Herbert Friedmann (ornithologist)

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Herbert Friedmann (born April 22, 1900 in Brooklyn , New York City , † May 14, 1987 in Saddleback Hospital in Laguna Hills , California ) was an American ornithologist , zoological curator and art historian .

Live and act

His father, a pharmacist, came to the United States from Lithuania around 1890 and settled in the then still separate city of Brooklyn. His mother, a teacher, later also came from Lithuania. Herbert was the second of four sons. He and his wife, Karen Juul Vejlo, had a daughter who was named Karen Friedmann Beall after their marriage. In addition to the two, his brother Ralph Friedman also survived.

His productive ornithological research included pioneering studies on cowbird and other brood-parasitic birds, but also reliable treatises on the distribution and systematics of birds in different areas around the world. His achievement cannot be limited to the natural sciences, as he was also a respected art historian . Throughout his career he was associated with museums and was considered very influential in the field. He always put his research at the service of the community and he was seen as the antithesis of many competing scientists, so that The New York Times even described him as a gracious scholar .

His interest in ornithology developed at the age of 16 when he came to exhibits at the American Museum of Natural History and participated in bird walks through various city parks. From 1916 to 1920 he attended City College in Manhattan , from which he graduated with a bachelor's degree. During this time he studied The Weaving of the Bloodbeak Weavers in Captivity , which led to his first publication in Zoologica in 1922. This study impressed Charles William Beebe (1877–1962) so much that he advised him to apply for a scholarship at Cornell University . Friedmann received the scholarship and completed it in 1923 under Arthur Augustus Allen (1885–1964) with a doctorate. The National Research Council and the Rockefeller Foundation supported Friedmann in his postdoctoral work from 1923 to 1926 . Even if he was officially active at Harvard University with William Morton Wheeler (1865–1937), during this creative period he spent most of the time in South America and Africa to study parasitic birds.

In 1929 his first classic The cowbirds appeared. A study in the biology of social parasitism , a study of the biology of social parasitism in blackbirds. He realized that six different species of blackbird differed in one or more life cycles . This knowledge provided fertile ground for later studies on coevolution , social behavior , and reproductive strategies .

Friedmann taught at Brown University and Amherst College in the mid to late 1920s before becoming a curator in the ornithology department of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in 1929 . In 1959 he was promoted to senior curator of the zoology department before becoming director of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in 1961 . Under his direction, the museum expanded enormously. He also took on responsibilities in the field of zoology and the arts at the University of California, Los Angeles . In 1970 he retired, but continued to serve the museum as director emeritus . He also visited Antarctica in 1970 to review the National Science Foundation's biological research program .

In 1930 and 1937 he wrote two books about the birds that were collected during the Childs Frick (1883-1965) expedition in Ethiopia and Kenya and also in 1937 together with Arthur Loveridge about its yield during an expedition in tropical East Africa . In 1941, 1946 and 1950 he added three more volumes to the multi-volume work "Birds of North and Middle America" begun by Robert Ridgway . In 1949 a book entitled The Parasitic Cuckoos of Africa followed . In 1950 and 1957 he was co-author of Distributional Check -list of the Birds of Mexico , books he published together with Ludlow Griscom , Alden Holmes Miller and Robert Thomas Moore . 1955 followed with The honey-guides a book on honey gauges , 1960 with The parasitic weaverbirds a book on parasitic weaver birds , 1964 with Evolutionary trends in the avian genus Clamator a book about crested cuckoos and 1968 with The evolutionary history of the avian genus Chrysococcyx a book about the actual gold cuckoos .

Friedmann published 17 books and 315 articles, reviews and monographs. How broad his topics were, was shown e.g. B. in a little noticed article from 1965, which appeared under the title The History of our Knowledge of Avian Brood Parasitism . In it he showed that the phenomenon of brood parasitism was not first described by Aristotle , but was mentioned in the Indian Vedas 200 years earlier . Another example is The natural history background of camouflage from 1942, an article that explored issues of camouflage.

His most important art historical works were The Symbolic Goldfinch: Its History and Significance in European Devotional Art. From 1946 and A Bestiary for St. Jerome: Animal Symbolism in European Religious Art . His studies in this area were supported by the Samuel H. Kress Foundation , which funded trips to Europe so that he could see works of art there. While science and art seem very different, he believed that there are significant similarities. He published this provocative thesis in 1966 in an article entitled The significance of the unimportant in studies of nature and of art .

Memberships and honors

In 1929 he became a Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU), which he served as President from 1937 to 1939. Since 1962 he was a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). In 1964 he was awarded the William Brewster Medal for his work Host Relations of the Parasitic Cowbirds . In 1955 he received the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from NAS for his book on honey indicators . In 1955 he was also awarded the Joseph Leidy Memorial Medal by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . He has been the namesake of the Friedmann Nunatakker in the Antarctic since 1976 .

Dedication names

Robert William Dickerman (1926-2015) named a subspecies of the Virginiaralle Rallus limicola friedmanni in his honor in 1966 . Lloyd Raymond Wolfe (1891–1989) dedicated Pandion haliaetus friedmanni , a synonym for the nominate form of the osprey , to him in 1946 , Robert Thomas Moore (1882–1956) in 1947 Lophortyx gambelli haliaetus friedmanni , a synonym for a subspecies of the helmet quail ( Callipepla gambelii fulvipectus ), David Armitage Bannerman (1886-1979) in 1933 Pogornis bidentatus peaceful manni , a synonym for a subspecies of the double tooth Bartvogela ( Pogonornis bidentatus aequatorialis ) and Pogoniulus scolopaceus peaceful manni , a synonym for a subspecies of the shed beard bird ( Pogoniulus scolopaceus flavisquamatus ) , Phillip Alexander Clancey (1917-2001) in 1972 Pogonocichla stellata peaceful manni , a synonym for a subspecies of Sternrötel ( Pogonocichla stellata ruwenzorii ), Herbert Girton Deignan (1906-1968) in 1947 Eurylaimus javanicus peaceful manni , a synonym for a subspecies of Purpurkopf-Breitrachenla ( Eurylaimus javanicus pallidus ), Wilfrid Wedgwood Bowen (1899–198 7) in 1930 Cinnyricinclus leucogaster friedmanni , a synonym for the nominate form of the amethyst gloss star ( Cinnyricinclus leucogaster ) and Claude Henry Baxter Grant (1878-1958) and Cyril Winthrop Mackworth-Praed (1891-1974) in 1934 Francolinus africanus friedmanni , a synonym for the subspecies of the Archerfrankolinl ( Scleroptila gutturalis archeri ).

First descriptions by Herbert Friedmann

Friedmann has described numerous species or subspecies that were new to science. For some he worked a. a. with John Warren Aldrich (1906–1995), Herbert Girton Deignan, Wilfrid Wedgwood Bowen, Arthur Cornelius Twomey (1908–1996) and George Stuart Keith (1931–2003). The species and subspecies include chronological and a .:

species

  • Black- capped shrike ( Malaconotus alius Friedmann , 1927)
  • Chapin singers ( Apalis chapini Friedmann , 1928)
  • Silver cheek hornbill ( Bycanistes brevis Friedmann , 1929)
  • Two-color ant bird ( Aprositornis disjuncta Friedmann , 1945)

Subspecies

  • Red cap singer ( Artisornis metopias altus ( Friedmann , 1927))
  • Red-headed seed cracker ( Spermophaga ruficapilla cana ( Friedmann , 1927))
  • American warbler ( Curruca boehmi somalica Friedmann , 1928)
  • Mountain cuckoo ( Cercococcyx montanus patulus Friedmann , 1928)
  • Gray-cheeked bush thrush ( Illadopsis rufipennis distans ( Friedmann , 1928))
  • Red lapwing ( Vanellus coronatus demissus ( Friedmann , 1928))
  • Jewelery flight chicken ( Pterocles decoratus loveridgei ( Friedmann , 1928))
  • Madagascar Rotschnabelbülbül ( Hypsipetes madagascariensis grotei ( Friedmann , 1929))
  • Yellow-throated pipit ( Macronyx croceus vulturnus Friedmann , 1930)
  • White-winged Star ( Neocichla gutturalis angusta Friedmann , 1930)
  • Somali sparrow ( Passer castanopterus fulgens Friedmann , 1931)
  • Hawk warbler ( Cercotrichas coryphoeus abbotti ( Friedmann , 1932))
  • Weißkehlgirlitz ( Crithagra albogularis sordahlae ( Friedmann , 1932))
  • Yellow- beaked shrike ( Corvinella corvina caliginosa Friedmann & Bowen , 1933)
  • Snail Harrier ( Rostrhamus sociabilis levis Friedmann , 1933)
  • Langschnabelweih ( Chondrohierax uncinatus mirus Friedmann , 1934)
  • Magnificent eagle ( Spizaetus ornatus vicarius Friedmann , 1935)
  • Oriental scops owl ( Otus sunia distans Friedmann & Deignan , 1939)
  • Orange-headed tangar ( Thlypopsis sordida orinocensis Friedmann , 1942)
  • Douglas quail ( Callipepla douglasii impedita Friedmann , 1943)
  • Douglas quail ( Callipepla douglasii teres ( Friedmann , 1943))
  • Helmet quail ( Callipepla gambelii ignoscens Friedmann , 1943)
  • Ruffed Grouse ( Bonasa umbellus affinis Aldrich & Friedman , 1943)
  • Collar grouse ( Bonasa umbellus castanea Aldrich & Friedmann , 1943)
  • Collared Grouse ( Bonasa umbellus incana Aldrich & Friedmann , 1943)
  • Collared Grouse ( Bonasa umbellus phaios Aldrich & Friedmann , 1943)
  • Long-tailed quail ( Dendrortyx macroura diversus Friedmann , 1943)
  • Tail grouse ( Tympanuchus phasianellus caurus ( Friedmann , 1943))
  • Spotted quail ( Colinus leucopogon incanus Friedmann , 1944)
  • Black-tailed nightjar ( Nyctiprogne leucopyga exigua Friedmann , 1945)
  • Black-tailed nightjar ( Nyctiprogne leucopyga latifascia Friedmann , 1945)
  • Brown-chin parakeet ( Brotogeris chrysoptera tenuifrons Friedmann , 1945)
  • Bergtinamu ( Nothocercus bonapartei discrepans Friedmann , 1947)
  • Red-backed wren ( Thryophilus rufalbus transfinis Friedmann , 1947)
  • Red-billed Whistling Goose ( Dendrocygna autumnalis fulgens Friedmann , 1947)
  • Teal ( Anas crecca nimia Friedmann , 1948)
  • Short-eared owl ( Asio flammeus pallidicaudus Friedmann , 1949)
  • Natal honey eater ( Promerops gurneyi ardens Friedmann , 1952)
  • White-bellied warbler ( Apalis rufogularis kigezi Keith , Twomey & Friedmann , 1967)

literature

  • Sidney Dillon Ripley: Herbert Friedmann 1900-1987 A Biographical Memoir . In: Biographical Memoirs . tape 62 , 1993, pp. 142–165 , doi : 10.17226 / 2201 ( nasonline.org [PDF; 980 kB ]).
  • Stephen Irwin Rothstein, Ralph Walter Schreiber, Thomas Raymond Howell: In memoriam: Herbert Friedmann . In: The Auk . tape 105 , no. 2 , 1988, p. 365–368 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 321 kB ]).
  • Lawrence Harvey Walkinshaw: Proceedings of the Eightieth-Second Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union . In: The Auk . tape 82 , no. 2 , 1964, p. 253–267 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 638 kB ]).
  • Robert William Dickerman: A New Subspecies of the Virginia Rail from Mexico . In: The Condor . tape 68 , no. 2 , 1966, p. 215–216 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 142 kB ]).
  • Lloyd Raymond Wolfe: A new form of Osprey from northern Manchuria . In: The Auk . tape 63 , no. 4 , 1946, pp. 586-587 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 142 kB ]).
  • Robert Thomas Moore: New species of parrot and race of quail from Mexico . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 60 , 1947, pp. 27-28 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • David Armitage Bannerman: The Birds of Tropical West Africa With Special Reference to those of the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast and Nigeria . tape 3 . Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh and London 1933.
  • David Armitage Bannerman: Mr. DA Bannermann sent the description of a new race of the Double-toothed Barbet, which he proposed to name Pogornis bidentatus friedmanni subsp. nov. In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 53 , no. 366 , 1933, pp. 124 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Phillip Alexander Clancey: Miscellaneous Taxonomic Notes on African Birds XXXIV . In: Durban Museum Novitates . tape 9 , no. 11 , 1972, p. 145–162 ( reference.sabinet.co.za [PDF; 384 kB ]).
  • Herbert Girton Deignan: New races of Asiatic broadbills (Eurylaimidae) . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 60 , 1947, pp. 119-122 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Claude Henry Baxter Grant, Cyril Winthrop Mackworth-Praed: Captain CHB Grant and Mr. CW Mackworth-Pread sent descriptions of two new races of Francolin, a new race of Sarothura Rail and a note on the typlocality of the Puple Heron . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 55 , no. 380 , 1934, pp. 15-19 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: Abstract of Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 107 , 1955, pp. 245-352 , JSTOR : 4064487 .

Fonts (selection)

  • The weaving of the red-billed weaver bird in captivity . In: Zoologica; scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society . tape 2 , no. 16 , 1922, pp. 355-372 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • New Birds from Tanganyika Territory . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 10 , 1927, pp. 3–7 ( books.google.de ).
  • Two New Birds from Tanganyika Territory . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 10 , 1928, pp. 47-50 ( books.google.de ).
  • Notes on Parisoma bohmi with a description of a new race. In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 10 , 1928, pp. 51-53 ( books.google.de ).
  • A new sand grouse and a new courser from Tanganyika territory . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 10 , 1928, pp. 79-81 ( books.google.de ).
  • A new cuckoo from Tanganyika territory . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 10 , 1928, pp. 83-84 ( books.google.de ).
  • Descriptions of a dove and a rail from Tanganyika territory . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 10 , 1928, pp. 87-89 ( books.google.de ).
  • The geographical variations of the crowned plover, Stephanibyx comnatus . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 10 , 1928, pp. 91-97 ( books.google.de ).
  • The cowbirds. A study in the biology of social parasitism. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1929.
  • Two east African barbets . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 11 , 1929, pp. 35-36 ( books.google.de ).
  • The Gloriosa race of Ixocincla madagascariensis . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 42 , 1929, pp. 215-216 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • The geographic variations of Neocichla gutturalis (Bocage) . In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . tape 20 , 1930, p. 434-435 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Notes on geographic variations in the genus Macronyx with description of two new races . In: Occasional papers of the Boston Society of Natural History . tape 5 , 1930, p. 263-266 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Birds Collected by the Childs Frick Expedition to Ethiopia and Kenya Colony . 1: Non-passeres. United States Governing Printing Office, Washington 1930 ( repository.si.edu [PDF; 37.9 MB ]).
  • The geographic forms of the Somaöi Sparrow, Passer castanopterus Blyth . In: Occasional papers of the Boston Society of Natural History . tape 5 , 1931, pp. 427-428 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Two birds new to science from Great Namaqualand . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 45 , 1932, p. 65-66 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • with Wilfrid Wedgwood Bowen: The Geographic variation in the yellow-billed shrike, Corvinella corvina . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 46 , 1933, pp. 121-122 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • The Cuban race of the snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieillot) . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 46 , 1933, pp. 199 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • The hawks of the genus Chondrohierax . In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . tape 24 , 1934, pp. 310-318 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • A new race of the crested eagle-hawk, Spizaetus ornatus . In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . tape 25 , 1935, pp. 450-451 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Birds Collected by the Childs Frick Expedition to Ethiopia and Kenya Colony . 2: Passeres. United States Governing Printing Office, Washington 1937 ( repository.si.edu [PDF; 37.0 MB ]).
  • with Arthur Loveridge: Notes on the ornithology of tropical East Africa . In: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College . tape 85 , 1937, pp. 1-413 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • with Herbert Girton Deignan: Notes on some Asiatic owls of the genus Otus, with description of a new form . In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . tape 29 , 1939, pp. 287-291 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • A new tanager from Venezuela . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 55 , 1942, pp. 85-86 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • The natural-history background of camouflage . In: Publication (Smithsonian Institution) 3700 . No. 5 , 1942, pp. 1-17 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • A new race of sharp-tailed grouse . In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . tape 33 , 1943, pp. 189-191 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • A new wood quail of the genus Dendrortyx . In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . tape 33 , 1943, pp. 272-273 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Critical notes on the avian genus Lophortyx . In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . tape 33 , 1943, pp. 369-371 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • with John Warren Aldrich: A Revision of the Ruffed Grouse . In: The Condor . tape 45 , no. 3 , 1943, p. 85-103 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 1.6 MB ]).
  • A review of the forms of Colinus leucopogon (Lesson) . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 57 , 1944, pp. 15-16 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • A new ant-thrush from Venezuela . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 58 , 1945, p. 83-84 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Two new birds from the Upper Rio Negro, Brazil . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 58 , 1945, p. 113-115 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • The genus Nyctiprogne . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 58 , 1945, p. 117-119 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Geographic Variations of the Black-Bellied, Fulvous, and White-Faced Tree Ducks . In: The Condor . tape 49 , no. 5 , 1947, pp. 189–195 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 568 kB ]).
  • A New Wren from Chiapas, Mexico . In: The Auk . tape 64 , no. 1 , 1947, p. 128 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 70 kB ]).
  • Colombian birds collected by brother Nicéforo . In: Caldasia . tape 4 , no. 20 , 1947, pp. 471-494 ( revistas.unal.edu.co ).
  • The Green-winged teal of the Aleutian Island . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 61 , 1948, pp. 157-158 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • A new heron and a new owl from Venezuela . In: Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. tape 111 , no. 9 , 1949, pp. 1-3 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • The Long-tailed Sugarbird of eastern Rhodesia . In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . tape 42 , 1952, pp. 31-32 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Host Relations of the Parasitic Cowbirds . United States National Museum, Washington 1963 ( repository.si.edu [PDF; 18.5 MB ]).
  • The History of our Knowledge of Avian Brood Parasitism . In: Centaurus . tape 10 , no. 4 , 1965, pp. 282-304 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1600-0498.1965.tb00628.x .
  • with George Stuart Keith, Arthur Cornelius Twomey: A new subspecies of Apalis rufogularis (Fraser) from Uganda . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 87 , no. 9 , 1967, p. 165 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Sidney Dillon Ripley, p. 144
  2. a b Sidney Dillon Ripley, p. 143
  3. a b Stephen Irwin Rothstein u. a., p. 365.
  4. a b c d e Stephen Irwin Rothstein u. a., p. 366.
  5. a b c Stephen Irwin Rothstein u. a., p. 367.
  6. Lawrence Harvey Walkinshaw, p. 253.
  7. Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal ( Memento of the original from October 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nasonline.org
  8. ^ Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, pp. 245f.
  9. ^ Robert William Dickerman, p. 215.
  10. ^ Lloyd Raymond Wolfe, p. 586.
  11. ^ Robert Thomas Moore, p. 28.
  12. David Armitage Bannerman (Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club), p. 124.
  13. ^ David Armitage Bannerman (The Birds of Tropical West Africa), p. 398.
  14. ^ Phillip Alexander Clancey, p. 153.
  15. ^ Herbert Girton Deignan, p. 120.
  16. ^ Wilfrid Wedgwood Bowen, p. 166.
  17. Claude Henry Baxter Grant, pp. 16f.