Henry Browne Blackwell

Blackwell as a young adult

Henry Browne Blackwell or occasionally Henry Brown Blackwell (born May 4, 1825 in Bristol , England , United Kingdom ; died September 7, 1909 in Dorchester , Massachusetts , United States ) was an American lawyer specializing in women's suffrage and social and economic reforms. He was a co-founder of the Republican Party and the American Woman Suffrage Association . From 1870 he edited the Woman's Journal in Boston together with his wife Lucy Stone .

Early life

Henry Blackwell was born in Bristol , Gloucestershire , England on May 4, 1825 , the seventh of nine children of Samuel Blackwell and Hannah Lane Blackwell. In 1832 the family emigrated to the United States with eight children and aunt Mary. She first settled in New York , where Blackwell's father set up a sugar refinery and the ninth child was born. Then she moved to Jersey City , just outside of New York.

Blackwell's father was interested in the emerging abolitionism . William Lloyd Garrison and other movement leaders were guests at the family home. Blackwell's eldest sister Anna participated in the nascent women's rights movement by attending the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 and drafting a letter to John Quincy Adams thanking him for petitioning her for had supported women's rights.

After fire destroyed the refinery and the panic of 1837 consumed remaining supplies, the family moved to Cincinnati in 1838 , where the father planned to set up a new refinery. But just a few months after their arrival, he died, leaving a poor family. Blackwell's mother, aunt, and three older sisters opened a school in their home, while 13-year-old Henry and his brother Sam took over the clerical duties. In 1840 Blackwell was sent to Kemper College in St. Louis, where he should be trained as a lawyer. But financial problems forced him to return home and become an employee again. Around 1845 he became the partner in a flour milling business where he managed the operations of three mills. In a year he made enough profit to buy a small brick house in the Walnut Hill neighborhood of Cincinnati. This remained the home of the Blackwell family until they moved east in 1856.

For his part, Blackwell tried refining sugar in search of a business where he could achieve financial independence . When that went wrong, a cousin persuaded him to take out a loan that would allow him and his brother Sam to take part in an equipment wholesaler. In 1850, at the age of 24, Blackwell became the traveling partner of Coombs, Ryland, and Blackwells, which made two-month horseback tours of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois on horseback to sell equipment to rural merchants and make payments to collect for the company.

All Blackwell offspring were imbued with the philosophy of self-improvement and the work to improve mankind. At the same time, they had a deep interest in literature, languages, music and art. Having a particular passion for literature, Henry Blackwell wrote poetry in his spare time and always carried several books with him to make every break useful and self-improving. He was a founding member of the Cincinnati Literary Club, whose members discussed books and discussed daily affairs. He went on business trips with his club colleague Ainsworth R. Spofford, during which they drove the boring and slow progress by reading to themselves the works of Bacon, Shakespeare, Aristotle and Plato. Through this club, whose early members included not only Spofford, who later became chief librarian of the Library of Congress, but also Rutherford B. Hayes and Salmon P. Chase , Blackwell made lasting friendships with men who later became prominent positions in history of Ohio and the nation reached.

Blackwell's siblings

• Henry Blackwell's eldest sister, Anna Blackwell (1816–1900), became a poet, translator, and journalist. She was a member of the Brook Farm community in 1845, but then settled in France, where she translated works by the French socialist Fourier and the novels by George Sand . She was also a writing correspondent for several newspapers in the United States, India, Australia, South Africa and Canada.

• Marian Blackwell (1818-1897) attended school when she was younger, but became a semi-invalid and lived with other family members she cared for.

Elizabeth Blackwell postage stamp, 1974

• Blackwell's most famous sister was Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910), the first woman to graduate from medicine in the United States. In 1853 she founded the “New York Dispensary for Poor Women and Children”, and in 1857 together with sister Emily and Marie Zakrzewska set up the “New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children”.

• Samuel Charles Blackwell (1823–1901), only a year and a half older than Henry, was an accountant and businessman best known as the husband of Antoinette Blackwell , the first woman to be a pastor in the United States and a noted public speaker and suffragist.

Henry had four younger siblings:

• Emily Blackwell (1826-1910) was the third woman in the United States to graduate as a doctor. In addition to co-founding the New York Clinic, she helped organize the Women's Central Association of Relief, which selected and trained nurses for civil war service.
• Sarah Ellen Blackwell (1828–1901) was an artist and writer best known for writing the first complete biography of Anna Carroll .
• (John) Howard Blackwell (1831–1866) returned to England and worked for a cousin in iron making, then joined the East India Company . His death at the age of 36 was a blow to the whole family.
• George Washington Blackwell (1832–1912), the only Blackwell born in the United States, became a land agent under the care of Henry in the 1850s, studied law in New York City, and took over Henry Blackwell's real estate business in the late 1860s .

Marries Lucy Stone and protests against marriage laws

Lucy Stone as a young woman, year unknown

Blackwell fell in love with Lucy Stone when he heard her speak at an anti-slavery meeting in New York in May 1853, where she moved her audience to tears with what became known as the "Refugee Mother Speech". She accepted him as a friend but did not want him as a suitor, because she believed that marriage would oblige her to give up control of herself and thus prevent her from pursuing her chosen life task. Blackwell, who had not personally been rejected, remained determined to convince Stone that marriage to him would mean the sacrifice of neither her individuality nor her career.

After many months of advertising and proving that he could be very useful to them - he organized a lecture tour for them in the western and midwestern United States - they came to an agreement on all aspects of their civil partnership. In addition to financial independence from each other, both guaranteed that everyone should keep their personal independence and autonomy:

"Neither partner shall attempt to fix the residence, employment, or habits of the other, nor shall either partner feel bound to live together any longer than is agreeable to both."

(German: "A partner may neither try to determine the whereabouts, the occupation or the habits of the other nor should neither partner feel obliged to live with the other longer than it seems acceptable to both of them." )

And Blackwell also agreed with Stone that she would choose when, where and how often to be a mother. And he suggested, as part of their wedding ceremony, that he forego all legal privileges as a husband and never resort to them. The wedding took place on May 1, 1855 at Lucy Stone's home in West Brookfield (now a borough of Boston), and was married to Thomas Wentworth Higginson , Lucy's close friend and colleague.

During the ceremony, Blackwell read out the protest that both had signed.

While acknowledging our mutual affection by publicly assuming the relationship of husband and wife, yet in justice to ourselves and a great principle, we deem it our duty to declare that this act on our part implies no sanction of or promise of voluntary obedience to such of the present laws of marriage as refuse to recognize the wife as an independent, rational being, while they confer upon the husband an injurious and unnatural superiority, investing him with legal powers which no honorable man should possess. We protest especially against the laws which give the husband:

1. The custody of the wife's person.

2. The exclusive control and guardianship of their children.

3. The sole ownership of her personal and use of her real estate, unless previously settled upon her or placed in the hands of trustees, as in the case of minors, idiots, and lunatics.

4. The absolute right to the product of her industry.

5. Also against laws which give to the widower so much larger and more permanent interest in the property of the deceased wife than they give to the widow in that of the deceased husband.

6. Finally, against the whole system by which the legal existence of the wife is suspended during marriage, so that, in most States, she neither has a legal part in the choice of her residence, nor can she make a will, nor sue or be sued in her own name, nor inherit property.

We believe that personal independence and equal human rights can never be forfeited except for crime; that marriage should be an equal and permanent partnership and so recognized by law; that until it is so recognized, married partners should provide against the radical injustice of present laws by every means in their power.

We believe that where domestic difficulties arise, no appeal should be made to legal tribunals under existing laws, but that all difficulties should be submitted to the equitable adjustment of arbitrators mutually chosen.

Thus, reverencing law, we enter our protest against rules and customs which are unworthy of the name since they violate justice, the essence of law.

(German:

While we show our mutual affection by publicly entering into the union as husband and wife, we consider it our duty, as we owe it to ourselves and to our principles, to declare that this covenant is not subject to sanctions or on our part contains the promise of voluntary obedience, as required by current marriage laws. These deny the woman the status of an independent, reasonable being, while imposing unjust and unnatural superiority on the husband and granting him a legal power that no honorable man should have. We particularly protest against the articles of law that favor the husband in the following ways:

1. He is the guardian of the wife
2. He has sole control over the children and their supervision,
3. He is the sole owner of her personal property and user of her real estate, if it has not previously been assigned to her or in the hands of trustees, as happens in the case of minors, idiots and the mentally ill,
4. He has complete disposal over the products of their industry,
5. Through the laws that give a widower so much greater and more lasting benefit from the property of the different wife than conversely the widow accrues from the death of the husband,
6. After all, it is the whole system by which the legal existence of the wife is suspended during her marriage. In most states, for example, she has neither a rightful share in the choice of her whereabouts, nor can she determine her own will, nor can she sue in court, be sued on her behalf, or inherit anything.

We believe that personal independence and general human rights can never be lost, except through a crime that marriage should be an equal and independent partnership and in this way be recognized by law that married partners, until so regulated, should be against each other should defend against this fundamental injustice of the current laws and with every means within their power.

We believe that where domestic troubles arise, under this law, one should not go to court, but that all problems of balanced judgment should be submitted to arbitrators who have been consensually elected.

In this way we - in accordance with the law - express the protest against rules and habits that are unworthy of their name, since they violate the essence of law, justice.)

News of the Stone-Blackwell wedding rushed across the country after Higginson posted an announcement and a copy of their protest on the Worcester Spy newspaper . While this attracted amused smiles from some commentators who viewed it as a protest against the marriage itself, it also inspired other couples to make similar protests part of their wedding celebrations.

On Sunday, September 14, 1857, Blackwell was at home with the birth of their daughter Alice, who was born with the help of Blackwell's sister Emily. Two years later, while the family was temporarily living in Chicago, Stone had a miscarriage and they lost a boy.

Business and investment

Blackwell had many, very different occupations in his life and participated in some enterprises. Even during his time in Cincinnati he had moved around as a dealer selling appliances. After moving east in January 1856, he took over the position of bookseller at the publishing house "CM Saxton and Company", developed the idea of ​​selling entire collections of books for school libraries in the school districts of Illinois. During the economic crisis of 1857 he worked briefly as an accountant for the "Vanderbilt steamship line". He then resumed his lucrative book trade until his boss died in the fall of 1859 and he also left the AO Moore Company.

During the land boom of the 1850s, the entire Blackwell family participated in the property speculation, first in Illinois and later in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. Blackwell also worked as an agent for Cincinnati businessmen, of which he received 10 percent of the registered land. When he married in the spring of 1855, he owned more than 4,800 acres in Wisconsin alone. Lucy Stone was also an avid investor in the country after her marriage, but kept her business strictly separate from her husband. In the fall of 1859, Blackwell opened a real estate agency selling western land for property in the east. In this way, he and his wife, Lucy Stone, became the owners of a chain of rental-income properties.

In the summer of 1864, Blackwell sold a large property, the proceeds of which allowed him to pay off his debts, clear his mother's house, and purchase property on Martha's Vineyard . Additional real estate transactions in the following years and the income from the properties gave him and Lucy the opportunity to be financially independent and, for example, to devote themselves entirely to the Woman's Journal .

Work for women's suffrage

In the early years of Blackwell's marriage to Lucy Stone, he supported her work whenever his business appointments permitted. In 1855, he lectured with her in and around Cincinnati during the summer, helped her host the National Woman's Rights Convention that took place in Cincinnati that fall, and organized a winter lecture series for her in Wisconsin, Indiana, and Ohio. In 1856 he gave lectures with her around her summer residence in Viroqua, Wisconsin.

In the winter of 1857, when the tax claim came in on her newly purchased home in Orange, New Jersey, Stone refused to pay it based on the old formula "No taxation without representation." After undergoing a public auction of household items to pay her taxes and court costs, Blackwell and Stone gave lectures together in Orange on the problem of "taxation without representation". In these February 1858 addresses, Blackwell first argued that women's suffrage made a lot of sense regardless of party principle or goal: Allowing women to vote, he said, would allow Republicans to exert greater influence on the liberation of slaves than doubling, the American Party would double its native electorate and the Democrats would cast votes from among the workers.

Work in the "Reconstruction Era"

Announcement of Blackwell / Stone lectures in Vineland, New Jersey , 1866

The National Woman's Rights Convention, which met for the first time after the Civil War in 1866, voted for the American Equal Rights Association (AERA) to work for universal suffrage, the right to vote for blacks and women. Blackwell was the secretary of this society for the three years of its existence. In the winter of 1866-67, Blackwell and Stone gave joint lectures on "Suffrage for All" and formed local "Equal Rights Leagues" in New York and New Jersey. They also traveled to Washington DC to fight Charles Sumner, against the inclusion of the word "male" in the proposed 14th Amendment, which would penalize states for denying blacks the right to vote but not for denying women suffrage . After it was unsuccessful for politicians in the north to use this opportunity to expand women's suffrage, he published an open letter to the legislature of the south entitled "What the South Can Do". Again he argued that the right to vote for white women of the South would balance the combined right to vote for black men and women.

In the spring of 1867, the AWSA received a call for help from Kansas, where the electorate faced two suffrage referendums in the fall: One in which the word "male" was to be deleted from the electoral qualification, along with a survey about the deletion of the word "white" . Blackwell and Stone went to Kansas in March and began the campaign. They roamed the state for two months, returned to the east full of optimism and raised money for more speakers and brochures. Upon their return, Blackwell and Stone also reached out to the Connecticut House of Representatives Committee to help remove the word "male" from electoral qualifications. Blackwell made a second speaking tour in Kansas that fall, during which defeat was already evident. Upon his return, he and Stone paid their full attention to creating a desire for women to vote in contrast to AERA's desire for universal suffrage. After holding a series of women's rights meetings across New Jersey, they called a state conference to create a "state woman suffrage society". The goal of the "New Jersey Woman Suffrage Association", which was formed in November 1867 with Lucy Stone as president, was to use all available means to secure women's suffrage.

At the AERA Congress in May 1868, Stone presented two types of petitions to Congress, one for women's suffrage in the District of Columbia and territories that could be established by a law of Congress, and the second for a separate women's suffrage amendment to the Constitution of the United States. While the petitions circulated east and west in the months that followed, Blackwell and Stone led a women's suffrage movement to organize separately from AERA and its aid agencies. In November 1868 they helped set up a New England Woman Suffrage Association , and in December they helped organize state associations in Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Convinced that the greatest chance of getting a federal amendment to the constitution was in Massachusetts, Blackwell began a movement to form "Liberty Leagues" across the state - local organizations of male suffragists committed to legislature only- Voting candidates who were in favor of women's suffrage.

After the 14th Amendment was passed , Republican Congressmen began drafting a 15th Amendment that would specifically prevent states from denying black men the right to vote. Again Blackwell and Stone traveled to Washington to seek the inclusion of women's suffrage and again their efforts were unsuccessful. Meanwhile, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony launched a campaign against any suffrage amendment other than women's suffrage - what was seen by many as open opposition to the 15th Amendment. There was disagreement about this amendment at the May meeting of AERA. This assembly rejected the resolutions against the 15th Amendment. And when Stanton and Anthony suggested that AERA reorganize as a women's suffrage association, the assembly accepted Stone's suggestion that one should wait until after the ratification of the 15th Amendment so as not to create the appearance of opposition.

Nevertheless, two days later, Stanton and Anthony founded the National Woman Suffrage Association , which was immediately regarded as an opponent of the 15th Amendment. Many long-term suffragists did not see this organization as nationally legitimized, because no indication of its founding was given, the critics were excluded and there was still no existing representation of federal and local women's suffrage associations. The New England Woman Suffrage Association appointed a committee, chaired by Stone, to convene a conference to create a "truly national" women's suffrage association with delegates from each state. On October 24 and 25, 1869, during a national meeting in Cleveland, Ohio, the American Woman Suffrage Association was formed, Blackwell drafted its statutes, and was elected Rapporteur Secretary.

The Woman's Journal

The New England Woman Suffrage Association also founded Woman's Journal , a weekly women's suffrage magazine that became the organ of American, New England, and Massachusetts women's suffrage. Henry Blackwell financed the first $ 1,000 of the 10,000 that were needed to make the paper appear. He was one of the three trustees in whose name the corporation was established and he was always the largest shareholder in the paper. In 1872 he and Stone became editors and so brought the magazine out together, with their daughter Alice Stone Blackwell helping them from 1881. After Lucy Stone's death in 1893, Blackwell continued as editor until his death in 1909. He never charged for his work in Woman's Journal , which became the longest-running suffrage journal in the United States (1870-1917).

Campaign manager and strategist

Henry Blackwell with family and friends; Henry sitting in the middle, Lucy behind him (around 1890)

Blackwell served on the board of directors of the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) for many years, including once president in 1880. He was also a board member of the New England and Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Associations, all of which shared offices with Woman's Journal in Boston. Through his influence in Republican politics, he received strong backing from the Massachusetts Republican Party in 1872 for women's suffrage. Blackwell was a very impressive speaker, speaking to a wide variety of audiences on many occasions, organizing trips to the people, and congressional committee hearings. He and Stone worked together on many state campaigns, including Colorado in 1877 and Nebraska in 1882. Blackwell went on to work without her in the 1887 Rhode Island and 1890 South Dakota campaigns after her poor health prevented her from traveling. One scholar described their joint work as follows: “ In the annals of the suffrage movement, Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell were as much a team as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. "(German:" In the annals of the women's suffrage movement, Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell were just as much a team as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. ")

The AWSA's strategy, which sought to achieve parts of the electoral law through legislative acts, went back to Blackwell. Because state lawmakers were able to establish women's suffrage in municipal elections (the right to vote in local elections) and presidential elections (the right to choose electors for the presidency) through statutes, he argued that such successes were more likely to be achieved through amendments to the constitution. Because these had to be ratified by a referendum after they had been passed by the legislature. He also noted that no constitutional amendment was required for Congress to establish full women's suffrage in both the District of Columbia and the Territories. He believed that attaining these interim goals would curtail the arguments against women's suffrage and use them to full advantage. He stressed that every point gained is a step forward.

The AWSA widely promoted municipal and presidential women's suffrage, especially during the 1880s and 1890s. After the merger of the "American and National Wings" in 1890 (AWSA with NWSA) Blackwell became chairman of the "United association's Committee on Presidential Suffrage". Before the Women's Suffrage Amendment was passed in 1920, eleven states had introduced presidential suffrage, and four of them simultaneously granted municipal suffrage.

Another strategy - designed by Blackwell - targeted the constitutional assemblies. In 1889, when the territories of North Dakota, Montana, and Washington drafted constitutions for entry into the Union, the AWSA mobilized pressure to include women's suffrage. But Blackwell saw the odds and drew up a "backup plan". Delegates who were in favor of women's suffrage were to be persuaded, in the event of the failure of the women's suffrage article, to support a clause that would empower a future legislature to enact women's suffrage by regulation. Blackwell received support for this strategy from leading politicians and judges in other states, traveled to the constitutional assemblies, called on their leaders, got approval for his resolution and a hearing on each of them. Although his effort was unsuccessful, North Dakota and Montana were very close to approval.

death

Blackwell died in 1909 of inflammation of the abdomen.

heritage

Alice Stone Blackwell, the daughter of Henry Blackwell and Lucy Stone, helped her parents publish Woman's Journal ; she became another leader of the women's rights movement, but was also active in the abstinence movement and prohibition .

Fonts

• Aaron Macy Powell, American Purity Alliance: The National Purity Congress, Its Papers, Addresses, Portraits . The American Purity Alliance, 1896.

• The Lesson of Colorado (1877) The Lesson of Colorado (1877), accessed January 6, 2019

See also

• Women's suffrage
• The bondage of the woman
• History of women's suffrage in the USA
• American Woman Suffrage Association
• National American Woman Suffrage Association

Individual evidence

1. ^ Leslie Wheeler: Loving Warriors: Selected Letters of Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell, 1853-1893 , Dial Press 1981. pp. 21 and 23. ISBN 0-8037-9469-X
2. ↑ Joelle Million: Woman's Voice, Woman's Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Women's Rights Movement. Praeger 2003. pp. 158-59 ISBN 0-275-97877-X
3. ^ Leslie Wheeler: Loving Warriors: Selected Letters of Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell, 1853-1893 , Dial Press 1981. pp. 24-26.
4. ^ Leslie Wheeler: Loving Warriors: Selected Letters of Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell, 1853-1893 , Dial Press 1981. pp. 27-28.
5. ↑ Joelle Million: Woman's Voice, Woman's Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Women's Rights Movement. Praeger 2003. p. 177.
6. ↑ Million, 2003, p. 178
7. ^ "The Literary Club of Cincinnati, 1849-1903: Constitution, Catalog of Members, etc." The Literary Club of Cincinnati, 1903, pp. 8, 34, 29; Jones, Robert Ralston, "Papers Read before the Literary Club Historians Evening, 1921 and 1922," Literary Club of Cincinnati, 1922, pp. 8, 12.
8. ↑ Biography in Finding Aid to Blackwell Family Papers, 1832–1981, Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library , 1992; Hays, Elinore Rice: Those Extraordinary Blackwells: The Story of a Journey to a Better World , Harcourt, 1967.
9. ↑ Wheeler, 1981. pp. 43-44.
10. ↑ Blackwell to Stone, Dec. 22, 1854, in Wheeler, p. 109-10
11. ↑ Blackwell to Stone, Dec. 22, 1854, and Jan. 3 [1855], in Wheeler, 1981, pp. 108, 115-116.
12. ↑ Wheeler, pp. 135-36.
13. ↑ Million, 2003, pp. 195-96
14. ↑ Wheeler, 1981, pp. 173, 185.
15. ↑ Million, 2003, p. 244.
16. ↑ Million, 2003, pp. 226-27, 243-44, 248, 253-57, 262; Wheeler, 1981, p. 185.
17. ↑ Million, 2003, pp. 199, 192, 221-22, 224
18. ↑ Stone to Hannah Blackwell, Oct. 23, 1864, in Wheeler, 1981, p. 203; Million, 2003, pp. 271-72.
19. ↑ Stone to Francis J. Garrison, [undated, early 1870s], cited in Million, 2003, p. 312, n.21. In 1872, Blackwell estimated that he and Stone were each worth $ 50,000 (Biography in Finding Aid to Blackwell Family Papers, 1832-1981, Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library, 1992).
20. ^ Proceedings of the Eleventh National Woman's Rights Convention, Held at the Church of the Puritans, New York, May 10, 1866. New York: Robert J. Johnson, 1866.
21. ↑ Blackwell, 1930, 201-02.
22. ↑ Hays, 1960, p. 190; History of Woman Suffrage, 2: 929-31.
23. ↑ Wheeler, 1981, pp. 213-14, 217-22; McKenna, Sister Jeanne. "With the Help of God and Lucy Stone," Kansas Historical Quarterly 36 (spring 1970), pp. 13-16.
24. ^ History of Woman Suffrage, 3: 334
25. ^ History of Woman Suffrage, 3: 479; Andrews, Frank D. "Cornelius Bowman Campbell, A Biographical Sketch." Vineland Historical Magazine 12 (1927): 247-49.
26. ↑ History of Woman Suffrage, vol. II, p. 309
27. ↑ Wyman, 1: 309-11; HWS, 3: 340, 370.
28. ↑ Merk, Lois Bannister, "Massachusetts and the Woman Suffrage Movement." Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1956, Revised, 1961. p. 105.
29. ↑ Merk, 1961, p. 12. For the American wing's perspective on the division, see, Blackwell, 1930, pp. 206-231; Hays, 1960, pp. 202-09; and Merk, 1961, pp. 1-8, 370-75.
30. ↑ Merrill, 1990, p. 103.
31. ↑ Merk, 1961, pp. 12-14.
32. ↑ Wheeler, 1981, pp. 258, 266-67, 280, 282-84, 296-303.
33. ↑ Merk, 1961, pp. 211, 217-21, 222.
34. ↑ Merk, 1961, p. 221.
35. ↑ Merk, 1961, pp. 223-229; Wheeler, 1981, pp. 312, 319-28.
36. ↑ Simple Tribute to his Memory.Services for Henry B. Blackwell. Conducted by Rev Borden P. Bowne at Forest Hills. Ashes Will Rest in Urn With Those of his Wife. In: The Boston Globe . September 12, 1909.
37. ↑ Alice Blackwell, Noted Suffragist; Daughter Of Lucy Stone And Abolitionist Leader Dies. Cambridge (Massachusetts) , March 15, 1950 (AP) Alice Stone Blackwell, internationally known women's suffrage leader, died tonight at her home after a week's illness. Her age was 92. In: New York Times . March 16, 1950.

literature

• Alice Stone Blackwell: Lucy Stone: Pioneer of Woman's Rights. 1930. Reprint, University Press of Virginia, 2001. ISBN 0-8139-1990-8
• Alice Stone Blackwell: "What I Owe to My Father." Holt, 1931, pp. 35-48. Reprint, with an introduction by Peter C. Engleman, Alice Stone Blackwell Trust: 1999.
• Elinor Rice Hays: Morning Star: A Biography of Lucy Stone 1818-1893. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961. ISBN 0-374-93756-7
• Elinor Rice Hays: Those Extraordinary Blackwells: The Story of a Journey to a Better World. Harcourt, 1967.
• Andrea Moore Kerr: Lucy Stone: Speaking Out for Equality. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8135-1860-1
• Joelle Million: Woman's Voice, Woman's Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Women's Rights Movement. Praeger, 2003. ISBN 0-275-97877-X
• Leslie Wheeler: Loving Warriors: Selected Letters of Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell, 1853-1893 . Dial Press, 1981. ISBN 0-8037-9469-X

Web links

Commons : Henry Browne Blackwell  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files

• LOC: The Blackwell Family archive accessed on January 6, 2019
• Papers, 1832-1981. Schlesinger Library , Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.