  24. ↑ a b c d Wolfgang Czysz: A Roman spring shrine at the Dambach fort. In: The Limes. 3rd year, issue 1, German Limes Commission, Bad Homburg 2009, p. 6.
  25. ↑ a b Wolfgang Czysz, Franz Herzig: The pile grid in the Kreutweiher near the Limes fort Dambach. First dendrochronological results. In: Report of the Bavarian soil monument preservation. 49, 2008, pp. 221-227.
  26. ↑ Wolfgang Czysz, Robert Frank, Franz Herzig: Aufgetaucht - New investigations on the Devil's Wall in the Dambacher Kreutweiher. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2008. Theiss, 2009, pp. 83–85; here: p. 83.
  27. ^ Wilhelm Kohl: Fort Dambach. In: Archäologischer Anzeiger, supplement to the yearbook of the Archaeological Institute. P. 205.
  28. ↑ Wolfgang Czysz, Robert Frank, Franz Herzig: Aufgetaucht - New investigations on the Devil's Wall in the Dambacher Kreutweiher. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2008. Theiss, 2009, pp. 83–85; here: p. 84.
  29. ^ A b Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0351-2 , p. 64.
  30. ^ Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: Andreas Thiel : New research on the Limes . (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. Volume 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , p. 173.
  31. ↑ Archäologischer Anzeiger, supplement to the yearbook of the German Archaeological Institute , Volume 11: 1896. Berlin 1997, p. 188.
  32. ^ Jörg Faßbinder : From Eining to Ruffenhofen. On the way to a magnetogram atlas of the Raetian Limes fort - results of the geophysical prospection in Bavaria. In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): Perspektiven der Limesforschung. 5th colloquium of the German Limes Commission. (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 5). Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2465-8 , pp. 89-103; here: p. 91; Fig. 2.
  33. ^ Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: Andreas Thiel: New research on the Limes. (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. Volume 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , p. 179.
  34. ↑ a b c d Jörg Faßbinder: From Eining to Ruffenhofen. On the way to a magnetogram atlas of the Raetian Limes fort - results of the geophysical prospection in Bavaria. In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): Perspektiven der Limesforschung. 5th colloquium of the German Limes Commission. (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. 5). Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2465-8 , pp. 89-103; here: p. 91.
  35. ↑ a b c Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: Andreas Thiel: New research on the Limes . (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. Volume 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , p. 174.
  36. ↑ Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 90.
  37. ↑ a b CIL 03, 11921
  38. ^ Karlheinz Dietz: The remainder of a Roman emperor's inscription from Dambach (municipality of Ehingen, district of Ansbach, Middle Franconia). In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1988. 1989, pp. 116–118; here: p. 116.
  39. ↑ AE 2011, 00857 ; Karlheinz Dietz: The remainder of a Roman emperor's inscription from Dambach (Ehingen municipality, Ansbach district, Middle Franconia). In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1988. 1989, pp. 116–118; here: pp. 117–118.
  40. ^ Karlheinz Dietz: The remainder of a Roman emperor's inscription from Dambach (municipality of Ehingen, district of Ansbach, Middle Franconia). In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1988. 1989, pp. 116–118; here: p. 117.
  41. ^ Karlheinz Dietz: The remainder of a Roman emperor's inscription from Dambach (municipality of Ehingen, district of Ansbach, Middle Franconia). In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1988. 1989, pp. 116–118; here: p. 118.
  42. ↑ Wolfgang Czysz: A Roman spring shrine at the Dambach fort. In: The Limes. 3rd year, issue 1, German Limes Commission, Bad Homburg 2009, pp. 4–5.
  43. ^ Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: Andreas Thiel: New research on the Limes . (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. Volume 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , pp. 175-176.
  44. ^ Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: Andreas Thiel: New research on the Limes . (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. Volume 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , pp. 175 and 178.
  45. ^ Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: Andreas Thiel: New research on the Limes . (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. Volume 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , p. 176.
  46. ^ Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: Andreas Thiel: New research on the Limes . (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. Volume 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , pp. 176-177.
  47. ^ Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: Andreas Thiel: New research on the Limes . (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. Volume 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , pp. 178-180.
  48. ↑ a b Wolfgang Czysz: Archeology in the carp pond. News from the Roman vicus of Dambach. In: Andreas Thiel: New research on the Limes . (= Contributions to the Limes World Heritage. Volume 3). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , p. 178.
  49. ^ A b Carsten Mischka, Doris Mischka, Richard Wetzel: Living on the humid border - news about the "vicus" of Dambach. In: The Limes. 7, 2013, pp. 6-9; here: pp. 8–9.
  50. ^ Anne Johnson : Roman castles . von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 240.
  51. ^ Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0351-2 , p. 65.
  52. ^ Ferdinand Leja, Hermann Thoma: Archaeological probes in wind throws - a Roman cemetery and traces of the camp village near the Dambach fort. In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1990. Theiss, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-8062-0899-9 , pp. 113–115.
  53. ^ Andreas Schaub: Excavations in the Roman burial ground Sontheim / Brenz, Heidenheim district. In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 1990. Theiss, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-8062-0872-7 , pp. 159–162.
  54. ↑ Martin Müller: Faimingen-Phoebiana II. The Roman grave finds. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2606-8 , p. 90.
  55. ↑ Carsten Mischka, Doris Mischka, Richard Wetzel: Living on the wet border - news about the "vicus" of Dambach. In: The Limes. 7, 2013, pp. 6-9; here: p. 8.
  56. ↑ Jochen Garbsch: Donatus torquibus armillis phaleris. Roman order in Raetia. In: Bavarian history sheets. 51, CH Beck, Munich 1986, pp. 333-336 (Dambacher Torques: Fig. 2.1. Plate. 15.1.).
  57. ↑ Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde , Volume 32, de Gruyter, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-11-018387-0 , p. 284.
  58. ↑ Renate Thomas (Ed.): A special form of Roman bronze vessels - the jugs of the Dambach type. In: Ancient bronzes. Workshop circles, figures and devices. Files of the 14th International Congress for Ancient Bronzes in Cologne, September 21 to 24, 1999. Mann, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-7861-2380-2 , p. 492.
  59. ↑ Max Spindler (ed.): History of Franconia . (= Handbook of Bavarian History. Volume III, 1). CH Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-39451-5 , p. 44.
  60. ↑ Bernd Steidl : A Germanic fibula from the vicus of the Dambach fort. In: Dedicatio. Hermann Dannheimer's 70th birthday (= catalogs of the Prehistoric State Collection. Supplement 5). Michael Lassleben, Kallmünz (Opf.) 1999, pp. 128-139; Wolf-Rüdiger Teegen: Studies on the imperial source horse find from Bad Pyrmont (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Supplementary volumes . Volume 20). de Gruyter, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-11-016600-3 , pp. 183-184.
  61. ^ Markus Gschwind , Salvatore Ortisi : On the cultural independence of the province of Raetia. Almgren 86, the raetical form of the so-called Pannonian trumpet brooches. In: Germania . Volume 79, 2001, pp. 401-416. Fig. 1,2; The primer is also shown in the Arachne image database ; Retrieved April 16, 2014: Almgren 86 Trumpet Primer .
  62. ↑ Thomas Fischer: A Roman denar find from the vicus of the Dambach fort, municipality of Ehingen, district of Ansbach (Mfr.). In: Yearbook for Numismatics and Monetary History. 35th year. Published by the Bavarian Numismatic Society, 1985, pp. 49-57.
  63. ^ Gabriele Seitz: Rainau Book I. Stone buildings in the Roman fort vicus of Rainau-Buch (Ostalbkreis). Theiss, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8062-1433-6 , p. 167.
  64. ↑ Hans Dragendorff : Report on the progress of Roman-Germanic research in 1904 . Roman-Germanic Commission of the Imperial Archaeological Institute. Baer, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1905, p. 45.
  65. ↑ Gisela Zahlhaas: A gem from Dambach. Gem. Ehringen. Ldkr. Ansbach. Middle Franconia. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1983. Theiss, Stuttgart 1984, p. 99f.
  66. ^ Friedrich Ohlenschlager: The Roman border marks in Bavaria. In: Treatises of the philosophical-historical class. Volume 18, Verlag der Königlichen Akademie, Munich 1890, p. 131.
  67. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Römische Kastelle . von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , pp. 36-37.
  68. ↑ Nicole Lambert, Jörg Scheuerbrandt: The military diploma: source for the Roman army and documents. Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8062-1726-2 , p. 54.
  69. ↑ a b W p = W oh p east, watch tower. The number before the slash denotes the Limes section, the number after the slash denotes the respective watchtower.
  70. ↑ ORL = numbering of the Limes structures according to the publication of the Reich Limes Commission on the O bergermanisch- R ätischen- L imes
  71. ↑ Wp 13/34 at 49 ° 6 '12.9 "  N , 10 ° 34' 20.06"  O
  72. ^ Wilhelm Kohl: Dambach. Hammerschmiede and Limes fort in the Kreutweiher. In: West German magazine for history and art. Volume 13, 1894, Col. 255-256.
  73. ^ Wilhelm Kohl: Fort Hammerschmiede - Dambach and Limes pile grid in the Kreutweiher. In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 21 (February 1, 1897), pp. 596-600; here: p. 653.
  74. ^ A b c Wilhelm Schleiermacher : The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes. Mann, Berlin 1967, p. 178.
  75. ↑ a b Wolfgang Czysz, Robert Frank, Franz Herzig: Aufgetaucht - New investigations on the Teufelsmauer in the Dambacher Kreutweiher. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2008. Theiss, 2009, pp. 83–85; here: pp. 83–84.
  76. ↑ Wp 13/35 at 49 ° 6 '15.99 "  N , 10 ° 34' 53.38"  O
  77. ↑ Wp 13/36, stone tower, at 49 ° 6 '18.76 "  N , 10 ° 35' 28.03"  O
  78. ^ A b Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0351-2 , p. 66.
  79. ^ Hermann Bierl: Archeology Guide Germany. Ground monuments and museums. Wek-Verlag , Treuchtlingen, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-934145-39-6 , p. 534.
  80. ↑ Wp 13/37 assumed at 49 ° 6 '22.04 "  N , 10 ° 35" 51.2 "  E
  81. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. 4th edition. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 277.
  82. ↑ Wp 13/38, stone tower, at 49 ° 6 '27.63 "  N , 10 ° 36' 30.61"  O
  83. ↑ Wp 13/39 suspected at 49 ° 6 '34.63 "  N , 10 ° 37" 26.33 "  E
  84. ↑ Wp 13/40 suspected at 49 ° 6 ′ 36.09 ″  N , 10 ° 38 ′ 0.92 ″  E or 49 ° 6 ′ 36.16 ″  N , 10 ° 38 ′ 3.13 ″  E
  85. ↑ Wp 13/41, stone tower, at 49 ° 6 '38 "  N , 10 ° 38' 41.88"  O
  86. ↑ a b c d e Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0351-2 , p. 67.
  87. ↑ Internet site on the Limes of the municipality of Arberg ( Memento of the original from April 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rene.arberg.de
  88. ↑ Wp 13/42, stone tower, at 49 ° 6 '40.44 "  N , 10 ° 39' 21.89"  O
  89. ↑ Wp 13/43, stone tower, at 49 ° 6 '41.6 "  N , 10 ° 39' 45.06"  O ; Wp 13/43, wood tower, at 49 ° 6 '41.63 "  N , 10 ° 39' 45.69"  O
  90. ↑ Thomas Becker: A fragment of the inscription from the watchtower 1/8 near Rheinbrohl. To the "inscription equipment" of the watchtowers on the Upper German-Raetian Limes. In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): New research on the Limes. Volume 3, Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , pp. 43-57, p. 49.
  91. ↑ Wp 13/44 suspected at 49 ° 6 ′ 42.78 ″  N , 10 ° 40 ′ 12.53 ″  E
  92. ↑ Wp 13/45, younger stone tower, at 49 ° 6 '44.04 "  N , 10 ° 40' 36.39"  O ; Wp 13/45, older stone tower, at 49 ° 6 '44.12 "  N , 10 ° 40' 40.87"  O ; Wp 13/45, wood tower, at 49 ° 6 '43.96 "  N , 10 ° 40' 41.83"  O
  93. ↑ Wp 13/46, stone tower, at 49 ° 6 ′ 45.95 ″  N , 10 ° 41 ′ 16.7 ″  E
  94. ↑ Wp 13/47 at 49 ° 6 '47.11 "  N , 10 ° 41' 43.12"  O
  95. ↑ Wp 13/48 at 49 ° 6 '48.29 "  N , 10 ° 42' 9.28"  O
  96. ↑ Wp 13/49, stone tower, at 49 ° 6 '49.78 "  N , 10 ° 42' 38.93"  O ; Wp 13/49, wooden tower, at 49 ° 6 ′ 50.15 ″  N , 10 ° 42 ′ 39.8 ″  E
  97. ↑ Wp 13/50, stone tower, at 49 ° 6 '52.45 "  N , 10 ° 43' 17.19"  E ; Wp 13/50, wooden tower, at 49 ° 6 ′ 52.97 ″  N , 10 ° 43 ′ 17.81 ″  E
  98. ↑ Wp 13/51 assumed at 49 ° 6 '53.64 "  N , 10 ° 43' 46.1"  E
  99. ↑ Wp 13/52, stone tower, at 49 ° 6 ′ 54.71 ″  N , 10 ° 44 ′ 11.89 ″  E
  100. ^ Wilhelm Schleiermacher: The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes. Mann, Berlin 1967, p. 179.
  101. ↑ Wp 13/53 assumed at 49 ° 6 '55.86 "  N , 10 ° 44' 36.04"  E
  102. ↑ Wp 13/54, stone tower, at 49 ° 6 ′ 56.96 ″  N , 10 ° 44 ′ 59.64 ″  E
  103. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 280.
  104. ↑ a b Heinrich Eidam: Gunzenhausen. In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 20 (September 30, 1896), pp. 557-568; here: p. 563.
  105. ^ Heinrich Eidam: Gunzenhausen. In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 20 (September 30, 1896), pp. 557-568; here: pp. 558 and 561.
  106. ^ Heinrich Eidam: Gunzenhausen. In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 20 (September 30, 1896), pp. 557-568; here: p. 558.
  107. ↑ 49 ° 6 ′ 46 ″  N , 10 ° 45 ′ 20 ″  E