Schirenhof Castle

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Georeferencing Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap
Schirenhof Castle
limes ORL 64 ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Rhaetian Limes,
route 12
Dating (occupancy) around AD 150 to
around AD 244/47
Type Cohort fort
unit Cohors I Flavia Raetorum
size 157 m × 130 m = 2 ha
Construction stone
State of preservation Fort place largely unsupervised; not visible above ground; Fort bath preserved
place Schwäbisch Gmünd
Geographical location 48 ° 47 '12.1 "  N , 9 ° 46' 36.9"  E
height 344  m above sea level NHN
Upstream Small fort Kleindeinbach (north- west) Small fort
Freimühle (north-west)
Small fort Hintere Orthalde (north-east)
The fort with the previously explored vicus area

The Schirenhof Fort , also known as Etzelsburg , is a former Roman cohort fort that is now in the city of Schwäbisch Gmünd , on the corridors of the Schirenhof in the Ostalbkreis , Baden-Württemberg . It was built around 150 AD on a mountain tongue with a view over the Rems to the Rhaetian Limes behind it , which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005 .

location

Location of the fort as documented by Steimle in his excavation report

The well-chosen location of this ancient fortification, founded on the soil of the Roman province of Raetia , is halfway up a mountain spur facing south-east and north-west above the Rems. On the opposite side of the valley, about a kilometer away in a north-westerly direction, was the small fort Freimühle , which was also located on a small spur at the eastern exit of the Rotenbach valley . If you go another kilometer from this small fort across the Rotenbachtal up a steep slope to the northwest, you come to another ancient military site, the Kleindeinbach small fort , which was already built in the Roman province of Germania superior , around 50 meters from the Holz palisade of the Limes was removed. Only a few meters east of this small facility, on the descent into the Rotenbachtal, began the Raetia province with the Rhaetian stone wall that stretched as far as the Danube. Dendrochronological investigations have been able to determine an exact construction date in this valley. The wood processed there was felled in the winter of 163/164 and 164 were used. However, it is not entirely clear whether the wood recovered there actually came from the palisade and not from a bridge just behind it. The border area between Germania superior and Raetia in the Limes area was unusually densely occupied with Roman military bases. The proximity of the Lorch cohort fort on the edge of the Germania superior province and Schirenhof in Raetia also seem to confirm this impression. Both are only about seven kilometers apart. Perhaps a certain independent action of those responsible for the provincial administration becomes visible here. The expansion of the imperial border in Stein, which was only carried out in Raetia, could be evidence of this.

Research history

Landscape model with the Schirenhof fort in the upper area of ​​the picture, the Freimühle fort in the center and the Kleindeinbach fort with the Limes at the bottom.

Already at the end of the 14th century the name "Etzelsburg" is documented for the fort. The walls that were still standing at that time were associated with Attila , the king of the Huns, who lived on as King Etzel through the song of the Nibelungs , among other things .

From a Baroque chronicler of the city of Schwäbisch Gmünd, the councilor Friedrich Vogt (1623–1674), we learn that the “castle” was called “Etzelburg” in old writings. But even in Vogt's time, the remains had been removed to the ground as a cheap quarry. Apparently only parts of the moat were still visible at that time. It was not until the court domain councilor, viticulture expert and antiquarian Carl Gok (1776–1849), a half-brother of the poet Friedrich Hölderlin , that the alleged castle on the Schirenhof had once been a Roman fort. The first modern excavations took place before the establishment of the Reichs-Limeskommission (RLK) under the guidance of the retired Chief of Staff of the Württemberg Army, Eduard von Kallee , as well as Major Heinrich Steimle in the years 1886 to 1888. After the Second World War, only a few emergency excavations were carried out in the almost unknown camp village ( Vicus ) , which had now been released for building over and thus for destruction. Only when the Baden-Württemberg Monument Protection Act of January 1, 1972 came into force, it was possible for the archaeologists in Schwäbisch Gmünd, at least to a greater extent than before, to probe the subsoil before the ongoing destruction and, in certain cases, to assign important areas as excavation protection areas for the future to back up.

Under the direction of the Provincial Roman archaeologist Hans Ulrich Nuber (1940-2014), the fort bath located in front of the western camp gate, which was first excavated in 1893, was completely exposed in 1972/73 and opened to the public in 1975 in a restored condition. The reason for these new excavations was an imminent overbuilding. This offered the opportunity to deepen the previous excavations, some of which were only rudimentary, of the later RLK. In 1977 the exploration of the previously unknown cremation cemetery took place. In 1999, the bathroom, which has since been partially renovated several times, was completely refurbished, with the ancient wall fabric exposed to wind and weather being largely replaced by the same parts of the wall. In 2005 there was a geomagnetic survey of almost the entire fort area. The Schirenhof Fort is now an archaeological monument.

Building history

Floor plan of the fort based on the findings recorded between 1886 and 1888

Based on findings in the fort bath, research was able to prove that the Cohors I Flavia Raetorum, named on brick stamps and the fragment of a genius statue, had been the main troop since the Schirenhof garrison was founded and was probably lost in the Alemanni raids from 233 onwards. Shortly after 244/247 at the latest, the last soldiers left the place. The camp was under the command of the Ala II Flavia milliaria p. f. in the Aalen fort .

Due to the finds that have been recovered to this day and investigations on the timbers from the vicus , which fix the felling dates for the years 139 (± 6) as well as 150 (± 6) and 165 (± 10), a fort was founded during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138–161) around 150 AD. Nuber could not discover a wooden predecessor fort during his excavations.

Enclosure

Of the approximately 157 × 130 meter (= 2 hectare) fortification, the Imperial Limes Commission examined mainly parts of the trench, the approximately 1.20 meter wide enclosure wall, the right and rear gate, and the flag sanctuary in the Principia , the staff building. Based on the excavations carried out by Nuber in 1972, it was found that the complex is surrounded by three pointed trenches, one behind the other, which are suspended at the four entrances. The distances between these trenches varied; so the outermost and middle were further apart than the middle from the innermost.

The Praetorial Front , the enemy-facing side of the camp, lay in the northwest. There was the Limes on the other side of the valley. The gate to the west, the Porta principalis dextera , had a two-lane driveway that was flanked by two rectangular gate towers. The rear gate, the Porta decumana , also had two entrances. However, the gate towers here were of the seldom observed semicircular protruding type, as could also be seen at the Weissenburg Castle . It is assumed that the semicircular shaped gate type emerged towards the end of the 2nd century and that it was modeled on the Legion camp of Regensburg in Raetia. The aerial archeology made it possible to obtain a more precise picture of the rest of the architecture of the fence. It was found that all four entrances were double-gate and that the warehouse had a tower at each of its four rounded corners. Other towers were between the corners and gates. The earth wall, lying between towers and gates and leaning against the outer wall, on which the soldiers once did their guard duty, was four meters wide. The state of preservation of this stone outer wall was limited to the lowest foundation layer during the Nuber excavations. The Lagerringstrasse (Via sagularis) behind the embankment was measured with a width of eleven meters. A water ditch ran along the edge of the camp interior. At the Porta principalis dextera there was a water crack that had already been filled in during Roman times. Terra sigillata , which had been produced in the middle of the 2nd century, was recovered from the lowest filling layers . It was found that the picture bowls drag.  37 came from the Rheinzabern workshops of Ianu (arius) I and Reginus I. For the more precise dating of the fort, the time at which this water crack was filled is particularly important. Its beginning is almost across the west gate and leads down the slope. Therefore it must have been filled in when the road from the gate to the fort bath was built.

Interior development

Of the interior development, only the rear part of the Principia is known, as it was part of the strategy of the Imperial Limes Commission to give priority to excavating this building segment. The excavators hoped to find interesting finds here, as the flag sanctuary not only contained the standard of the unit, but also contained the troop coffers in the cellar below. Finding old coins in certain historical soil layers can, with the help of numismatics, allow many valuable conclusions to be drawn about an excavated building complex. At the Schirenhof administrative staff of the Principia may have become known through the - albeit controversial - mention of a Liberarius Cohortis I Raetorum . The badly damaged inscription on a red sandstone slab cannot be dated until the middle of the 2nd century at the earliest. CIL 3, 11924 offers a second option to supplement [F] idelis lim [itanea (?) 3 coh (ortis?)] / Raet [orum] .

It is also known that the Principia , which, like the entire camp, followed architecturally according to a standard plan, had a large multi-purpose hall in front of it as a rectangular crossbar. It was also established that the flag sanctuary, which is always in the rear part of the staff building, had a semicircular apse . Since the design of the sanctuary with apses in the forts of the Germanic provinces had only become customary since the middle of the 2nd century, this structural finding overlaps with the dendrological classification of the timber from the vicus, which also fell during this period. The similarities between the Schirenhofer Principia and the commandant's office in the Unterböbingen fort are striking . It was assumed that the same planning basis is present here. In the fort area, melting pots for bronze processing were also found.

Building or honorary inscription

Inscriptions from the fort (1886–1888)

In 1888, the excavators came across a former building or honorary inscription at the Porta principalis dextra . This consisted of gray sandstone in which the text was chiseled slightly deeper. Then gold-plated bronze letters about 1 millimeter thick were inserted into these depressions and cemented in 20 millimeter deep drill holes with iron pins that sat at the corners of the letters. The plate was once so badly shattered that only a larger and a smaller fragment were found. On the larger piece, the letter “N” is almost completely preserved, as are the two upper nail holes in the line below. One of the few loosely found bronze letters obviously fits exactly into this preserved "N". Overall, the following letters were found in legible condition: A, I, N, T, T, X. Of another “T” only the upper dash remained, an “A” and an “M” were still almost half preserved . From an "S" the clearly curved middle section. A quarter letter has been found with a curve. Heinrich Steimle in the ORL added an "O", a "G" would also be conceivable. A last letter with garbled serifs is to be regarded as "I". The letters have different heights, which reminds you that they were on different lines. I, N, T and probably the damaged letters A, O, S are 90–88 millimeters high. A, M, T and perhaps the damaged “I” are around 86 millimeters. The smallest is the "X", which is 75 millimeters high. In terms of proportions, Heinrich Steimle also placed the fragmentary “T” in this line in the ORL . Many archaeologists have thought of seeing the Schirenhofer bronze letters as the remains of an honorary inscription in connection with a visit by Emperor Caracalla (211-217). Similar loose letters, but also preserved inscriptions or remains of inscriptions that still have recesses and dowel marks for attaching metal letters are known from many Limes forts. Steimle had considered combining the largest letters from the Schirenhof with almost the same height as "ANTO [N] I [NV] S".

Commanders of the Cohors I Flavia Raetorum

Surname rank Time position comment
Caius Cassius Pupinia Primus Praefectus cohortis approx. 100/200 (?) Son of Caius from the tribe Primus ; an honorary inscription of this knight was found in Béziers in the province of Gallia Narbonensis
Caius Caelius Martialis Praefectus cohortis
I Raetorum quae tendit in Raetia 		before 105/106 Son of Caius from the Oufentina tribe; named on an honorary inscription for this knight, which was found on the agora of Colonia Laus Iulia Corinthus ( Corinth , Greece )
Publius Besius Betuinianus Caius Marius Memmius Sabinus Praefectus cohortis before approx. 110-114 Son of Publius from the Quirina tribe; the knight is named on an honorary inscription found in what is now Tangier , province of Mauretania Tingitana
Marcus Petronius Honoratus Praefectus cohortis 141/142 Son of Marcus from the Quirina tribe; this knight is named on two honorary inscriptions that come from Rome . Thereof Another honor inscription was in Ostia Antica discovered

Fort bath

Fort bath based on the findings of the excavations between 1886 and 1888.
The fort bath in its chronological order, mainly based on the findings of Steimle in 1893 and Nubers in 1972/73. The development in the area of ​​the caldarium is unclear .
Attempt to reconstruct the bath during its greatest expansion. View from the north.
View from the north of the bathroom, as it was in 1993
The state of the bathroom in 2008 after the fundamental renovation in 1999

Around 100 meters west of the fort, the bath, which was part of almost every Roman military camp, was located directly above the steep slope of a slope. The facility uncovered in Schirenhof measures 48 × 25 meters and is typologically one of the row pools. Nuber was able to identify three construction phases.

Phase I.

The oldest complex, built around the middle of the 2nd century, had an assembly room built in timber frame construction, the basilica (B), which was on the north side of the bath. From here one entered the oldest part of the lining area, the apodyterium (A1). Moving to the right was the cold bath, frigidarium F1; To the south there was another cold bath (F2) with a tub. According to Nuber, this room could have contained a sweat bath ( sudatorium ) in the early phase . Then the visitor entered a leaf bath, the tepidarium (T2). The last room group followed was the area of ​​the warm baths ( Caldaria ) . Behind it was the heating system ( Praefurnium ) with the hot water boilers (Vasa) .

Phase II

The second phase of construction, the brightest for the bathroom, was a time of expansion. The apodyterium (A2) has been extended to the east, to the west a semicircular apse was added to the smaller frigidarum (F3). For this, the large cold bath was hypocausted and converted into a tepidarium (T1). A sweat bath ( sudatorium ) may have been created in the corner of the dressing room and this tepidarium . The second leaf bath T2 received a heated apse. According to Nuber, the adjoining area of ​​the warm baths was "extended considerably to the south." How this extension looked in detail is not clearly certain due to the state of the find. Obviously the tub was installed in room C2 during this time. During the first great Alemanni incursion in 233 AD, the researchers expect the thermal baths and the vicus to be destroyed. A coin from the year 228 was found under a charred wooden floor in the apodyterium . Only then was the room rebuilt.

Phase III

The consequences of those war years must have been devastating; Roman life in the advanced Rhaetian border area never fully recovered from this blow. As in most modernly documented Limes places, the Schirenhofer bathing facility was only rebuilt in a very reduced, primitive form after these incursions. Often it can also be documented that the construction quality had now become inferior. In many cases, the archaeologists found demolition material from the ruins of the war in newer Roman buildings. The wooden basilica has not been rebuilt, a collection ditch for slope water was now passed through its area. The apodyterium shrank by half, its eastern part was filled, and a toilet was built in the subsequent, abandoned frigidarium (F1). Both the possible sudatorium and the two leaf baths could no longer be heated. Room S is also said to have been backfilled. In the Tepidarium T2 a cold water bath was installed. Only in the southernmost area of ​​the facility, the old warm bath, did the hypocaust system still work. The western extensions, the apse F3 at the frigidarium and the extension C4 at the caldarium were probably also no longer in operation after the construction findings.

The military were now only able to ensure stability in the area north of the Danube for a short time. After the troops withdrew shortly after 244/47, the thermal baths finally disintegrated and without any violence.

Found good

Toilets, jewelry and traditional costumes such as needles and fibulas were found as stray finds. But weapons and military equipment were also recovered.

Source nymph

Statue of a spring nymph found in the bathroom

The excavator Steimle reports that after the excavations in the thermal baths were completed in 1893, “the Schirenhof farmer demolished the bathing building because of the stone material”. It was only during this demolition work that the statue of a spring nymph made of Lias sandstone , which later became known, emerged from the ground inside the fort bath. Since what happened at that time was not documented, it remains unknown in which room the farmer found the stone work. The stone sculpture, a provincial Roman work, will be on the 2nd / 3rd Century attributed.

Later

Small finds from the excavations from 1886 to 1888

The only inscription that came to light was a brick (later) with instructions for the local military brickwork. The two stamps found next to it were already known from other excavation areas at the Schirenhof. One stamp called the Cohors I Raetorum , the other a Secundius . One of the recovered Later fragments showed both stamps on one piece. This suggests that Secundius worked for the military brickworks. All stamps belonged to the early phase of the bath, Nuber found them only walled up as spoilage.

Ceramics

Numerous eating and especially drinking utensils came to light. The terra sigillata found in the bathroom made it possible to start construction in the middle of the first century. Most of the pieces came from early productions in Rheinzabern. This includes the products of the manufacturers Comitialis , Consta and Natalis . A single fragment of drag. 37 could be located in the Heiligenberg office of Ianu (arius) . A fragment from Blickweiler / Eschweilerhof is questionable. The latest terra sigillata was discovered by the excavators in the sewage and water collection ditches. Here is material from so-called "Swabian" potteries ( Waiblingen , manufactory of Tertius ) and to Rheinzaberner products of Julius II Iulianus I and Victor I .

Coins

In 1972 and 1973, over 50 coins ranging from republican issues to the middle of the 3rd century were recovered from the rubble of the bath. A small treasure is one of the coins found at the time. A sesterce by Didia Clara (193 AD) was particularly valuable . The final coin was a piece from the reign of Emperor Philip Arabs , minted 244/247.

Vicus and fire burial ground

The closed overbuilding that took place after the Second World War, but also slope erosion, ensured that the vicus of the fort is only sparsely known. Individual findings show that the camp village extended to the north, west and south of the military installation. Small rectangular rooms equipped with hypocaust heating were discovered 150 meters south-east of the fort, which probably belonged to the typical wooden strip houses in the village. As in the fort itself, metalworking workshops were also found in the Vicus . 50 meters west of the fort and north of the fort baths, a very poorly preserved larger building complex was discovered. Hypocaust heating was found in the two southernmost of the recorded rooms . In the more northerly of these rooms the floor still stood on pillars of sandstone. The praefurnium could be determined in the north. Hans Ulrich Nuber tried to address this extensive building as the commandant's villa. In the area of ​​this building, an inscription was found dedicated to Silvanus , the god of shepherds and forests. In the area of ​​the south-east foreground of the fort, the remainder of a road running from south-west to north-east could be made out. This route certainly met the Porta decumana once . Only one more stone remains could be recorded here. The recovered ceramic means that it can be dated to between 190/210. The long sought burial burial ground was discovered further south-east of the garrison. It lay on both sides of an ancient road leading past the fort to the south. 310 burials, mostly burns, were secured on 0.35 hectares. It is assumed that around half of the entire cemetery has become known. Richly decorated Rhaetian goods, terra sigillata , glass and a striking number of oil lamps were found as grave goods . In addition, jewelry and metal objects could be recovered. The found property is dated to the 2nd / 3rd Century sure. The burial place of a particularly wealthy Schirenhofen resident was also uncovered. It consisted of a burial chamber built with sandstone slabs (grave 148). On the north side there was also a small pillar-like tomb, which was discovered in 1977. On one of the plinths (80 cm high), also carved from local sandstone, there is an inscription that is difficult to decipher and depicts the deceased resting on his kline, to whom a slave hands a cup of wine. Such so-called funeral reliefs were found very often in the Rhineland .

  • Finds from the burial ground

  • A cast of a gravestone with a funeral meal found in 1976/77, set up on site

  • The funeral relief recovered in 1977. The deceased rests on a kline; Limes Museum Aalen

Lost property

Many finds, especially terra sigillata , but also coins and the spring nymph can be viewed in the museum in the Prediger in Schwäbisch Gmünd.

Monument protection

The Schirenhof Fort and the aforementioned ground monuments have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage as a section of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes since 2005 . In addition, the facilities are cultural monuments according to the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG). Research and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval. Incidental finds are to be reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube , 4th edition, Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-786-12347-0 , p. 253 f.
  • Simon M. Haag, Dorothee Ade-Rademacher, Uwe Schmidt: Schwäbisch Gmünd (= Archaeological City Register Baden-Württemberg 21), Regional Council Stuttgart, State Office for Monument Preservation, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-927714-68-2 .
  • Christiane Herb: The Romans in Schwäbisch Gmünd. An overview of the history of research . In: Gabriele Seitz (Ed.): In the service of Rome. Festschrift for Hans Ulrich Nuber . Greiner, Remshalden 2006, ISBN 3-935383-49-5 , pp. 129–132 (with a detailed bibliography).
  • Johann Baptist Keune : Schierenhof . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume II A, 1, Stuttgart 1921, Col. 407 f.
  • Hans Ulrich Nuber : New Roman finds in the Schwäbisch Gmünd district . In unicorn. Journal for the city and district of Schwäbisch Gmünd , Volume 7, Issue 39, 1960, p. 41 ff.
  • Hans Ulrich Nuber: Schirenhof, Schwäbisch Gmünd. Cohort fort and camp village on the Raetian Limes . In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites and museums from Aalen to Zwiefalten , Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , pp. 316-317.
  • Hans Ulrich Nuber: Excavations on the Schirenhof (Schwäbisch Gmünd) . In: Studies on the military borders of Rome II , Rheinland Verlag / Habelt, Cologne / Bonn 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , pp. 225-229.
  • Hans Ulrich Nuber: Schwäbisch Gmünd in early history . In: Stadtarchiv Schwäbisch Gmünd (Ed.): History of the City of Schwäbisch Gmünd , Theiss, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8062-0399-7 , pp. 25–41.
  • Dieter Planck : Neue Ausgrabungen am Limes (= Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany. Writings of the Limes Museum Aalen 12), Gentner, Stuttgart 1975, pp. 22-23.
  • Dieter Planck: The Roman fire grave cemetery of Schwäbisch Gmünd / Schirenhof, Ostalbkreis . In: Society for Prehistory and Early History in Württemberg and Hohenzollern e. V. (Hrsg.): Archäologische Ausgrabungen 1977. Soil monument maintenance in the administrative districts of Stuttgart and Tübingen , Gentner, Stuttgart 1978, pp. 67–74.
  • Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: Der Limes in Südwestdeutschland , 2nd, completely revised edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , pp. 107-108.
  • Heinrich Steimle : The Schirenhof Castle. In: Ernst Fabricius , Felix Hettner , Oscar von Sarwey (Hrsg.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich , Volume VI, No. 64 (1897).
  • Andreas Thiel : Pre- and Early History. In: The art monuments in Baden-Württemberg. City of Schwäbisch Gmünd, Volume I: City history, city fortifications, Heiligkreuzmünster , Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-422-06381-1 , pp. 15-21.
  • Harald von den Osten-Woldenburg: Geophysical prospection of the forts Freimühle and Schirenhof in Schwäbisch Gmünd, Ostalbkreis . In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 2005 , 2006, pp. 117–120.

Web links

Commons : Kastell Schirenhof  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Small fort Freimühle at 48 ° 47 ′ 29.44 ″  N , 9 ° 45 ′ 49.42 ″  E
  2. ↑ Bernd Becker : Felling dates for Roman construction timbers based on a 2350 year old South German oak tree ring chronology . In find reports from Baden-Württemberg . Volume 6, Theiss, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-8062-1252-X , pp. 369-386.
  3. ↑ Wolfgang Czysz , Frank Herzig: New dendrodata from the Limes Palisade in Raetia . In: Andreas Thiel (Ed.): Neue Forschungen am Limes , Volume 3, Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , p. 191.
  4. ↑ For the formation of tradition, see Lore about Hetzelburg Castle, recorded in 1837 by Pastor Gottfried Eyth. Reprinted from the Ludwigsburg State Archives F 169 Bü 122 by Klaus Graf : Small contributions to historical storytelling in Schwäbisch Gmünd . In: Einhorn 1991, pp. 99-114, here p. 100f. electronic text, wayback ( memento from June 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) full text at wikisource ; Klaus Graf: Heroic come from n online ; Klaus Graf: Gmünder Chroniken im 16. Jahrhundert , 1984, p. 165 online .
  5. ↑ Hans Ulrich Nuber : Schwäbisch Gmünd in early historical times . In: History of the City of Schwäbisch Gmünd , Theiss, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8062-0399-7 , p. 26.
  6. ↑ Hans Ulrich Nuber: Schwäbisch Gmünd in early historical times . In: History of the City of Schwäbisch Gmünd , Theiss, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8062-0399-7 , pp. 26-27.
  7. ↑ Hans Ulrich Nuber: Excavations on the Schirenhof (Schwäbisch Gmünd). In: Studies on the military borders of Rome II , Rheinland Verlag / Habelt, Cologne / Bonn 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , p. 225.
  8. ↑ a b c Britta Rabold, Egon Schallmayer , Andreas Thiel: Der Limes , Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 , p. 100.
  9. ↑ Jürgen Obmann (Ed.): Limesentwicklungsplan Baden-Württemberg. Protection, development and research of the world heritage , State Office for Monument Preservation in the Stuttgart Regional Council, Esslingen 2007, p. 41.
  10. ↑ COH (o) R (tis) P (rimae) F (laviae) RAET (orum) . See u. a .: Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck u. a .: The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3806202877 , p. 547. Photo of a Tegula with the cohort name in: Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: Der Limes in Südwestdeutschland , 2nd, completely revised edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496- 9 , p. 108.
  11. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: The riders of Rome , Part II, von Zabern, Mainz 1991, ISBN 3-8053-1139-7 , p. 84 f.
  12. ↑ Dieter Planck , Willi Beck: Der Limes in Südwestdeutschland , 2nd completely revised edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 108.
  13. ↑ Wolfgang Czysz, Frank Herzig: New dendrodata from the Limes Palisade in Raetia . In: Andreas Thiel (Ed.): Research on the function of the Limes , Volume 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-2117-6 , p. 185.
  14. ↑ slightly different than 165 (± 8) in: C. Sebastian Sommer : Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marc Aurel ...? - To date the systems of the Raetian Limes . In: Report of Bayerische Bodendenkmalpflege 56 (2015), pp. 321–327; here: p. 142.
  15. ↑ a b c Hans Ulrich Nuber: Excavations on the Schirenhof (Schwäbisch Gmünd) . In: Studies on the military borders of Rome II , Rheinland Verlag / Habelt, Cologne / Bonn 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , p. 226.
  16. ↑ Dieter Planck: Neue Ausgrabungen am Limes (= small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany. Writings of the Limes Museum Aalen 12), Gentner, Stuttgart 1975, p. 22.
  17. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz ): Roman castles of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD in Britain and in the Germanic provinces of the Roman Empire , von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , P. 310.
  18. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Roman castles of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD in Britain and in the Germanic provinces of the Roman Empire , von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , P. 112.
  19. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Römische Kastelle , von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 138.
  20. ↑ The only security of the inscription is [] IDELIS LIB [] [] RAET [] ( illustration ) which could be added to [F] idelis lib [rarius?] / [Coh (ortis) I?] Raet [orum] . (See: Ferdinand Haug , Gustav Sixt : Die Roman Insschriften und Bildwerke Württembergs , 2nd edition, Stuttgart 1914, pp. 129-130, no. 66). The Heidelberg Epigraphic Database clarifies the lack of at least one preceding line: [------] / [--- F] idelis lib [rarius?] / [Coh (ortis) I?] Raet [orum] . An alternative, vague, chronological dating is also offered here: 101 to 250 AD. See: Epigraphic Database Heidelberg, HD number HD037002 . Due to the fragmentary state of the inscription, however, it is not certain whether the addition to librarius cohortis applies (see: Konrad Stauner: The official writing of the Roman army from Augustus to Gallienus (27 BC – 268 AD) Study of the structure, function and significance of the official military administrative documentation and its writers , Habelt, Bonn 2004, ISBN 3-7749-3270-0 , p. 275, no. 97).
  21. ^ Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck and Bernhard Cämmerer (eds.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3rd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 547.
  22. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Roman forts of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD in Britain and in the Germanic provinces of the Roman Empire , von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , P. 152.
  23. ↑ a b Germania 75, 1997, p. 615.
  24. ↑ CIL 3, 13543 .
  25. ↑ Among other things: Barbara Pferdehirt : The ceramics of the Holzhausen fort . (= Limesforschungen 16), Mann, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-7861-1070-0 , p. 18; Günter Ulbert , Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria , Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 , p. 87; Johannes Einartner , Pia Eschbaumer and Gerhard Weber: The Roman temple district in Faimingen-Phoebiana. (= Faimingen-Phoebiana I ; = Limesforschungen 24) von Zabern, Mainz 1993, ISBN 3805313209 . Similar findings come from the following forts, among others: Böbingen , Oberhochstatt , Kösching , Pförring , Pfünz , Faimingen , Steinkirchen , Saalburg , Feldberg
  26. ↑ CIL 12, 04232 .
  27. ↑ AE 1934, 00002 .
  28. ↑ Wolfgang Czysz (Ed.): The Romans in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3806210586 , p. 136.
  29. ↑ CIL 08, 09990 .
  30. ↑ CIL 06, 01625a ; CIL 06, 01625b ; CIL 14.04458 .
  31. ↑ a b c Hans Ulrich Nuber: Excavations on the Schirenhof (Schwäbisch Gmünd) . In: Studies on the military borders of Rome II , Rheinland Verlag / Habelt, Cologne / Bonn 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , p. 229.
  32. ↑ Hans Ulrich Nuber: Schwäbisch Gmünd in early historical times . In: History of the City of Schwäbisch Gmünd , Theiss, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8062-0399-7 , p. 36.
  33. ↑ a b c d e Hans Ulrich Nuber: Excavations on the Schirenhof (Schwäbisch Gmünd) . In: Studies on the military borders of Rome II , Rheinland Verlag / Habelt, Cologne / Bonn 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , p. 228.
  34. ↑ a b c Dieter Planck: Neue Ausgrabungen am Limes (= small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany. Writings of the Limes Museum Aalen 12), Gentner, Stuttgart 1975, p. 23.
  35. ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd, completely revised edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 109.
  36. ↑ Susanne Biegert, Johannes Lauber, Klaus Kortüm : potter's stamp on smooth sigillata from the front / western Limes. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 20, 1995, pp. 547-666, here: pp. 656, 661 and 664.
  37. ↑ Death relief at ubi-erat-lupa.org .