Heritiera fomes
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Heritiera fomes - stock in the Sundarbans |
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| Buch.-Ham. |
Heritiera fomes is a species in the genus Heritiera in the subfamily of sterculioideae (Sterculioideae) within the family of the Malvaceae (Malvaceae). It is a pronounced mangrove plant .
Different common names are Sunder , Sundri , Jekanazo and Pinlekanazo . It is the character tree of the Sundarbans of Bangladesh and India and represents about 70% of the trees in this area. Heritiera fomes is also important for the timber industry in this region. It is threatened by overexploitation, water drainage in the Ganges basin , changes in salinity due to construction work in the course of the river and on the coasts, as well as death of the treetops, the cause of which has not yet been clarified (" Top Dying Disease "). The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has therefore put it on the Red List of Endangered Species .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Heritiera fomes grows as a medium-sized, evergreen tree and reaches heights of 15 to 25 meters. The roots spread out flat, they form thin, sometimes long buttress roots and send pneumatophores upwards. The trunk develops a circumference of up to 2 meters, but the large specimens of this thickness have now almost all been cut down . The trunk forms several large branches and the treetop is open. The bark is grayish with vertical cracks.
The leathery, somewhat stiff, short-stalked and entire, simple leaves are ovate, lanceolate to elliptical or obovate, lanceolate and are often in clusters at the branch ends. They are underneath, decreasing, short and dense, whitish, silvery to greyish or bronzy, scaly-hairy and bald on top. The short, thick petiole is scaly and "pseudo-shield-shaped" attached. At the top, the leaves are rounded, rounded or pointed to pointed. They are about 7-18 inches long.
Generative characteristics
Heritieria fomes is monoecious , with more male flowers, the female flowers are slightly larger. The unisexual, stalked flowers, with a simple flower envelope , are arranged in mixed and panicle , rusty hairy inflorescences. The flower stalks have a "joint". The petals are missing, the bell-shaped fused sepals have 4–6 recessed, small tips. The inside hairy and pink or red-orange, outside dense, light brown hairy, green-yellowish flowers are about 5 millimeters in diameter. The 8–10 stamens are fused in an androgynophore with the very small, sterile ovaries (pestle) at the tip. The approximated, free, seated and bare pistils , with short, curved styluses with elongated scars , are on top, with the small, two-group staminodes or antherodes on the outside at the base.
The fruits ( Samara ) are up to 5 cm long and 3.8 cm in diameter. The woody, non-opening and somewhat textured, slightly nubby and walnut-like fruits have a central crest and a median, short wing. They ripen between June and August and the seeds begin to germinate soon after .
Occurrence
Heritiera fomes occurs on the coasts of the Indo-Pacific , between the east coast of India via Bangladesh and Malaysia to Myanmar and Thailand . Compared to other mangrove species, it thrives in less salty areas and less wet locations that are only occasionally inundated by the tide . The best locations are loamy soils and a typical occurrence is on the low sandbars that form around newly formed alluvial islands. As the dominant mangrove species, it has given its name to the Sundarbans with its native name "Sundri".
Taxonomy
The first description of Heritiera fomes was made in 1800 by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton in Michael Symes, An Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava S. 480. A synonym for Heritiera fomes Buch.-Ham. is Heritiera minor Roxb. and Amygdalus minor Kuntze and Fometica punctata Raf.
use
The timber of Heritiera fomes is hard, fine-grained, tough and elastic. The heartwood is dark red or reddish brown and the sapwood is a little lighter reddish brown. The wood is used in a variety of ways, for example for bridges, houses, boats and for wood connections , as well as handle wood, for the production of hardboard and as firewood . Heritiera fomes is also grown commercially in plantations.
The bark of Heritiera fomes is rich in procyanidin . By ethanol - extraction could antioxidant properties are proven. Also antimicrobial properties against Kocuria rhizophila , Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected. There was no toxicity in tests with Artemia .
status
The IUCN has classified Heritiera fomes as "threatened" ( endangered ). Although frequently occurs in many places, their range is limited and falls considerably by clearing of mangrove areas for development of the coasts, rice, shrimp Horse Owning and oil palm - plantations . There are some sanctuaries in the Sundarbans in Bangladesh, but tree canopy death has been observed on a larger scale. Branches and parts of the crowns die off, which means that the trees can die completely. Also gall mites and fungi proliferate more in stocks concerned.
literature
- AJGH Kostermans: A Monograph of the Genus Heritiera, Aiton, (Sterculariaceae). In: Reinwardtia. Vol. 4, Part 4, 1959, pp. 465-583, online (PDF; 3.2 MB).
- RN Mandal, R. Bar: Mangroves for Building Resilience to Climate Change AAP, 2019, ISBN 978-1-77188-716-8 , p. 109 ff.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c S. C. Ghosh, AKMA Bosunia, MA Islam, AK Lahiry: Physical properties variation of sound and top dying affected sundriwood ( Heritiera fomes ) in mangrove forest of Bangladesh. In: International Research Group on Wood Preservation: 35th Annual Meeting 2004, online .
- ↑ a b c Heritiera fomes in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- ↑ VP Singh, K. Odaki: Mangrove Ecosystem. Scientific Publishers, 2004, ISBN 81-7233-353-6 , p. 136.
- ↑ a b Heritiera fomes Buch.-Ham., MK Hossain, MZU Nizam, Tropical Tree Seed Manual ( Memento from March 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF).
- ↑ Sundari . In: Banglapedia . Retrieved February 24, 2015.
- ↑ Wiktor Kotowski, Tomasz Okruszko, Edward Maltby, Jan Szatylowicz, Dorota Miroslaw Swiatek-: Wetlands: Monitoring, Modeling and Management. Proceedings of the International Conference W3M Wetlands: Modeling, Monitoring, Management. Wierzba, Poland, September 22-25, 2005, Taylor & Francis, Washington DC 2007, ISBN 0-415-40820-2 .
- ^ Michael John Beverley Green: IUCN Directory of South Asian Protected Areas . IUCN, January 1, 1990, ISBN 978-2-8317-0030-4 , pp. 32-37.
- ↑ archive.org .
- ↑ H. Wangensteen, HCT Dang, SJ Uddin, M. Alamgir, KE Malterud: Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the mangrove tree Heritiera fomes. In: Natural Product Communications , Volume 4, Issue 3, 2009, pp. 371-376, doi: 10.1177 / 1934578X0900400311 .