Gnotzheim Castle

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Gnotzheim Castle
Alternative name Mediana
limes ORL 70 ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Rhaetian Limes,
route 13
Dating (occupancy) 81/96 AD
by no later than 260 AD
Type Cohort fort
unit a) Cohort
b) Cohors equitata
size 159.0 × 144.1 m
(= 2.3 ha)
Construction a) wood-earth
b) stone
State of preservation Recognizable through bushes, dirt roads and gentle embankments
place Gnotzheim
Geographical location 49 ° 3 '25.9 "  N , 10 ° 42' 16.2"  E
height 470  m above sea level NHN
Previous Unterschwaningen Castle (west)
Subsequently Theilenhofen Castle (east-northeast)
Weissenburg Castle (east)
Backwards Fort Munningen (south-southwest)
Upstream Fort Dambach (north-west)
Fort Gunzenhausen (north-north-west)
Small fort at the Hinteren Schloßbuck (north-east)
Gnotzheim after the magnetometer scan published in 2010 and the findings of the Reich Limes Commission

The Gnotzheim fort , called Mediana during antiquity , is a former Roman military camp that was built near the UNESCO World Heritage Site Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes and is now under agricultural land in the corridors of the Gnotzheim market in the Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen district in Bavaria .

location

The fort, with its praetorial front facing away from the Limes and facing south-east, lies on a sloping tongue of land that is part of a ridge of the Wachtlerberg that slopes down to the north-east . On its south side, the Wurmbach flows parallel to the slope , which bends north at the tip of the tongue, 500 meters from the garrison. There, in the valley formed by the Wurmbach, is today's Gnotzheim market. The view to the south / south-east is limited by the Spielberg, which lies directly above the Wurmbach valley. The location of the fortification was strategically well chosen, as the 2.5 kilometers southwest of the pass between the Wachtlerberg and the Spielberg mountain could be viewed and checked. This pass formed the northern end point of the Franconian Jura . It was crossed by the Roman road that led from Munningen fort in the Ries basin through Gnotzheim over a ford of the Altmühl to the border fort Gunzenhausen , the number of which was either under the Gnotzheimer unit or perhaps also with the Theilenhofen fort . The road coming from Fort Theilenhofen ran directly to the left, north-eastern side gate, the Porta principalis sinistra , the south-western gate, the Porta principalis dextra , was oriented towards Munningen.

In addition to these tasks, Mediana would then have been entrusted with the control of the Limes passage on the Schloßbuck via the Gunzenhäuser Numerus and was certainly in charge of the supervision of the Unterwaningen numerus fort in the west, which was built at the same time .

Research history

The knowledge of an old settlement of whatever kind is evident from the name of the corridor "Auf der Weil", on which Castra Mediana is today. "Weil" is a smooth form of villa , so the square was already known in the 18th century. The first researcher at this place is said to have been a captain von Lindner. He had already dealt with ceramics from the foot of the Spielberg in 1794.

From 1878, Heinrich Eidam (1849–1934), who later became the route commissioner of the Reich Limes Commission (RLK), examined the place. Eidam kept in constant consultation with the farmers, from whom he learned where they encountered walls while plowing. He transferred this information into cadastral plans and thus received a conceptual plan of the Roman buildings step by step. With funds from the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences , Eidam was able to excavate the fence for the first time from 1889 and in 1890 and 1892. From 1905 he explored parts of the staff building ( Principia ) , the nearby granary ( Horreum ) and a small hypocausted building. Even then, the defensive wall was in a very poor condition, except for the deeply founded towers, and was broken down to the lowest area of ​​the foundation.

Decades ago it was argued that modern excavations should be carried out on this site in order to clarify numerous open questions, but only a geophysical prospecting of the fort area by the geophysicist Jörg Faßbinder in 2008 brought significant new findings. A short time later, these investigations were followed by an exploration of parts of the camp village ( vicus ) . But even after these investigations, the scientists believe that some of their new findings cannot be interpreted more precisely without the excavations that are still outstanding. The condition of the ground monument has deteriorated significantly since the time of Eidam.

Building history

Terra sigillata bowl from the fort

The ancient name of the square is known from the medieval tracing of a Roman map, the Tabula Peutingeriana . Research assumes that Castra Mediana is one of the oldest Limes forts and was built as a wood-earth entrenchment during the reign of Emperor Domitian (81–96). The Cohors V Bracaraugustanorum , confirmed on a Weißenburg military diploma for the year 107 AD in Raetia, is accepted as the regular troop at that time. The first expansion of the 159.0 × 144.1 meter (= 2.3 hectare) stone fortification can be written down to the year 144 AD by a found building inscription. At that time, Emperor Antoninus Pius (137–161) ruled. As the inscription further shows, the construction work was carried out by the multiple award-winning, partially mounted Cohors III Thracum civium Romanorum equitata to torquata , who originally came from Thrace . This inscription, for the most part very well preserved, is now on the southern outer facade of the baroque Michaelskirche in Gnotzheim. A second building inscription, the remains of which can be seen on the south side inside the church, comes from the reign of Emperor Caracallas (211-217), when the border fortifications were last extensively repaired and expanded. The stone only transmits parts of the text. However, research assumes that the unit mentioned is also the III. Thracian cohort deals. Since both the Principia and the Horreum of Gnotzheim can still be clearly assigned to the Antonine era from an architectural point of view, the second inscription is perhaps an extensive renovation and refurbishment of the complex. A third inscription is known from Mediana . It is believed to refer to a number. Dietwulf Baatz said:

"Whether this unit replaced the cohort or temporarily represented it, or whether it was also in the fort is uncertain."

Enclosure

The defense system excavated by Eidam was built according to the presumed standard scheme of Roman military installations. The fence was 1.30 meters thick and had four rounded corners, each with a tower. Intermediate towers could not be found. The Praetorial Front, the side facing the enemy, faced the southeast, facing the road towards the pass. Both the Porta praetoria and the two side gates, Porta principalis dextera and sinistra , had a double gate passage with two gate towers each. Only the exit gate in the northwest, the rear Porta decumana , had only one lane entrance, which was also flanked by two towers. At the fort, at least three double-pointed trenches, which were exposed at the four gates, could already be observed after aerial overflights. The geomagnetic prospecting supplemented and corrected this finding. In the end, four trenches were found that obviously ran around the fort area without interruption. Including these moats, the fort occupies an area of ​​228.0 × 214.3 meters (almost five hectares).

Interior development

Principia

The geomagnetic prospecting revealed parts of the drainage ditches that emerged along the camp roads and left the interior of the fort in the area of ​​the gate structures. The almost square Principia measured Eidam in 1905 at 42 × 44 meters. These data were confirmed by the geophysical survey. The staff building had an 11.70 × 42 meter multi-purpose hall in front of it . They superimposed the via principalis . This street connected the two side gates of the fort. The vestibule, which had three accesses on the long side and one on the front sides, was followed by an inner courtyard, built on to the northwest, around which the administration and service rooms were located in the square, as well as a flag sanctuary (Aedes) in the rear , which did not yet have an apse . The design of the sanctuary with apses only became customary in the new construction from the middle of the 2nd century. In addition to the flag sanctuary, which was always of particular interest to the RLK excavators, Eidam also examined the basement room below, which once held the troop coffers.

The remains of a tank statue from the Principia finds are worth mentioning, which were found in the vestibule. They date to the early 3rd century AD.

Praetorium

The heatable building with a semicircular apse , which was already recorded by Eidam in 1905 , evidently formed part of the 36 × 34 meter commandant's house (praetorium) . The building lay in the area of ​​the central strip of the camp and completely filled the area between the Principia and the southwestern Lagerringstrasse (Via sagularis) . Parts of this house, like most of the warehouse buildings, were made of wood.

Horreum and other interior structures

Only a narrow alley separated the Eidam 31 × 11 meter granary from the Principia . The building excavated by Eidam was on its northeast flank. A 39 × 21 meter large rectangular building complex was geophysically recorded between the storage building and the northeast Lagerringstrasse, in which rooms lined up are grouped around a 24 × 7.8 meter courtyard. Such floor plans are typical of a hospital (Valetudinarium) or a workshop (Favrica) . In the front camp , the Praetentura , four double barracks could be identified geophysically, the gable ends of which were oriented towards the Via praetoria , the street leading to the main camp gate. No special head structures for officers were found. The approximately 55 meter long barracks were used to house the four cavalry units (towers) of the cohorts and were divided into stables and soldiers' quarters. The rear camp (Retentura) was about one to two meters higher than the southern fort area. It was found to be largely destroyed during the geophysical prospecting. The team barracks and other buildings located there can only be guessed at by this investigation method.

The end of the fort shows a thick layer of fire. Apparently a fire destroyed large parts of the fortification.

Building inscription

Building inscription from 144 AD on the Gnotzheim parish church of St. Michael

The building inscription from 144 reads:

[Imp (eratori) Cae] s (ari) T (ito) Ael (io) Hadr (iano) Antonino
[Aug (usto) Pio] trib (unicia) p (otestate) VII co (n) s (uli) III pontif (ici) max (imo)
[coh (ors) II] I Thr (acum) c (ivium) R (omanorum) eq (uitata) to torqua (ta)

Translation: “For Emperor Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, in the 7th year of his tribunician power, for the 3rd time consul, high priest. The III. [partly] mounted Thracian cohort of Roman citizens, twice awarded. "

A second Antonine, no longer datable building inscription comes from Gnotzheim, which also names the Thracians. It was discovered during the renovation of the sacristy in the Gnotzheim St. Michaels Church.

[---] Antonino [---]
[---] pont (ifici) max (imo) coh (ors) II [I Thrac (um) c (ivium) R (omanorum) eq (uitata) to torquata]

Only a few bronze letters have survived from a third architectural or honorary inscription, which among other things connects Thomas Fischer with an inspection trip by Emperor Caracalla after his victory over the Alamanni in 213. Stone tablets with gold-plated letters are also known from the forts Eining , Kösching , Faimingen , Steinkirchen , Böbingen , Saalburg and Feldberg , Pförring , Oberhochstatt and Pfünz .

Militaria

The partially mounted Cohors III Thracum civium Romanorum equitata to torquata , which was relocated to the Gnotzheim fort between 135 and 144 AD, is documented, among other things, by finds of military provenance. A 32 centimeter long bronze fragment of a helmet mask of the female, “oriental” type was found, which could be dated to the 3rd century. There is great disagreement in research about the origins of Roman mask helmets in general. Its use as a mere face mask, probably also worn in combat at that time, can be documented for the first time in the Augustan period. With the advancing 1st century AD, the actual mask helmet developed, among other things, into a male-female mixed type. In the second half of the century, a purely female type appeared for the first time in the finds ( Rapolano , Tuscany ) and from the 3rd century onwards, helmets of the female “oriental” type can be identified. Due to the historical typology, Marcus Junkelmann decided to assign a female physiognomy to all “oriental” masks, even if some mask faces, like a mixed type, make an optical classification difficult. Roman masked helmets of the imperial era were mostly not worn in combat, but only on special occasions such as the exhibition fights, where the Roman cavalry showed their skills. Flavius ​​Arrianus recorded the course of such an exhibition match in his equestrian tract published in AD 136.

The found militaria also includes the fragment of a military diploma discovered in 1966 , which was issued between 139 and 141 AD. Due to the missing lower section, neither the name of the Gnotzheim commander at the time nor the troops for this period - possibly the Cohors III Thracum civium Romanorum equitata - are known.

Troops and military personnel

Time position Troop name comment
AD 81 / 96-135 / 140 Cohors V Bracaraugustanorum The presence of the 5th cohort from Bracara Augusta in Germania is documented by an inscription from Rome . Their presence in the Roman province of Raetia has been assured since it was mentioned in 86 at the latest . Your original location could have been Gnotzheim. It is documented in the Künzing fort around the middle of the 2nd century . She is said to have built the stone fort of the third period there between 140 and 150 AD.
135/144 – at the latest by 260 AD Cohors III Thracum civium Romanorum equitata to torquata Dug up in Thrace, the 3rd partially mounted cohort of the Thracians has been Roman citizens since 107 AD in Raetia. Before the unit came to Gnotzheim at 135 or a little later, it was in Künzing Fort . In Castra Mediana she was entrusted with the completion of the stone construction of the garrison in 144 and remained there until the fall of the Limes around 260 as the main force. The troop name also appears on a spolie discovered in the local church of St. Michael in 1957 .

Officers

The knightly career of a cohort prefect of the Cohors III Thracum civium Romanorum equitata , Quintus Gavius ​​Fulvius Proculus , from Campania , could be traced in many parts. According to a farmer, a large inscription stone was excavated on the southern edge of the fort vicus in the summer of 1999 during the expansion of federal highway 466 between Ostheim and Gnotzheim, which was not archaeologically accompanied . Out of ignorance and fear of the preservation of monuments, the construction management and road construction master in Gunzenhausen initially had the stone hidden. After intensive research by the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, the workpiece was saved for archeology. It turned out that the stone, a consecration altar for the goddess Diana Panthea , had probably been excavated and buried again during an earlier construction project. Quintus Gavius ​​Fulvius Proculus of the Gavier family names his inscription:

[Nu] mini
[Di] anae Pa-
[n] theae
[Q (uintus)] Gavius
[F] ulvius
[Fa] lerna (tribu)
[Pr] oculus
[pr] aefectus
[c] oh (ortis) III <Thracum > c (ivium) R (omanorum)
[ex v] oto posuit

Translation: "Quintus Gavius ​​Fulvius Proculus from the Falerna tribe , prefect of the 3rd cohort (the Thracians) of Roman citizens, established (this) on the basis of a vow to the work of the all-goddess Diana ."

The donor probably commissioned the stone at the beginning or towards the end of his time in Gnotzheim. Since two military diplomas from 152 confirm his next command in the Leiden-Roomburg (Matilo) fort on the Lower Germanic Limes , he must have been transferred from Gnotzheim before that time.

In 1905 a bronze disc with a stamped owner's inscription was discovered in the Praetorium . She names a centurion who was named Quintus .

Vicus

For a long time, the camp village ( vicus ) of the fort was only known through emergency excavations by the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation . It extended from the camp over 200 meters to the west and down the slope to the south to below what is now the western part of Gnotzheim. It is possible that building remains can also be discovered up the slope - north and northwest of the fort. However, due to the severe erosion in this area, the geomagnetic survey was negative.

Monument protection

The Gnotzheim fort and the facilities mentioned have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage as a section of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes since 2005 . In addition, they are protected as registered ground monuments within the meaning of the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to authorization, accidental finds must be reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. 4th edition, Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 , pp. 282f.
  • Heinrich Eidam : The Gnotzheim Castle . In: Ernst Fabricius , Felix Hettner and Oscar von Sarwey (eds.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich . Department B, Volume 6, Fort No. 70, Petters, Heidelberg 1907
  • Jörg Faßbinder : From Eining to Ruffenhofen. On the way to a magnetogram atlas of the Raetian Limes fort - results of the geophysical prospection in Bavaria. In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): Perspektiven der Limesforschung. 5th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2465-8 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 5), pp. 89-103; here: pp. 92–94.
  • Jörg Faßbinder: Magnetometer prospection of the Roman fort Mediana near Gnotzheim. In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 2008 (2009), pp. 73–76.
  • Thomas Fischer , Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 .
  • Thomas Fischer: forts Ruffenhofen, Dambach, Unterschwaningen, Gnotzheim, Gunzenhausen, Theilenhofen, Böhming, Pfünz, Eining . In: Jochen Garbsch (Ed.): The Roman Limes in Bavaria. 100 years of Limes research in Bavaria . Exhibition catalogs of the Prehistoric State Collection 22, 1992, p. 37ff.
  • Robert Frank: Emergency excavation in the Vicus Gnotzheim-Mediana. In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1999 (2000), pp. 46–49.
  • Markus Gschwind : Reflex bow stiffeners and slingshots from Iciniacum / Theilenhofen, Gunzenhausen, Mediana / Gnotzheim and Ruffenhofen. For arming Raetian auxiliary units in the middle imperial period. In: Contributions to Archeology in Middle Franconia , Volume 5, Faustus, Büchenbach 1999, p. 157ff.
  • Claus-Michael Hüssen : Q. Gavius ​​Fulvius Proculus - praefectus, tribunus, patronus. On the new discovery of a Diana inscription in Gnotzheim and on CIL X 4579 . In: Germania 79/2, 2001, pp. 309-324.
  • Claus-Michael Hüssen: Numini Dianae Pantheae - A newly discovered dedicatory inscription from Gnotzheim . In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1999 (2000), pp. 46–47.
  • Carsten Mischka , Cecilia Moneta: New geomagnetic prospections in the fort vici of the Raetian Limes . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 6), pp. 123-135.
  • Britta Rabold, Egon Schallmayer , Andreas Thiel : The Limes . Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 .
  • Johann Schrenk and Werner Mühlhäußer: Land on the Limes. In the footsteps of the Romans in the Hesselberg - Gunzenhausen - Weißenburg region . Schrenk, Gunzenhausen 2009, ISBN 978-3-924270-57-5 , in particular pp. 85-91.
  • Hermann Thoma: A new Roman road between the castles Gnotzheim and Unterschwaningen, Ldkr. Ansbach, Middle Franconia. In: Bayerische Prognistorblätter , 50, 1985, pp. 487-503.
  • Günter Ulbert , Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 .

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c d e Jörg Faßbinder: From Eining to Ruffenhofen. On the way to a magnetogram atlas of the Raetian Limes fort - results of the geophysical prospection in Bavaria. In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): Perspektiven der Limesforschung. 5th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2465-8 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 5), pp. 89-103; here: p. 92.
  2. ↑ Thomas Fischer , Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 . P. 100.
  3. ^ Jörg Faßbinder: From Eining to Ruffenhofen. On the way to a magnetogram atlas of the Raetian Limes fort - results of the geophysical prospection in Bavaria. In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): Perspektiven der Limesforschung. 5th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2465-8 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 5), pp. 89-103; here: p. 92; Günter Ulbert , Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 , p. 72.
  4. ^ Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 , p. 72.
  5. ↑ Carsten Mischka , Cecilia Moneta: New geomagnetic prospections in the fort vici of the Raetian Limes . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 6), pp. 123–135; here: pp. 125–130.
  6. ↑ Carsten Mischka, Cecilia Moneta: New geomagnetic prospections in the fort vici of the Raetian Limes . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 6), pp. 123–135; here: p. 129.
  7. ↑ a b Jörg Faßbinder: From Eining to Ruffenhofen. On the way to a magnetogram atlas of the Raetian Limes fort - results of the geophysical prospection in Bavaria. In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): Perspektiven der Limesforschung. 5th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2465-8 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 5), pp. 89-103; here: p. 94.
  8. ↑ CIL 16, 55 .
  9. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz ): Römische Kastelle . von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 167.
  10. ^ Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 , p. 72.
  11. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Römische Kastelle , von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 58.
  12. ^ Jörg Faßbinder: From Eining to Ruffenhofen. On the way to a magnetogram atlas of the Raetian Limes fort - results of the geophysical prospection in Bavaria. In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): Perspektiven der Limesforschung. 5th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2465-8 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 5), pp. 89-103; here: p. 93; Fig. 4.
  13. ↑ a b c d Jörg Faßbinder: From Eining to Ruffenhofen. On the way to a magnetogram atlas of the Raetian Limes fort - results of the geophysical prospection in Bavaria. In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): Perspektiven der Limesforschung. 5th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2465-8 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 5), pp. 89-103; here: p. 93.
  14. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz ): Römische Kastelle . Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 152.
  15. ↑ Martin Kemkes : The image of the emperor on the border - A new large bronze fragment from the Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (Ed.): Research on the function of the Limes , volume 2. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-2117-6 , p. 144.
  16. ^ The building inscription at ubi-erat-lupa.org , query on April 1, 2013.
  17. ^ The building inscription at ubi-erat-lupa.org , query on April 1, 2013; AE 1953, 118 .
  18. ^ Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 ; Barbara Pferdehirt : The ceramics of the Holzhausen fort . Mann, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-7861-1070-0 , p. 18 (= Limes research 16).
  19. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: Horsemen like statues made of ore . von Zabern, Mainz 1996, ISBN 3-8053-1819-7 , catalog no. O 115.
  20. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: Horsemen like statues made of ore . von Zabern, Mainz 1996, ISBN 3-8053-1819-7 , catalog no.O 81.
  21. ↑ Jochen Garbsch , Hans-Jörg Kellner : Roman parade armor . Exhibition catalog "Roman parade armor" of the Germanic National Museum Nuremberg and the Prehistoric State Collection Munich. Beck, Munich 1978, p. 6.
  22. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: Horsemen like statues made of ore . von Zabern, Mainz 1996, ISBN 3-8053-1819-7 , p. 46.
  23. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: Horsemen like statues made of ore . von Zabern, Mainz 1996, ISBN 3-8053-1819-7 , pp. 26ff./88.
  24. ^ AE 1978, 588 .
  25. ^ Werner Eck, Andreas Pangerl: Titus Flavius ​​Norbanus, praefectus praetorio Domitians, as governor of Rhaetia in a new military diploma. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy . Volume 163, 2007, pp. 239-251 ( AE 2007, 1782 ).
  26. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3786117012 , p. 332.
  27. ↑ Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 180.
  28. ↑ a b Nicole Lambert, Jörg Scheuerbrandt : The military diploma: source for the Roman army and for documents. Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3806217262 , p. 54.
  29. ↑ a b Claus-Michael Hüssen: Q. Gavius ​​Fulvius Proculus - praefectus, tribunus, patronus. On the new discovery of a Diana inscription in Gnotzheim and on CIL X 4579. In: Germania , Volume 79 (2), Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 316.
  30. ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: Numini Dianae Pantheae - A newly discovered dedicatory inscription from Gnotzheim. In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1999 (2000), pp. 46–47; here: p. 46.
  31. ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: Numini Dianae Pantheae - A newly discovered dedicatory inscription from Gnotzheim . In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1999 (2000), pp. 46–47; here: p. 47.
  32. ↑ AE 2004, 1911 ; AE 2002, 1724 .
  33. ↑ Andreas Kakoschke: The personal names in the Roman province of Raetia. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2009, ISBN 3487139170 , p. 260 (table and footnote 3).
  34. ↑ Carsten Mischka, Cecilia Moneta: New geomagnetic prospections in the fort vici of the Raetian Limes . In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission . Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site 6), pp. 123–135; here: p. 127.