Hypoxis

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Hypoxis
Hypoxis hemerocallidea

Hypoxis hemerocallidea

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Hypoxidaceae
Genre : Hypoxis
Scientific name
Hypoxis
L.

Hypoxis is a genus of plants withinthe Hypoxidaceae family . The 90or so species are found in the northern and southern hemispheres, mainly in subtropical to tropical areas, but none of the species is native to Europe.

Description and ecology

Appearance, roots and leaves

The Hypoxis species grow as perennial, herbaceous plants . These geophytes form subterranean, thickened shoot axes or vertical, more or less long, almost spherical, bulbous or elongated rhizomes as persistence organs. The subterranean shoot axes are fleshy, slimy, white or yellow-orange on the inside and when cut open, they become black due to oxidation. The above-ground parts of the plant often have branched, white to reddish hairs ( trichomes ).

Hypoxis species have, especially on the upper half of their rhizomes, contractile, stocky roots with which they can regulate the height in the soil for optimal growth.

Most hypoxis species are geophytes, in which the leaves dry up during the dry season and fresh leaves sprout again in the rainy season, which are often also present during the flowering period. Only a few Hypoxis species are evergreen. Most South African Hypoxis species begin to sprout new leaves in spring and are green in summer. Most Hypoxis species have a few to many (three to twenty) leaves arranged in about three rows in a helical manner, some species only have basal leaves. There are leaf sheaths, but no petioles. The leaf sheaths of some species can form a small "false stem" and / or can be surrounded by dry fibers. The simple leaf blades are linear to lanceolate or ovate. In the genera Hypoxis and Rhodohypoxis , the leaf surfaces are mostly hairy, but in the next related genus Spiloxene, they are bare. There is parallel veins , whereby the leaf veins are often relatively strongly developed.

Inflorescences, flowers and pollination

In South Africa, the inflorescences are formed with the beginning of the rainy season in spring. There is a leafless, slender, short to long, unbranched, usually finely haired inflorescence stem. Depending on the species, two to twelve flowers are grouped together in a terminal, umbellate or racemose inflorescence , sometimes the flowers are also single. The flowers are each one or two bracts . The flower stalks are long or short.

Flower of Hypoxis juncea

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. The usually six almost identically shaped, outside hairy bloom are free, durable, narrow ovate and always star-shaped (hence its common name in the homelands yellow stars, star lily (English), sterretjie (Afrikaans)) arranged and spread. There are rarely four or eight bracts. The color of the bracts is yellow in almost all species, only in Hypoxis membranacea and Hypoxis parvula var. Albiflora they are white. There are two circles with three, rarely only two stamens each. The short, thread-like to awl-shaped stamens are free from one another, spread out to upright and inserted at the base of the bracts. Three fruit leaves are a mostly dreikammerigen under constant ovary grown. Each ovary chamber contains many ovules . The short, cylindrical stylus ends with an inverted conical, three-lobed stigma.

The flowering time is very different depending on the species. A flower only opens within a day, but the flowers of an inflorescence do not all open at the same time and so the entire flowering period takes a few weeks. As with all Hypoxidaceae, the flowers of Hypoxis contain no nectaries, so the only reward for flower visitors is the pollen. The main pollinators are solitary bees or honey bees. The pollen grains are yellow and are visible to the pollinators in the transparent pollen sacs.

Fruits and seeds

The thin-walled capsule fruits open along their cross-section, and the upper part falls off. The relatively small seeds have a black seed coat .

Chromosome numbers

The chromosome base number is x = 7,8,9,11,19. Often there is polyploidy or aneuploidy .

Occurrence

The genus Hypoxis is distributed in the northern and southern hemisphere, mainly in subtropical to tropical areas. The greatest biodiversity with around 45 species can be found in southern Africa . A few species each occur in Central Africa (about 20 species), Madagascar , Asia , in the Orientalis ("Indo-Malasia"), in Australia , South, Central, North America and on the Caribbean islands . Seven species are native to the United States. No species is native to Europe.

About seven species are elements of the Capensis . About eight species occur in the Western Cape , around eight species in the North Cape and three species in the Eastern Cape . Only one species is native to Namibia .

Most species thrive in humid or episodically humid locations. Most South African species thrive in areas with summer rain, i.e. in the eastern part of South Africa. Seven of these species are also found in winter rain areas. Eleven species occur only in inland South Africa only at altitudes above 1000 meters. The other South African species range from the coast to inland. Species of Hypoxis thrive primarily in grasslands, preferably in full light. Only a few Hypoxis species thrive on rock faces or in the shade of the forest.

Some Hypoxis species are in the “Red List of South African Plants”.

Systematics

The genus Hypoxis was established in 1759 by Carl von Linné in Systema Naturae , Editio Decima, 2, pp. 972, 986 and 1366. In 1913, Hypoxis erecta L. was specified as the type species by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown in An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States , 2nd Edition, Volume 1, p. 534. The generic name Hypoxis is derived from the Greek words hypo for under and oxy for pointed, this refers to the pointed base of the ovary or fruit. Synonyms for Hypoxis L. are: Upoda Adans. , Schinnongia closet , Niobea Willd. ex Schult. & School f. .

From the genus Hypoxis by Gert Cornelius Nel in the article The African species of the Amaryllidaceae-Hypoxideae in Botanische Jahrbücher , Volume 51, 1866, pp. 287-340, some species were converted into a new genus Ianthe Salisb. or Janthe Nel orth. var., today this is a synonym for Spiloxene Salisb.

Hypoxis L. is a genus within the Hypoxidaceae family . It used to be part of the Liliaceae family.

Habit and flower of Hypoxis angustifolia
Hypoxis costata
Foliage leaves and flowers of Hypoxis decumbens
Habit and inflorescence of Hypoxis hemerocallidea in its natural habitat in South Africa
Hairy leaves and flower of Hypoxis hirsuta
Hypoxis hygrometrica
Habitus and inflorescence of Hypoxis obtusa
Habit and flower of Hypoxis pratensis

There are about 90 Hypoxis - types :

  • Hypoxis abyssinica Hochst. : The homeland is Ethiopia and Eritrea.
  • Hypoxis acuminata Baker : The home is southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis angustifolia Lam. : The home is Africa, the western Indian Ocean and the southwestern Arabian Peninsula. It comes in four varieties. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”. It isalreadyregarded as a source of strength for humans in the Paleolithic .
  • Hypoxis argentea Harv. ex Baker : The home is southern Africa. It comes in two varieties. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis arillacea R.JFHend. : The home is Queensland.
  • Hypoxis atlantica Funez, Hassemer & JPRFerreira : The home of the species first described in 2016 is Brazil.
  • Hypoxis aurea Lour. : The home is tropical and subtropical Asia.
  • Hypoxis bampsiana Wiland : The homeland is western Tanzania to Zambia. It occurs in two subspecies.
  • Hypoxis camerooniana Baker : Home is Nigeria to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  • Hypoxis canaliculata Baker : Home is Angola.
  • Hypoxis catamarcensis Brackett : The home is Argentina (Catamarca).
  • Hypoxis colchicifolia Baker : The home is the eastern Cape Province to KwaZulu-Natal. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis colliculata Sánchez-Ken : This species, first described in 2010, only occurs in Mexico (Oaxaca, Chapas).
  • Hypoxis costata Baker : The home is southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis cuanzensis Welw. ex Baker : The home is Angola.
  • Hypoxis curtissii Rose : Home is the southeastern USA to eastern Texas.
  • Hypoxis decumbens L .: The range extends from Mexico to tropical America.
  • Hypoxis demissa Nel : The home is Tanzania.
  • Hypoxis dinteri Nel : The home is Namibia.
  • Hypoxis domingensis Urb. : The home is the Dominican Republic.
  • Hypoxis exaltata Nel : The home is the Eastern Cape Province. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis exilis R.JFHend. : The home is New South Wales to Victoria.
  • Hypoxis filiformis Baker : The home is Uganda to southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis fischeri Pax : The home is Africa. It comes in five varieties.
  • Hypoxis flanaganii Baker : The home is the southern Cape Province. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis floccosa Baker : The home is the Cape Province. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis galpinii Baker : The home is Tanzania to KwaZulu-Natal. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis gardneri R.JFHend. : The homeland is southwestern Australia.
  • Hypoxis gerrardii Baker : The home is southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis goetzei Harms : The home is Kenya and southern tropical Africa.
  • Hypoxis gregoriana Rendle : The home is the eastern tropical Africa.
  • Hypoxis hemerocallidea fish., CAMey. & Avé-Lall. (Syn .: Hypoxis obconica Nel , Hypoxis patula Nel ): The home is tropical and southern Africa. Their natural stocks are decreasing.
  • Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville : The range extends from Canada to Mexico.
  • Hypoxis humilis Kunth : The range extends from Mexico to Argentina.
  • Hypoxis hygrometrica Labill. : The home is Australia.
  • Hypoxis interjecta Nel : The home is southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis juncea Sm .: The home is the southeastern USA.
  • Hypoxis kilimanjarica Baker : Home is eastern Africa. It occurs in two subspecies.
  • Hypoxis kraussiana Buchinger ex C. Krauss : The home is southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis lata Nel : The home is Lesotho and KwaZulu-Natal. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis lejolyana Wiland : Home is southern Zaire.
  • Hypoxis leucotricha Fritsch : The home is Angola.
  • Hypoxis limicola B.L.Burtt : The home is Limpopo to Swaziland. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis longifolia Baker : The home is southern AS Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis lucens McVaugh : The home is central and southwestern Mexico.
  • Hypoxis ludwigii Baker : The home is the Cape Province to KwaZulu-Natal. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis lusalensis Wiland : The home is southern Zaire.
  • Hypoxis malaissei Wiland : The home is the southern Zaire to the southwestern Tanzania.
  • Hypoxis marginata R.Br. : The home is Queensland.
  • Hypoxis membranacea Baker : The home is southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis mexicana Schult. & School f. : The home is the southern Arizona to Mexico.
  • Hypoxis monanthos Baker : The home is Burundi to Angola.
  • Hypoxis muhilensis Wiland : Home is south-eastern Zaire. It occurs in two subspecies.
  • Hypoxis multiceps Buchinger ex Baker : The home is southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis neliana Schinz : The home is southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis nervosa R.JFHend. : The home is northern Australia.
  • Hypoxis nivea Y.Singh : The home is the Cape Province to KwaZulu-Natal.
  • Hypoxis nyasica Baker : The home is Tanzania and southern tropical Africa.
  • Hypoxis oblonga Nel : The home is the Cape Province of KwaZulu-Natal. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis obtusa Burch. ex Ker Gawl. : The distribution area ranges from Uganda to southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis oligophylla Baker : The home is Madagascar.
  • Hypoxis parvifolia Baker : The range extends from Malawi to southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis parvula Baker : The home is southern Africa. It comes in two varieties. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis polystachya Welw. ex Baker : The distribution area extends from Tanzania to southern Africa.
  • Hypoxis potosina Brackett : The range extends from Mexico to Guatemala.
  • Hypoxis pratensis R.Br. : The home is Australia. It comes in two varieties.
  • Hypoxis protrusa Nel : The home is Tanzania.
  • Hypoxis pulchella G.L.Nesom : The homeland of Mexico.
  • Hypoxis rigida Chapm. : The home is the southern USA.
  • Hypoxis rigidula Baker : Home from Kenya to southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”. It comes in two varieties.
  • Hypoxis robusta Nel : The home is southern Zaire.
  • Hypoxis sagittata Nel : The home is the southern Cape Province. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis schimperi Baker : The range extends from Ethiopia to southern tropical Africa.
  • Hypoxis sessilis L .: The home is the southern USA.
  • Hypoxis setosa Baker : The home is the Cape Province. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis sobolifera Jacq. : The home is the Cape Province to KwaZulu-Natal. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis stellipilis Ker Gawl. : The home is the Cape Province. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis suffruticosa Nel : The home is Nigeria to Cameroon.
  • Hypoxis symoensiana Wiland : The home is southern Zaire.
  • Hypoxis tepicensis Brackett : The home is Mexico.
  • Hypoxis tetramera Hilliard & BLBurtt : The home is the eastern Cape Province to KwaZulu-Natal. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis uniflorata Markötter : The home is the Orange Free State. It is classified as "vulnerable" = "at risk".
  • Hypoxis upembensis Wiland : The home is southern Zaire.
  • Hypoxis urceolata Nel : The distribution area extends from the Congo to Tanzania and Eritrea and to the southwestern Arabian Peninsula.
  • Hypoxis villosa L.f. : The home is southern Africa. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Hypoxis wrightii (Baker) Brackett : The range extends from the southeastern USA and Texas to Mexico and the Caribbean.
  • Hypoxis zeyheri Baker : The home is the southern Cape Province. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.

No longer counted in this genus:

use

Some species (for example, Hypoxis hemerocallidea , Hypoxis angustifolia , Hypoxis membranacea , Hypoxis colchicifolia , Hypoxis obtusa , Hypoxis acuminata ) and their varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

From Hypoxis hygrometrica the underground parts of plants may after thorough cooking ( calcium oxalate crystals!) Be eaten.

Little is known about current medical uses outside of South Africa. At least the two species Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Hypoxis colchicifolia have been used in folk medicine. In South Africa, drugs from Hypoxis hemerocallidea , already known there as “wonder herb” and “miracle cure”, are used to treat HIV / AIDS patients and also against other immune diseases.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o John C. Manning , Peter Goldblatt & Deirdré A. Snijman : The Color Encyclopedia of Cape Bulbs , 2002, Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 0-88192-547-0 : Hypoxis on pp. 361-367
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Zhanhe Ji & Alan W. Meerow: Amaryllidaceae : Hypoxis , p. 273 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Yashica Singh, April 2004: Hypoxis L. at PlantZAfrica from the South African National Biodiversity Institute = SANBI. last accessed on February 8, 2013
  4. ↑ a b Scott Zona, Jeffery Prince, Gabriela Halder, Robert Schwartz & Rodrigo Vargas: A seed atlas of Hypoxis from eastern North America , In: The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society , Volume 136, Issue 1, 2009, p. 26– 32. doi : 10.3159 / 08-RA-086R.1
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Raimondo et al., 2009: Hypoxis in National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants . last accessed on February 8, 2013
  6. ↑ p. 972 , p. 986 and p. 1366 First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  7. ^ Hypoxis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 8, 2013.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Hypoxis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  9. ^ Hypoxis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  10. ↑ Lyn Wadley, Lucinda Backwell, Francesco d'Errico, Christine Sievers: Cooked starchy rhizomes in Africa 170 thousand years ago . In: Science , Vol. 367, No. 6473, Jan. 2020, pp. 87-91, doi : 10.1126 / science.aaz5926 .
  11. ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein page 463).
  12. ↑ a b Hypoxis hygrometrica at Plants For A Future
  13. ^ Hypoxis pratensis at Plants For A Future

Web links

Commons : Hypoxis  - collection of images, videos and audio files